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Zhang G, Hu Y, Huang MZ, Huang WC, Liu DK, Zhang D, Hu H, Downing JL, Liu ZJ, Ma H. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of Orchidaceae using nuclear genes and evolutionary insights into epiphytism. J Integr Plant Biol 2023; 65:1204-1225. [PMID: 36738233 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae (with >28,000 orchid species) are one of the two largest plant families, with economically and ecologically important species, and occupy global and diverse niches with primary distribution in rainforests. Among orchids, 70% grow on other plants as epiphytes; epiphytes contribute up to ~50% of the plant diversity in rainforests and provide food and shelter for diverse animals and microbes, thereby contributing to the health of these ecosystems. Orchids account for over two-thirds of vascular epiphytes and provide an excellent model for studying evolution of epiphytism. Extensive phylogenetic studies of Orchidaceae and subgroups have ;been crucial for understanding relationships among many orchid lineages, although some uncertainties remain. For example, in the largest subfamily Epidendroideae with nearly all epiphytic orchids, relationships among some tribes and many subtribes are still controversial, hampering evolutionary analyses of epiphytism. Here we obtained 1,450 low-copy nuclear genes from 610 orchid species, including 431 with newly generated transcriptomes, and used them for the reconstruction of robust Orchidaceae phylogenetic trees with highly supported placements of tribes and subtribes. We also provide generally well-supported phylogenetic placements of 131 genera and 437 species that were not sampled by previous plastid and nuclear phylogenomic studies. Molecular clock analyses estimated the Orchidaceae origin at ~132 million years ago (Ma) and divergences of most subtribes from 52 to 29 Ma. Character reconstruction supports at least 14 parallel origins of epiphytism; one such origin was placed at the most recent common ancestor of ~95% of epiphytic orchids and linked to modern rainforests. Ten occurrences of rapid increase in the diversification rate were detected within Epidendroideae near and after the K-Pg boundary, contributing to ~80% of the Orchidaceae diversity. This study provides a robust and the largest family-wide Orchidaceae nuclear phylogenetic tree thus far and new insights into the evolution of epiphytism in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Zhang
- Department of Biology, 510 Mueller Laboratory, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, 510 Mueller Laboratory, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Ming-Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei-Chang Huang
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Songjiang, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Ding-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Diyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Haihua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jason L Downing
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, Florida, 33156, USA
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, 510 Mueller Laboratory, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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Philpott M, Pence VC, Bassüner B, Clayton AS, Coffey EED, Downing JL, Edwards CE, Folgado R, Ligon JJ, Powell C, Ree JF, Seglias AE, Sugii N, Zale PJ, Zeldin J. Harnessing the power of botanical gardens: Evaluating the costs and resources needed for exceptional plant conservation. Appl Plant Sci 2022; 10:e11495. [PMID: 36258792 PMCID: PMC9575053 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The effective ex situ conservation of exceptional plants, whether in living collections or cryo-collections, requires more resources than the conservation of other species. Because of their expertise with rare plants, botanical gardens are well positioned to lead this effort, but a well-developed strategy requires a clear understanding of the resources needed. METHODS Grant funding was obtained from the Institute of Museum and Library Services to support a three-year project on cryobanking, and to provide smaller grants to 10 other botanical gardens for one-year projects on either (1) seed behavior studies or (2) the development of protocols for in vitro propagation or cryopreservation. RESULTS Nine of the partner gardens worked on 19 species (one was unable to continue due to the COVID-19 pandemic), while the larger project focused on 14 species. A point system was developed for tasks accomplished, and the average costs per point of the larger and smaller projects were similar. Labor accounted for half the costs. Projects focused on species in the Asteraceae and Orchidaceae had lower costs per point than other species. DISCUSSION Both large and small projects can contribute to a strategy for exceptional plant conservation for similar costs. Prioritizing species with lower costs could help advance the field while allowing time for work on more difficult species to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Philpott
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered WildlifeCincinnati Zoo & Botanical GardenCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Valerie C. Pence
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered WildlifeCincinnati Zoo & Botanical GardenCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Burgund Bassüner
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable DevelopmentMissouri Botanical GardenSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Emily E. D. Coffey
- Southeastern Center for ConservationAtlanta Botanical GardenAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Christine E. Edwards
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable DevelopmentMissouri Botanical GardenSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Raquel Folgado
- The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical GardensSan MarinoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jason J. Ligon
- Southeastern Center for ConservationAtlanta Botanical GardenAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Nellie Sugii
- Hawaiian Rare Plant Program, Harold L. Lyon ArboretumHonoluluHawai'iUSA
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Downing JL, Liu H, McCormick MK, Arce J, Alonso D, Lopez‐Perez J. Generalized mycorrhizal interactions and fungal enemy release drive range expansion of orchids in southern Florida. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Downing
- International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University 11200 8th Street Miami Florida33199USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden 10901 Old Cutler Road Coral Gables Florida33156USA
| | - Hong Liu
- International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University 11200 8th Street Miami Florida33199USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden 10901 Old Cutler Road Coral Gables Florida33156USA
| | - Melissa K. McCormick
- Smithsonian Institution Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Maryland21037USA
| | - Jay Arce
- International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University 11200 8th Street Miami Florida33199USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden 10901 Old Cutler Road Coral Gables Florida33156USA
| | - Dailen Alonso
- International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University 11200 8th Street Miami Florida33199USA
| | - Jorge Lopez‐Perez
- International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University 11200 8th Street Miami Florida33199USA
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Weremijewicz J, Almonte JI, Hilaire VS, Lopez FD, Lu SH, Marrero SM, Martinez CM, Zarate EA, Lam AK, Ferguson SAN, Petrakis NZ, Peeples KA, Taylor ED, Leon NM, Valdes C, Hass M, Reeve AB, Palow DT, Downing JL. Microsatellite primers for two threatened orchids in Florida: Encyclia tampensis and Cyrtopodium punctatum (Orchidaceae). Appl Plant Sci 2016; 4:apps1500095. [PMID: 27144103 PMCID: PMC4850051 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The Million Orchid Project at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden is an initiative to propagate native orchids for reintroduction into Miami's urban landscapes. The aim of this study was to develop microsatellites for Encyclia tampensis and Cyrtopodium punctatum (Orchidaceae). METHODS AND RESULTS Ten microsatellites were developed for each species. For E. tampensis sampled from the natural population, allele numbers ranged from one to four, with an average observed heterozygosity (H o) of 0.314 and average expected heterozygosity (H e) of 0.281. For the individuals from cultivation, allele numbers ranged from one to six, with an average H o of 0.35 and an average H e of 0.224. For C. punctatum, allele numbers ranged from one to three, with an average H o of 0.257 and an average H e of 0.272. CONCLUSIONS These microsatellites will be used to assess the genetic diversity of natural and cultivated populations with the intention of guiding genetic breeding under the Million Orchid Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Weremijewicz
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33126 USA
| | - Jasmin I. Almonte
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Vanessa S. Hilaire
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Frank D. Lopez
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Stephen H. Lu
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Sarah M. Marrero
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Catherine M. Martinez
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Edson A. Zarate
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Ana K. Lam
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | | | - Nicolas Z. Petrakis
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Kelsey A. Peeples
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Ebony D. Taylor
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Natalie M. Leon
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Carolina Valdes
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Michael Hass
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Andrew B. Reeve
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Danielle T. Palow
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
| | - Jason L. Downing
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, Florida 33156 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, Florida 33199 USA
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