[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A chronic inflammatory disease]

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease caused by a chronic inflammatory response induced by the inhalation of cigarette smoke or toxic particles/gases in the airways. However, we actually know that COPD is a disease that does not only induce inflammation in lung parenchyma and bronchi, but also provokes systemic inflammation which plays a role in multiple comorbidities. Thereby, treatment of COPD should not only focus on the bronchi to relieve symptoms, improve respiratory function and reduce the rate of exacerbations, but must also be extended to the systemic effects of the disease.

[Fixed combination of budesonide, formoterol, glycopyrronium for the treatment of severe COPD : Trixeo Aerosphere®]

Here we present pharmacological and clinical properties of a new fixed triple inhaled combination including an inhaled corticoid, a long acting ?2 agonist and a long acting anticholinergic for the treatment of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trixeo Aerosphere® is the name of this triple combination which contains 160 µg budesonide, 4,8 µg formoterol and 9 µg glycopyrronium delivered by a pMDI. As compared to a budesonide/formoterol combination, Trixeo Aerosphere® improves forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1). As compared to glycopyrronium/formoterol combination, Trixeo Aerosphere® reduces exacerbation rate, improved quality of life and most importantly reduces mortality with a benefit increasing with blood eosinophil count. Trixeo Aerosphere® 320/18/9.6 is delivered twice daily 2 inhalations and is indicated in moderate to severe COPD insufficiently controlled by LABA/LAMA (long-acting ?2-adrenergic receptor agonist/ long-acting ?2-muscarinic receptor agonist) or ICS/LABA (inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting ?2-adrenergic receptor agonist).

[Feasibility and effectiveness study of a simplified mobile self-education and self-monitoring application for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its exacerbations cause a deterioration in quality of life and a significant consumption of medical resources. Patient empowerment supported by education and self-monitoring practices can improve quality of life and reduce the number of hospital admissions. With the development of telemedicine, a lot of digital applications have been studied. Many are considered too complicated to use. So, we partnered with an IT company in Liège named «COMUNICARE» to develop a simplified application that is managed autonomously, without the support of a health professional. In addition, we conducted a prospective pilot study including patients with severe COPD with exacerbations. We observed an excellent rate of use despite low comfort with a smartphone. The primary objective of reducing the number of hospitalizations was not achieved. Nevertheless, we observed interesting results concerning the symptomatology, overall satisfaction and help with therapeutic compliance.

[Pre-cancerous lung lesions and lung cancer screening]

Lung cancer remains the deadliest cancer. It is the result of genetic aberrations in the cells of the respiratory tract exposed to carcinogenic agents, responsible for their anarchic multiplication. It is necessary to study these abnormalities in order to better understand the early stages and the mechanisms of evolution, thereby to establish new screening, monitoring and treatment strategies. The NELSON study confirms that systematic screening for lung cancer in target populations leads to a reduction in mortality from this disease. Despite this, there is currently no consensus in Belgium between medical experts and politicians for systematic lung cancer screening.

[Managing of dyspnea in oncology]

The perception of ventilatory effort is common in oncology, especially but not exclusively in the advanced stages of neoplastic disease. Dyspnea is a symptom whose discomfort and anguish it generates in the patient and his/ her entourage require constant management throughout the illness. The first step is to identify and optimize the treatment of comorbidities associated with tumour disease. Relief of respiratory oppression as a symptom requires a multidisciplinary approach. Opiates and benzodiazepines are at the forefront of pharmacological management. The mechanical obstruction that limits ventilatory flow and/or chest ampliation may justify more invasive management, including endoscopic techniques. Oxygen therapy will be considered on a case-by-case basis. Finally, global management includes respiratory revalidation, psychological support and improvement of environmental quality.

[Small cell lung cancer : update of therapy]

Small cell lung cancer is a malignant tumour with a poor prognosis. Standard treatment of metastatic stages has been a platinum doublet since 1980, but the addition of immunotherapy has improved prognosis. For locally advanced stages, the combination of radio-chemotherapy remains the treatment of choice, with no evidence at present of the value of immunotherapy in consolidation, and for localized stages, surgery is the first-line therapy. Unfortunately, in the second line, we have no other molecule than the topotecan despite several studies. Prophylactic brain irradiation remains debated even if it has been validated in localized forms. Finally, there is hope with targeted therapy following the development of subtypes of small cell lung cancer but studies remain difficult to conduct.

[Targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer : state of the art in 2021]

The majority of non-small cell lung cancers are diagnosed as advanced disease. Subsets of adenocarcinomas and of squamous cell carcinomas in nonsmokers present a molecular aberration leading to tumour survival. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) and Repressor Of Silencing1 (ROS1) have been identified and targeted with good efficacy for fifteen years. Newer inhibitors brought even greater efficacy with a generally better tolerability. Other molecular aberrations (Kirsten Rat Sarcoma, Rearranged during Transfection, MET, NeuroTrophic Receptor yrosine kinase) are targets for newly developed, more selective drugs. As more and more patients will benefit from targeted therapies, the identification of molecular aberration is more than ever crucial for optimal lung cancer patient care.

[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis : from biomarkers to new therapeutic areas]

Pulmonary fibrosis is a pathological entity still too little understood today, burdened with significant morbidity and mortality. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a complex diagnostic disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach and in some cases the performance of a lung biopsy. In addition, the early identification of the pathology remains the key in order to preserve lung function as much as possible. In this context and in view of the diagnostic difficulty, it seems essential to identify new biomarkers to help with the differential diagnosis, the evaluation of the prognosis and the response to treatment. In addition, the evolution of the pathology remaining inexorable despite anti-fibrotic treatments, it appears critical to be able to identify new potential therapeutic routes.

Sputum IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP, IL-23 and IL-36 in airway obstructive diseases. Reduced levels of IL-36 in eosinophilic phenotype

INTRODUCTION

Alarmins ((IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)) are known to promote Th2 inflammation and could be associated with eosinophilic airway infiltration. They may also play a role in airway remodeling in chronic airway obstructive diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). IL-23 and IL-36 were shown to mediate the neutrophilic airway inflammation as seen in chronic airway obstructive diseases.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this project was to determine the expression and the production of these cytokines from induced sputum (IS) in patients with chronic airway obstructive diseases including asthmatics and COPD. The relationship of the mediators with sputum inflammatory cellular profile and the severity of airway obstruction was assessed.

METHODS

The alarmins (IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP) as well as IL-23 and IL-36 concentrations were measured in IS from 24 asthmatics and 20 COPD patients compared to 25 healthy volunteers. The cytokines were assessed by ELISA in the IS supernatant and by RT-qPCR in the IS cells.

RESULTS

At protein level, no difference was observed between controls and patients suffering from airway obstructive diseases regarding the different mediators. IL-36 protein level was negatively correlated with sputum eosinophil and appeared significantly decreased in patients with an eosinophilic airway inflammation compared to those with a neutrophilic profile and controls. At gene level, only IL-36, IL-23 and TSLP were measurable but none differed between controls and patients with airway obstructive diseases. IL-36 and IL-23 were significantly increased in patients with an neutrophilic inflammatory profile compared to those with an eosinophilic inflammation and were correlated with sputum neutrophil proportions. None of the mediators were linked to airway obstruction.

CONCLUSIONS

The main finding of our study is that patients with eosinophilic airway inflammation exhibited a reduced IL-36 level which could make them more susceptible to airway infections as IL-36 is implicated in antimicrobial defense. This study showed also an implication of IL-36 and IL-23 in airway neutrophilic inflammation in chronic airway obstructive diseases.

[Empyema and subacute invasive aspergillosis following drowning]

Empyema and subacute invasive aspergillosis are rare pathologies that should not be overlooked because of the need for early treatment and a different management of bacterial infections which are more frequent. We report the case of a 75-year-old man with subacute invasive aspergillosis and an empyema following drowning and cardiopulmonary arrest.

[How I manage... Malignant pleural mesothelioma in 2019]

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare disease originating from mesothelial cells of the pleura and is related to asbestos exposure. The tumor is generally extended at the time of diagnosis and the treatment consists of a systemic palliative therapy. Radical approach is limited to very selected patients and is performed in expert centers but without validated schema. Radiotherapy alone is mainly used in palliative intent. Platinum-based chemotherapy in association with pemetrexed is the frontline standard of care and provides a 12-month overall survival. The addition of bevacizumab, an antiangiogenic drug, shows an improvement in median survival. To date, there is no second-line treatment approved for this disease and therefore inclusion in trials is recommended. Currently, various studies are investigating target therapy, immunotherapy and intrapleural perioperative treatment.

[Telemonitoring of severe COPD patients]

Following a solicitation of INAMI in 2016, a team of the CHU Liège pneumology department has proposed a telemonitoring pilot project in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The main objective of the study was to reduce the number of hospitalizations for COPD exacerbation. The patients included in the study had been at least hospitalized once in 12 months before the beginning of the telemonitoring. A close collaboration with the general practitioner was required. Patients were educated in the manipulation of the application and connected objects. The numerous technical difficulties encountered limited the number of patients studied within the short time allowed by INAMI. However, some interesting observations could be made and a first experience in the field acquired. A project on a large scale seems necessary.

[Sarcoidosis following tuberculosis. Is there a link between these granulomatous diseases?]

We report the case of a 38-year old non-smoking female who initially presented to the hospital with frequent cough and sputum for several weeks. The investigations confirmed the diagnosis of tuberculosis and a triple therapy was introduced with clinical improvement. Two years later, the patient reported recurrence of respiratory symptoms. The new investigations concluded initially to a recurrence of tuberculosis and a quadriple therapy was introduced. The treatment was poorly tolerated and rapidly stopped. It was then decided to perform a biopsy through mediastinoscopy in the hilar ganglia, which confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The etiology of sarcoidosis is not yet clearly established, one of the hypothesis would be the direct involvement of an infectious agent that would induce an excessive immune response. The clinical case below supports a possible role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis.

[IMPACT study in COPD]

The role of the anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator triple therapy, including a long acting ß2-agonist (LABA), a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) and an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), in the prevention of the exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is still not clearly established, and requires comparison with dual therapy (LABA-CSI or LABA-LAMA). IMPACT is a phase 3, double-blind randomized study comparing the tritherapy (LABA-LAMA-ICS) in a single inhaler (vilanterol 25 ?g/umeclidinium 62.5 ?g/fluticasone furoate 100 ?g) with the LABA-ICS association (vilanterol 25 ?g-fluticasone furoate 100 ?g) and the combination LABA-LAMA (vilanterol 25 ?g/umeclidinium 62.5 ?g) on the reduction of the rate of exacerbation as the primary outcome, but also on the pulmonary function, the quality of life, the dyspnea and the mortality.Triple therapy by comparison with dual therapy (LABA-ICS or LABA-LAMA) improves numerous parameters such as the rate of moderate to severe exacerbations, the symptoms, the respiratory function, the quality of life, while being well tolerated. Finally, the IMPACT study gives an "evidence base" for the GOLD guidelines proposing triple therapy in symptomatic COPD patients presenting exacerbations despite dual therapy.

[Exacerbations in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Survey on the criteria of pescription of systemic corticoids and antibiotics by general practicioners and chest physicians]

Exacerbations in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are critical events in the evolution of the disease. They are generally defined by the need to be temporarily treated by systemic corticoids and/or antibiotics. Very few studies have examined the criteria on which clinicians including general practitioners (GP) and chest physicians are basing their decision to prescribe. Here we report the results of a survey conducted in GP and chest physicians that looked at the clinical criteria judged as important to initiate a course of systemic corticoids or antibiotics in asthma and COPD. Our finding show discrepancy between GP and chest physicians regarding systemic corticoids but also, more surprisingly, within the same professional group. In contrast, criteria to prescribe antibiotics are more coherent between and within the groups.

[Trimbow® : twice-daily triple combination for the treatment of COPD]

Single-inhaler triple therapy in extrafine solution combining an inhaled corticostéroid (ICS), the dipropionate of beclométasone, a long acting ß2-agonist (LABA), the fumarate of formoterol and an long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), the bromide of glycopyrronium, was developed for the treatment of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Trimbow® is the first triple therapy in spray with fixed dose and containing 3 pharmacological agents (LABA-LAMA-ICS). Clinical trials show that Trimbow® improves numerous parameters such as the respiratory function, the quality of life, the symptoms and the rate of moderate to severe exacerbations while being tolerated well. These results justify its use in severe and very severe COPD with exacerbations in spite of treatment by LABA-LAMA or LABA-ICS. In this article, we present a brief synthesis of the main recent clinical trials on Trimbow®, its comparison with other pharmacological agents/associations regularly used in the treatment of COPD, as well as some practical information on its use in routine.

[Invasive diagnostic techniques for diffuse interstitial pneumopathies]

Interstitial lung diseases represent a very heterogeneous group of diseases mainly affecting connective lung tissue even if alveolar space may sometimes be involved. The identification of their etiology is the key stage in their management. It requires the integration of anamnestic, clinical, biological, radiological data and, sometimes relies on, cytology or histology. In this review, we assess the contribution and feasibility of the different invasive techniques used for interstitial lung disease diagnosis. In particular we focus on the yield of lung endoscopy in casting light on the multidisciplinary confrontation, which is the gold standard of the interstitial lung disease care management.

Altered epigenetic features in circulating nucleosomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal lung disorder of unknown origin with a highly variable and unpredictable clinical course. Polymorphisms and environmentally induced epigenetic variations seem to determine individual susceptibility to the development of lung fibrosis.

METHODS

We have studied circulating epitopes on cell-free nucleosomes (cfnucleosomes) in 50 IPF patients. We have compared untreated IPF (n = 23) with IPF receiving antifibrotic therapy (n = 27) and healthy subjects (HS) (n = 27). We analyzed serum levels of five cfnucleosomes including bound HMGB1 (nucleosomes adducted to high-mobility growth protein B1), mH2A1.1 (nucleosomes containing the histone variant mH2A1.1), 5mC (nucleosomes associated with methylated DNA), and H3K9Ac and H3K27Ac (nucleosomes associated with histone H3 acetylated at lysine 9 or 27 residue).

RESULTS

Our findings showed that serum levels of bound HMGB1, mH2A1.1, 5mC, H3K9Ac, and H3K27Ac were significantly lower in IPF patients than in HS (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.0001, respectively). Moreover, we found differences in epigenetic profiles between untreated IPF patients and those receiving anti-fibrotic therapy with mH2A1.1 and 5mC being significantly lower in untreated than in treated patients (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Combination of four cfnucleosomes (HMGB1, 5mC, H3K9Ac, and H3K27Ac) allow to discriminate IPF vs HS with a good coefficient of determination (R² = 0.681). The AUC for the ROC curve computed by this logistic regression was 0.93 (p < 0.001) with 91% sensitivity at 80% specificity.

CONCLUSION

Our observations showed that cfnucleosomes (bound HMGB1, mH2A1.1, 5mC, H3K9Ac, and H3K27Ac) might have potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment response. These results deserve further validation in longitudinal cohorts.

Raised serum levels of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disorder of unknown origin, which ultimately leads to death. Several growth factors such as IGFs (insulin-like-growth factor) and IGFBPs (insulin like growth factor binding proteins) seem to take part to the pathogenesis. We evaluated IGFs and IGFBPs in serum from patients with IPF and healthy subjects including 24 untreated IPF and 26 IPF receiving anti-fibrotic therapy and to compare them with healthy subjects.

METHODS

Serum of 50 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 55 healthy subjects (HS) were analysed by ELISA for IGFs and IGFBPs, TGF-β and KL-6, the latter being tested as positive control in IPF.

RESULTS

Serum levels of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 and KL-6 were significantly higher in the IPF group than in the healthy subjects (p < 0.05, p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001 respectively) while the picture was inversed regarding IGFs. By contrast there was no significant difference between the groups with respect to TGF-β. IGFBP-2 was significantly reduced in the patients with specific anti-fibrotic therapy pirfenidone and nintedanib compared to untreated patients (p < 0.05) but still significantly elevated in comparison to HS (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Serum IGFBP-1 and -2 are increased in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and IGFBP-2 may be reduced by anti-fibrosing therapy. IGFBPs may be promising biomarkers in IPF.

[MANAGEMENT OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER]

Already known as the first cause of mortality in men, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is nowadays a major cause of cancer-related death in women. Its approach relies on a thorough locoregional and extra-thoracic assessment allowing a precise staging which not only has prognostic value, but also determines the therapeutic options. This review presents the current multidisciplinary strategy agreement or the treatment of NSCLC.

[Comparison between chylothorax and pseudochylothorax]

We report two cases of lipidic pleural effusion: an arthritis-associated pseudochylothorax and a chylous pleural effusion in a HIV seropositive patient. The incidence of lipidic pleural effusions is low, especially for pseudochylothorax. We review their clinical characteristics and management.

[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the multiple pathologies included in the large family of diffuse interstitial parenchymal lung diseases (IPD). The latter represent a large group of about 200 different diseases, most of which are orphan diseases. Recently, some new therapeutic options have appeared that require an early and accurate diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis.

Chronic bronchitis in COPD patients is associated with increased risk of exacerbations: a cross-sectional multicentre study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Chronic bronchitis (CB) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients is associated with increased mortality, frequent exacerbations and faster disease progression. This study investigates the prevalence of CB in a large population of COPD patients to identify features associated with CB.

METHODS

Cross-sectional multicentre study in patients with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages 2-4 from Belgium and Luxembourg.

RESULTS

The 974 patients included were on average 67.8 ± 9.6 years old; 72% were male, FEV1 was 52.5 ± 15.8% of predicted. The prevalence of CB was 64% (622/974). In patients with CB, the number of pack-years smoked and the prevalence of chronic respiratory failure, cachexia and skeletal muscle wasting were significantly higher, whereas FEV1 and FEV1 /VC were lower. The prevalence of CB increased with GOLD stage and was higher in patients with emphysema and those exposed to occupational risk factors. The CB group had more exacerbations, a higher percentage of patients with frequent exacerbations (37.3% vs. 14.2% of patients; p < 0.0001), increased COPD-related, non-intensive care unit hospitalisations and all-cause hospitalisation rates. In multiple logistic regression analysis, frequent exacerbation was the most important independent variable associated with CB, followed by current smoking, chronic respiratory failure, COPD duration and age.

CONCLUSIONS

CB prevalence in GOLD stage 2-4 COPD patients is high. CB is related to current tobacco smoking, and prevalence increases with COPD severity and duration, emphysema and age. CB could be the hallmark of a subtype of COPD easy to identify in clinical practice, associated with increased disease severity and increased risk of exacerbation.

COPD awareness survey: do Belgian pulmonary physicians comply with the GOLD guidelines 2010?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is underestimated, underdiagnosed and often under-treated in the general population. A survey of 17 structured questions, delivered to all Belgian pulmonary physicians (PPs) (116 responses), evaluated diagnosis and treatment strategies in accordance with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2010 and assessed opinions about the importance of diurnal variation of COPD symptoms. All COPD diagnoses (37% new cases) were spirometry confirmed. Main diagnostic parameters were symptoms (99%), external risk factors (99%), clinical examination (97%), exacerbations (96%) and patient mobility (96%). FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1s) (97%) or FEV1/FVC (ratio of FEV1 to forced vital capacity) (93%) were used most to assess diagnosis and severity. The 3 most important therapeutic objectives were symptom relief, preventing exacerbations, and improving quality of life; if these were not reached, the preferred strategy (60% of PPs) was adding another medication. Treatment strategies varied with COPD stage: short-acting beta2-agonists (90%) and short-acting anti-cholinergics (59%) were used for GOLD I disease, whereas for higher stages long-acting beta2-agonists (36-48%) and long-acting anti-cholinergics (79%) were given with inhaled corticosteroids (21-67%). Symptoms were perceived to vary throughout the day, affecting quality of life (97%) and mobility (89%). In particular, respiratory symptoms were more severe in the morning (51-92%), leading PPs to adapt treatment (69%). This survey demonstrated that management of COPD by PPs in Belgium is generally in line with the GOLD guidelines 2010 and that they perceive morning symptoms as being frequent and having an impact on patient's life.

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum caused by bleomycin-induced pneumonitis

We report the case of a 24-yr-old woman treated for lymphoma who developed bleomycin-induced interstitial pneumonia. This interstitial pneumonia was complicated by spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Pneumomediastinum is an unfrequent side effect of high dose bleomycin-induced pneumonitis (BIP) and we describe the first case occurring with low-dose of bleomycin.

[Thoracic ultrasound: the pneumologist's new stethoscope]

We now have access to a large library of publications validating transparietal thoracic echography in various clinical situations. Parietal lesions, including osteolysis, can be detected and biopsied during the thoracic ultrasound (TUS) examination. To evaluate the parietal extension of lung cancers, TUS has proved superior to tomodensitometry. Pleural effusions can be easily diagnosed and aspirated. Pneumothoraces can be detected using well defined lung artifacts with a high frequency probe. Pleural and peripheral lung nodules can be detected and biopsied with real time visualization; the procedure is safe and accurate. Lung consolidations with a pleural contact can be diagnosed; this is particularly useful for pregnant women. In conclusion, TUS is a precious diagnostic tool for chosen applications, and can help to guide interventional procedures. The portable devices are also very useful for bedridden patients or for out of hospital use.

Disturbed cytokine production at the systemic level in difficult-to-control atopic asthma: evidence for raised interleukin-4 and decreased interferon-γ release following lipopolysaccharide stimulation

BACKGROUND

Disturbed cytokine production is thought to govern inflammation in asthma, which, in its turn, may lead to uncontrolled disease. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between cytokine production from blood leucocytes and the level of asthma control.

METHODS

We compared the production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α from peripheral blood leucocytes in non-atopic healthy subjects (n = 22), atopic non-asthmatics (n = 10), well-controlled asthmatics [Juniper asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) score <1.5; n = 20] and patients with uncontrolled asthma despite inhaled or oral corticoids (ACQ score ≥1.5; n = 20). Fifty microlitres of peripheral blood was incubated for 24 h with RPMIc, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 ng/ml) or phytohaemagglutinin (1 μg/ml), and cytokines were measured by immunotrapping (ELISA).

RESULTS

Both controlled and uncontrolled asthmatics as well as atopic non-asthmatics spontaneously produced more IL-4 than non-atopic healthy subjects (p < 0.001). IL-4 production induced by LPS was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in both asthma groups compared to atopic non-asthmatics and non-atopic healthy subjects. By contrast, IFN-γ release induced by LPS was lower in uncontrolled asthmatics than in non-atopic healthy subjects (p < 0.05) and controlled asthmatics (p < 0.05). IL-10 release after LPS was greater in uncontrolled asthmatics than in atopic non-asthmatics (p < 0.05). No difference was observed regarding other cytokines.

CONCLUSION

Blood cells from patients with difficult-to-control atopic asthma display highly skewed Th2 cytokine release following LPS stimulation.

[Clinical case of the month. A patient with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer presenting with an exceptional response to targeted therapies]

Advanced non-small-cell lung cancers are diseases of late diagnosis with bad prognosis. Conventional chemotherapies are not very efficient. Over the last years, many research works have been performed in this way to improve prognosis. Targeted therapies seem promising. They were notably developed against epithelial growth factor receptors and tumoral angiogenesis. We report here the clinical history of a patient with an advanced non-small-cell lung cancer presenting an exceptional response to small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Cytokine production from sputum cells and blood leukocytes in asthmatics according to disease severity

BACKGROUND

Although mild to moderate asthma is known to be Th2 driven, cytokines produced in refractory asthma might not fit the classical Th2 pattern.

METHODS

The aim of our study was to assess the cytokine production by sputum and blood cells from 15 refractory asthmatics (American Thoracic Society Criteria) compared to 15 mild untreated and 17 moderate treated asthmatics and 22 healthy subjects. Spontaneous production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha was measured by immunotrapping after 24 h sputum or blood cell culture.

RESULTS

Moderate and refractory asthmatics were both characterized by a lower production of IL-6 from their airway cells compared to healthy subjects. However, the difference was no longer significant when expressing the results per gram of sputum. No significant difference between the three groups was found regarding other cytokines. As for cytokine production from blood, the three groups of asthmatics exhibited raised production of IL-4 when compared to healthy subjects, and this was true when results were expressed per blood volume or after normalization for total leukocyte cell count. Moderate asthmatics exhibited greater production of IL-10 when compared to refractory asthmatics and healthy subjects when results were normalized for total leukocyte cell count.

CONCLUSIONS

Sputum cells from moderate and refractory asthmatics release less IL-6. While the systemic overproduction of IL-4 was observed through the all spectrum of asthma severity, moderate asthmatics exhibited greater systemic IL-10 production compared to refractory asthmatics.

[Endobronchial ultrasonography: a novel technique for investigation of the mediastinum]

Mediastin pathology includes primary lesion and lymph node invasion. The exploration of this anatomical region remains difficult and even hazardous, particularly to obtain histological biopsies. No invasive diagnostic exploration (thorax tomodensitometry and positron emission tomography) allows a histological precision, so mediastinoscopy remains the gold standard in the mediastinum investigation. However, it is not deprived of risk. Recently, guided biopsies and real-time transbronchial needle aspiration by endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) have been shown to increase the diagnostic yield over conventional bronchoscopic techniques. Therefore, EBUS is a suitable alternative to mediastinoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary or extra-thoracic malignancy, in the staging of mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and in the evaluation of mediastinal response after induction therapy. In the present paper, we present this new diagnostic approach and clarify the current indications of EBUS.

[The UPLIFT study (Understanding Potential Long-term Impacts on Function with Tiotropium)]

The UPLIFT study (Understanding Potential Long-term Impacts on Function with Tiotropium) was a double-blind, randomised, international, multicentric, placebo-controlled clinical trial, investigating with tiotropium (Spiriva) the change in the annual rate of decline in FEV1 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Secondary end points included COPD exacerbation rate with or without hospitalisation, lung function, quality of life and mortality. 5.993 patients were randomized. In this article, we briefly describe the most important results of the study. While tiotropium did not alter the annual rate of decline in FEV1 (pre and postbronchodilatation), it improved lung function and quality of life, and reduced exacerbations and hospitalisations by comparison with control for up to 4 years. Tiotropium also reduced respiratory and cardiac morbidity.

[Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]

The current treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients must comprise, in addition to an optimal pharmacological treatment, a pulmonary rehabilitation, if possible multidisciplinary, and a program of post-rehabilitation in order to maintain the outcomes. Today pulmonary rehabilitation has proved to be effective in improving dyspnoea, exercise capacity and quality of life in COPD patients, and reducing the use of health services and thus the cost. In this article we want to present pulmonary rehabilitation, its indications and results, and the way by which it is held in the CHU of Liege.

[How do I explore...a pleural disease?]

Pleural involvements are common and various respiratory diseases including inflammatory, infectious, occupational, or neoplastic pathological entities...Pleural thickening and pleurisy are usual radiological presentation. Etiological diagnosis imposes a vast and sometimes difficult exploration and it, especially since the conventional imaging by radiology, ultrasound, scanning and nuclear magnetic resonance has no specific diagnostic criteria for pleural malignancy. The metabolic imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) has been gradually positioned in the decision-making algorithm exploration of the pleural disease due to its excellent sensitivity in the diagnosis of malignant pleurisy (88.8%-100%). The analysis of chemistry, bacteriology and cytology pleural fluid makes a significant contribution to the diagnostic approach. However, although inescapable, thoracocentesis has a diagnostic sensibility not exceeding 62%. Moreover, the sensibility of the pleural blind needle biopsies does not exceed 51%. So, thoracoscopy, more invasive, is often justified to precise pleural disease with a diagnostic sensitivity greater than 95%. Finally, despite the diagnostic arsenal available, over 10% of pleurisies remain unknown etiology.

[The place of the analysis of exhaled breath condensate in obstructive pulmonary diseases]

The number of publications on the analysis of the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has increased considerably over the last five years. The EBC is a new, noninvasive and inexpensive technique which requires a minimum of cooperation on behalf of the patient. The condensate obtained consists of more than 99.99% of water vapour, to which are added various substances which reflect the inflammatory status of the airways. It is now especially used to characterize the inflammatory state of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. This article describes the technique and reviews the main data from the current literature.

[Mesothelioma: a still current occupational cancer]

Mesothelioma is a rare tumour, particularly aggressive, whose incidence increases because of the massive use of asbestos during the last century. Asbestos remains indeed the principal etiologic agent of this cancer. In the event of mesothelioma it is advisable to seek an exposure, even of short duration, often which dates back to several decades. In certain circumstances compensation can be obtained at the Occupational Diseases Found. The renewed interest with regard to this tumour is supported by the improvement of mesothelioma management, the new imaging techniques, the new treatments and the broad diffusion of information related to the risk of developing this tumour following asbestos inhalation.

[Therapeutic update in respiratory medicine]

We review what we think to be the major advances in the field of respiratory medicine over the last ten years. We concentrate here on four major diseases i.e. asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and chronic respiratory insufficiency due to restrictive disorders. Therapeutic advances are based either on new drugs or on new disease management concepts and, in some cases, on new medical devices. These advances have allowed a reduction in mortality and morbidity in aforementioned diseases.

[Clinical study of the month: the TORCH study (TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health)]

The TORCH study (Towards a Revolution in COPD Health) was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial, investigating the combination of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate for 3 years in COPD. The primary end point was on all-cause mortality. Secondary end points included COPD exacerbation rate, lung function and health status. More than 6000 patients were randomised. In this article, we briefly report the most significant results of the study. The efficacy on mortality (reduction of the risk of death of 17.5%) was near the predetermined level of statistical significance (p = 0.052); the combination had a significant effect on the three pillars of COPD management, that is: improvement of quality of life and respiratory function, and reduction of the rate of exacerbations. In addition to being effective, the combination salmeterol/fluticasone (50/500 microg 2x/day) is well tolerated in COPD and had a favourable benefit/risk ratio.

[Clinical case of the month. Compression of the right main bronchus by a mesothelioma]

We report the case of a patient treated by chemotherapy for a diagnosis of mesothelioma. A quickly progressive dyspnea developed which was due to compression of the right main bronchus by mediastinal extension of the tumor. This obstruction was treated by interventionnal bronchoscopy and stenting.

[Exacerbations in COPD: a burden to curtail]

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) play a very important role. Unfortunately they were neglected a long time in the therapeutic tests. However exacerbations influence the decline of the respiratory function over time, cause important deterioration of the quality of life of the patients, increase morbidity and mortality of COPD, and finally represent a burden for health care. Reducing the number of exacerbations could potentially slow down the progression of the disease. Thus the prevention of exacerbations should be the "corner stone" of the maintenance treatment of the COPD. In this review we propose to recall the importance of exacerbations in COPD and to present the treatment which have been shown to reduce exacerbation rate in COPD.

[Tiotropium: a new therapeutic option in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]

Tiotropium is a long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator, inhaled only once a day, which produces relaxation of airway smooth muscle through antagonism of acetylcholine at M3-muscarinic receptors. Its duration of action is at least 24 h with once daily administration of tiotropium. Several studies have shown its efficacy and its good tolerance in the treatment of patients who are suffering from moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Tiotropium improves spirometric measurements and quality of life, and reduces dyspnea and exacerbation rate in COPD patients.

Survival is better predicted with a new classification of stage III unresectable non-small cell lung carcinoma treated by chemotherapy and radiotherapy

The 1997 International staging system (ISS) classification separated stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) into stages IIIA and IIIB. In a previous study including unresectable NSCLC initially treated with chemotherapy, we analysed survival according to tumour (T) and node (N) stages and derived a classification into stages IIIbeta (T3-4N3) and IIIalpha (other TN stage III) that had a better discrimination on survival distribution. The aim of this study was to validate these results in a further set of patients. Patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC included in a phase III trial assessing the role of increased dose chemotherapy (SuperMIP: mitomycin 6 mg/m2, ifosfamide 4.5 g/m2, cisplatin 60 mg/m2, carboplatin 200 mg/m2) in comparison to standard chemotherapy MIP (mitomycin 6 mg/m2, ifosfamide 3 g/m2, cisplatin 50 mg/m2), before thoracic irradiation (60 Gy in 30 fractions over 6 weeks) were the subject of this study. Survival distributions were assessed by the method of Kaplan-Meier. Survival comparisons were made by the log-rank test. Multivariate analyses using Cox regression models, included all potential prognostic factors for survival with a P-value <0.2 in univariate analysis. According to the 1997 International staging system classification, 328 eligible patients were included in the study. There was no imbalance between the two arms. Five parameters were significantly associated (P < or = 0.05) with survival in univariate analysis: European lung cancer working party (ELCWP) staging (IIIalpha[n = 294 pts] versus IIIbeta [n = 46]), Karnofsky index, weight loss, platelet count and haemoglobin level. These variables as well as the 1997 ISS staging, white blood cell (WBC) count, LDH and sodium levels were included in a multivariate analysis. Two models were constructed, including either the ELCWP or the 1997 ISS. In model 1 (ISS included), Karnofsky index (HR 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47-1.00; P = 0.05) and haemoglobin (HR 1.49; 95% CI 1.11-1.99; P = 0.007) were found significant. In model 2, including ELCWP staging, two variables were associated with survival: ELCWP staging (HR 1.68; 95% CI 1.20-2.35; P = 0.002) and haemoglobin (HR 1.54; 95% CI 1.15-2.07; P = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

In initially unresectable stage III NSCLC treated by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, we validated the results of our previous study. The classification into stages IIIbeta (T3-4N3M0) and IIIalpha (other TN stage III) better discriminates the patients in term of survival than the 1997 ISS classification.

[Tracheobronchial stents: Chu of Liège experience]

During recent years the endobronchial prostheses has become an essential part of the therapeutic bronchoscopy in order to remove obstructions from the proximal airways, in malignant diseases, (principally lung cancer) are in benign disorders. In this article we report our last ten year experience in stenting of the tracheo-bronchial tree. We will retrospectively review the indications of the stents, the type of prostheses and their modes of insertion, their complications, the clinical and functional results.

[Spiriva]

SPIRIVA (tiotropium) is a long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilatator, inhaled once a day, which produces relaxation of airway smooth muscle through antagonism of acetylcholine at M3-muscarinic receptors. Its duration of action is at least 24h with once daily administration of tiotropium. Several studies have shown its efficacy and its good tolerance in the treatment of patients who are suffering from moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SPIRIVA improves spirometric measurements and quality of life, and reduces dyspnea and exacerbation rate in COPD patients.

[Paroxysmal dyspnoea in a healthy individual: the spontaneous pneumothorax]

In a healthy individual, a dyspnoea of abrupt onset raises the suspicion of a spontaneous pneumothorax. The clinical examination and standard chest X-ray usually permit the correct diagnosis. The risk of reccurence can be assessed by the clinical history and examination. The functional consequences (which can be lethal) and the risk of recurrence will guide the short- and long-term therapy.

Increased IL-6 and TGF-beta1 concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid associated with thoracic radiotherapy

PURPOSE

To assess, in lung cancer patients, the effects of thoracic radiotherapy (RT) on the concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Eleven patients with lung cancer requiring RT as part of their treatment were studied. BAL was performed bilaterally before, during, and 1, 3, and 6 months after RT. Before each BAL session, the patient's status was assessed clinically using pulmonary function tests and an adapted late effects on normal tissue-subjective, objective, management, analytic (LENT-SOMA) scale, including subjective and objective alterations. The National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria were used to grade pneumonitis. The TGF-beta(1) and IL-6 levels in the BAL fluid were determined using the Easia kit.

RESULTS

The TGF-beta(1) and IL-6 concentrations in the BAL fluid recovered from the irradiated areas were significantly increased by thoracic RT. The increase in TGF-beta(1) levels tended to be greater in the group of patients who developed severe pneumonitis. In the BAL fluid from the nonirradiated areas, the TGF-beta(1) and IL-6 concentrations remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION

The observed increase in TGF-beta(1) and IL-6 concentrations in the BAL fluid recovered from the irradiated lung areas demonstrated that these cytokines may contribute to the process leading to a radiation response in human lung tissue.

[Clinical case of the month. An unusual cause of bronchiectasis: primary ciliary dyskinesia]

We report a case of bronchiectasis due to primary ciliary dyskinesia.