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Kraaijenbrink T, van der Gaag KJ, Zuniga SB, Xue Y, Carvalho-Silva DR, Tyler-Smith C, Jobling MA, Parkin EJ, Su B, Shi H, Xiao CJ, Tang WR, Kashyap VK, Trivedi R, Sitalaximi T, Banerjee J, Gaselô KTO, Tuladhar NM, Opgenort JRML, van Driem GL, Barbujani G, de Knijff P. A linguistically informed autosomal STR survey of human populations residing in the greater Himalayan region. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91534. [PMID: 24614536 PMCID: PMC3948894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The greater Himalayan region demarcates two of the most prominent linguistic phyla in Asia: Tibeto-Burman and Indo-European. Previous genetic surveys, mainly using Y-chromosome polymorphisms and/or mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms suggested a substantially reduced geneflow between populations belonging to these two phyla. These studies, however, have mainly focussed on populations residing far to the north and/or south of this mountain range, and have not been able to study geneflow patterns within the greater Himalayan region itself. We now report a detailed, linguistically informed, genetic survey of Tibeto-Burman and Indo-European speakers from the Himalayan countries Nepal and Bhutan based on autosomal microsatellite markers and compare these populations with surrounding regions. The genetic differentiation between populations within the Himalayas seems to be much higher than between populations in the neighbouring countries. We also observe a remarkable genetic differentiation between the Tibeto-Burman speaking populations on the one hand and Indo-European speaking populations on the other, suggesting that language and geography have played an equally large role in defining the genetic composition of present-day populations within the Himalayas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirsa Kraaijenbrink
- MGC Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan J. van der Gaag
- MGC Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sofia B. Zuniga
- MGC Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Tyler-Smith
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Jobling
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J. Parkin
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology and Kunming Primate Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology and Kunming Primate Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Chun-Jie Xiao
- Human Genetics Centre, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Wen-Ru Tang
- Human Genetics Centre, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - V. K. Kashyap
- National DNA Analysis Center, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Kolkata, India
| | - R. Trivedi
- National DNA Analysis Center, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Kolkata, India
| | - T. Sitalaximi
- National DNA Analysis Center, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Kolkata, India
| | - Jheelam Banerjee
- National DNA Analysis Center, Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Kolkata, India
| | - Karma Tshering of Gaselô
- Himalayan Languages Project, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nirmal M. Tuladhar
- Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | | | - George L. van Driem
- Himalayan Languages Project, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guido Barbujani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peter de Knijff
- MGC Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (P. de Knijff)
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Kraaijenbrink T, van Driem GL, Opgenort JRML, Tuladhar NM, de Knijff P. Allele frequency distribution for 21 autosomal STR loci in Nepal. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 168:227-31. [PMID: 16540274 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The allele frequency distributions of 21 autosomal loci contained in the AmpFlSTR Identifiler, the Powerplex 16 and the FFFL multiplex PCR kits, was studied in 953 unrelated individuals from Nepal. Several new alleles (i.e. not yet reported in the NIST Short Tandem Repeat DNA Internet DataBase [http://www.cstl.nist.gov/biotech/strbase/]) have been detected in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kraaijenbrink
- MGC Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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