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Moris VC, Podsiadlowski L, Martin S, Oeyen JP, Donath A, Petersen M, Wilbrandt J, Misof B, Liedtke D, Thamm M, Scheiner R, Schmitt T, Niehuis O. Intrasexual cuticular hydrocarbon dimorphism in a wasp sheds light on hydrocarbon biosynthesis genes in Hymenoptera. Commun Biol 2023; 6:147. [PMID: 36737661 PMCID: PMC9898505 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) cover the cuticle of insects and serve as desiccation barrier and as semiochemicals. While the main enzymatic steps of CHC biosynthesis are well understood, few of the underlying genes have been identified. Here we show how exploitation of intrasexual CHC dimorphism in a mason wasp, Odynerus spinipes, in combination with whole-genome sequencing and comparative transcriptomics facilitated identification of such genes. RNAi-mediated knockdown of twelve candidate gene orthologs in the honey bee, Apis mellifera, confirmed nine genes impacting CHC profile composition. Most of them have predicted functions consistent with current knowledge of CHC metabolism. However, we found first-time evidence for a fatty acid amide hydrolase also influencing CHC profile composition. In situ hybridization experiments furthermore suggest trophocytes participating in CHC biosynthesis. Our results set the base for experimental CHC profile manipulation in Hymenoptera and imply that the evolutionary origin of CHC biosynthesis predates the arthropods' colonization of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Moris
- grid.5963.9Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany ,grid.4989.c0000 0001 2348 0746Laboratory of Molecular Biology & Evolution (MBE), Department of Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Martin
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Philip Oeyen
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Donath
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Malte Petersen
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300High Performance Computing & Analytics Lab, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeanne Wilbrandt
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ,grid.418245.e0000 0000 9999 5706Leibniz Institute on Aging — Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- grid.517093.90000 0005 0294 9006Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change / ZFMK, Museum Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Liedtke
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Thamm
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Scheiner
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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2
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Schwarz R, Koch P, Wilbrandt J, Hoffmann S. Locus-specific expression analysis of transposable elements. Brief Bioinform 2021; 23:6400501. [PMID: 34664075 PMCID: PMC8769692 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) have been associated with many, frequently detrimental, biological roles. Consequently, the regulations of TEs, e.g. via DNA-methylation and histone modifications, are considered critical for maintaining genomic integrity and other functions. Still, the high-throughput study of TEs is usually limited to the family or consensus-sequence level because of alignment problems prompted by high-sequence similarities and short read lengths. To entirely comprehend the effects and reasons of TE expression, however, it is necessary to assess the TE expression at the level of individual instances. Our simulation study demonstrates that sequence similarities and short read lengths do not rule out the accurate assessment of (differential) expression of TEs at the instance-level. With only slight modifications to existing methods, TE expression analysis works surprisingly well for conventional paired-end sequencing data. We find that SalmonTE and Telescope can accurately tally a considerable amount of TE instances, allowing for differential expression recovery in model and non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schwarz
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- CF Life Science Computing, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jeanne Wilbrandt
- CF Life Science Computing, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Steve Hoffmann
- Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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3
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Oeyen JP, Baa-Puyoulet P, Benoit JB, Beukeboom LW, Bornberg-Bauer E, Buttstedt A, Calevro F, Cash EI, Chao H, Charles H, Chen MJM, Childers C, Cridge AG, Dearden P, Dinh H, Doddapaneni HV, Dolan A, Donath A, Dowling D, Dugan S, Duncan E, Elpidina EN, Friedrich M, Geuverink E, Gibson JD, Grath S, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP, Große-Wilde E, Gudobba C, Han Y, Hansson BS, Hauser F, Hughes DST, Ioannidis P, Jacquin-Joly E, Jennings EC, Jones JW, Klasberg S, Lee SL, Lesný P, Lovegrove M, Martin S, Martynov AG, Mayer C, Montagné N, Moris VC, Munoz-Torres M, Murali SC, Muzny DM, Oppert B, Parisot N, Pauli T, Peters RS, Petersen M, Pick C, Persyn E, Podsiadlowski L, Poelchau MF, Provataris P, Qu J, Reijnders MJMF, von Reumont BM, Rosendale AJ, Simao FA, Skelly J, Sotiropoulos AG, Stahl AL, Sumitani M, Szuter EM, Tidswell O, Tsitlakidis E, Vedder L, Waterhouse RM, Werren JH, Wilbrandt J, Worley KC, Yamamoto DS, van de Zande L, Zdobnov EM, Ziesmann T, Gibbs RA, Richards S, Hatakeyama M, Misof B, Niehuis O. Sawfly Genomes Reveal Evolutionary Acquisitions That Fostered the Mega-Radiation of Parasitoid and Eusocial Hymenoptera. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1099-1188. [PMID: 32442304 PMCID: PMC7455281 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tremendous diversity of Hymenoptera is commonly attributed to the evolution of parasitoidism in the last common ancestor of parasitoid sawflies (Orussidae) and wasp-waisted Hymenoptera (Apocrita). However, Apocrita and Orussidae differ dramatically in their species richness, indicating that the diversification of Apocrita was promoted by additional traits. These traits have remained elusive due to a paucity of sawfly genome sequences, in particular those of parasitoid sawflies. Here, we present comparative analyses of draft genomes of the primarily phytophagous sawfly Athalia rosae and the parasitoid sawfly Orussus abietinus. Our analyses revealed that the ancestral hymenopteran genome exhibited traits that were previously considered unique to eusocial Apocrita (e.g., low transposable element content and activity) and a wider gene repertoire than previously thought (e.g., genes for CO2 detection). Moreover, we discovered that Apocrita evolved a significantly larger array of odorant receptors than sawflies, which could be relevant to the remarkable diversification of Apocrita by enabling efficient detection and reliable identification of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philip Oeyen
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.,Lead Contact
| | | | | | - Leo W Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja Buttstedt
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Federica Calevro
- INSA-Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR0203, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elizabeth I Cash
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hubert Charles
- INSA-Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR0203, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mei-Ju May Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Andrew G Cridge
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter Dearden
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Harsha Vardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Alexander Donath
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Dowling
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Duncan
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena N Elpidina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit
| | - Elzemiek Geuverink
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua D Gibson
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro.,Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette
| | - Sonja Grath
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Ewald Große-Wilde
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CULS), Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Cameron Gudobba
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Hauser
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel S T Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, Versailles, France
| | | | - Jeffery W Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester
| | - Steffen Klasberg
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter Lesný
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Mackenzie Lovegrove
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Victoria C Moris
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert Ludwig University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monica Munoz-Torres
- Berkeley Bioinformatics Open-source Projects (BBOP), Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Shwetha Canchi Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brenda Oppert
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- INSA-Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR0203, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thomas Pauli
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert Ludwig University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralph S Peters
- Arthropoda Department, Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Malte Petersen
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Emma Persyn
- INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Panagiotis Provataris
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Maarten J M F Reijnders
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Björn Marcus von Reumont
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, University of Gießen, Germany.,Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Felipe A Simao
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Skelly
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Aaron L Stahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Megumi Sumitani
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Owashi, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Elise M Szuter
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University
| | - Olivia Tidswell
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Zoology Department, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lucia Vedder
- Center for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeanne Wilbrandt
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.,Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Louis van de Zande
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Ziesmann
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Masatsugu Hatakeyama
- Insect Genome Research and Engineering Unit, Division of Applied Genetics, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Owashi, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert Ludwig University Freiburg, Germany
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Wilbrandt J, Misof B, Panfilio KA, Niehuis O. Repertoire-wide gene structure analyses: a case study comparing automatically predicted and manually annotated gene models. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:753. [PMID: 31623555 PMCID: PMC6798390 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The location and modular structure of eukaryotic protein-coding genes in genomic sequences can be automatically predicted by gene annotation algorithms. These predictions are often used for comparative studies on gene structure, gene repertoires, and genome evolution. However, automatic annotation algorithms do not yet correctly identify all genes within a genome, and manual annotation is often necessary to obtain accurate gene models and gene sets. As manual annotation is time-consuming, only a fraction of the gene models in a genome is typically manually annotated, and this fraction often differs between species. To assess the impact of manual annotation efforts on genome-wide analyses of gene structural properties, we compared the structural properties of protein-coding genes in seven diverse insect species sequenced by the i5k initiative. Results Our results show that the subset of genes chosen for manual annotation by a research community (3.5–7% of gene models) may have structural properties (e.g., lengths and exon counts) that are not necessarily representative for a species’ gene set as a whole. Nonetheless, the structural properties of automatically generated gene models are only altered marginally (if at all) through manual annotation. Major correlative trends, for example a negative correlation between genome size and exonic proportion, can be inferred from either the automatically predicted or manually annotated gene models alike. Vice versa, some previously reported trends did not appear in either the automatic or manually annotated gene sets, pointing towards insect-specific gene structural peculiarities. Conclusions In our analysis of gene structural properties, automatically predicted gene models proved to be sufficiently reliable to recover the same gene-repertoire-wide correlative trends that we found when focusing on manually annotated gene models only. We acknowledge that analyses on the individual gene level clearly benefit from manual curation. However, as genome sequencing and annotation projects often differ in the extent of their manual annotation and curation efforts, our results indicate that comparative studies analyzing gene structural properties in these genomes can nonetheless be justifiable and informative. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6064-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Wilbrandt
- Center for molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany. .,Present address: Hoffmann Research Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Center for molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristen A Panfilio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert Ludwig University, Hauptstr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Wipfler B, Letsch H, Frandsen PB, Kapli P, Mayer C, Bartel D, Buckley TR, Donath A, Edgerly-Rooks JS, Fujita M, Liu S, Machida R, Mashimo Y, Misof B, Niehuis O, Peters RS, Petersen M, Podsiadlowski L, Schütte K, Shimizu S, Uchifune T, Wilbrandt J, Yan E, Zhou X, Simon S. Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3024-3029. [PMID: 30642969 PMCID: PMC6386694 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817794116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyneoptera represents one of the major lineages of winged insects, comprising around 40,000 extant species in 10 traditional orders, including grasshoppers, roaches, and stoneflies. Many important aspects of polyneopteran evolution, such as their phylogenetic relationships, changes in their external appearance, their habitat preferences, and social behavior, are unresolved and are a major enigma in entomology. These ambiguities also have direct consequences for our understanding of the evolution of winged insects in general; for example, with respect to the ancestral habitats of adults and juveniles. We addressed these issues with a large-scale phylogenomic analysis and used the reconstructed phylogenetic relationships to trace the evolution of 112 characters associated with the external appearance and the lifestyle of winged insects. Our inferences suggest that the last common ancestors of Polyneoptera and of the winged insects were terrestrial throughout their lives, implying that wings did not evolve in an aquatic environment. The appearance of the first polyneopteran insect was mainly characterized by ancestral traits such as long segmented abdominal appendages and biting mouthparts held below the head capsule. This ancestor lived in association with the ground, which led to various specializations including hardened forewings and unique tarsal attachment structures. However, within Polyneoptera, several groups switched separately to a life on plants. In contrast to a previous hypothesis, we found that social behavior was not part of the polyneopteran ground plan. In other traits, such as the biting mouthparts, Polyneoptera shows a high degree of evolutionary conservatism unique among the major lineages of winged insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wipfler
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Center of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Harald Letsch
- Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul B Frandsen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604
- Data Science Lab, Office of the Chief Information Officer, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20002
| | - Paschalia Kapli
- The Exelixis Lab, Scientific Computing Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Bartel
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Universität Wien, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Buckley
- New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Alexander Donath
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Janice S Edgerly-Rooks
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053
| | - Mari Fujita
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - Shanlin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - Yuta Mashimo
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert Ludwig University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralph S Peters
- Center of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Malte Petersen
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kai Schütte
- Tierökologie und Naturschutz, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shota Shimizu
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchifune
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
- Yokosuka City Museum, Fukadadai, Kanagawa 238-0016, Japan
| | - Jeanne Wilbrandt
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evgeny Yan
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Borissiak Palaeontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kraaijeveld K, Anvar SY, Frank J, Schmitz A, Bast J, Wilbrandt J, Petersen M, Ziesmann T, Niehuis O, de Knijff P, den Dunnen JT, Ellers J. Decay of Sexual Trait Genes in an Asexual Parasitoid Wasp. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 8:3685-3695. [PMID: 28172869 PMCID: PMC5381511 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait loss is a widespread phenomenon with pervasive consequences for a species’ evolutionary potential. The genetic changes underlying trait loss have only been clarified in a small number of cases. None of these studies can identify whether the loss of the trait under study was a result of neutral mutation accumulation or negative selection. This distinction is relatively clear-cut in the loss of sexual traits in asexual organisms. Male-specific sexual traits are not expressed and can only decay through neutral mutations, whereas female-specific traits are expressed and subject to negative selection. We present the genome of an asexual parasitoid wasp and compare it to that of a sexual lineage of the same species. We identify a short-list of 16 genes for which the asexual lineage carries deleterious SNP or indel variants, whereas the sexual lineage does not. Using tissue-specific expression data from other insects, we show that fifteen of these are expressed in male-specific reproductive tissues. Only one deleterious variant was found that is expressed in the female-specific spermathecae, a trait that is heavily degraded and thought to be under negative selection in L. clavipes. Although the phenotypic decay of male-specific sexual traits in asexuals is generally slow compared with the decay of female-specific sexual traits, we show that male-specific traits do indeed accumulate deleterious mutations as expected by theory. Our results provide an excellent starting point for detailed study of the genomics of neutral and selected trait decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kraaijeveld
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Seyed Yahya Anvar
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Frank
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Schmitz
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Bast
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeanne Wilbrandt
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Malte Petersen
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Ziesmann
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan T den Dunnen
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The comparison of gene and genome structures across species has the potential to reveal major trends of genome evolution. However, such a comparative approach is currently hampered by a lack of standardization (e.g., Elliott TA, Gregory TR, Philos Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 370:20140331, 2015). For example, testing the hypothesis that the total amount of coding sequences is a reliable measure of potential proteome diversity (Wang M, Kurland CG, Caetano-Anollés G, PNAS 108:11954, 2011) requires the application of standardized definitions of coding sequence and genes to create both comparable and comprehensive data sets and corresponding summary statistics. However, such standard definitions either do not exist or are not consistently applied. These circumstances call for a standard at the descriptive level using a minimum of parameters as well as an undeviating use of standardized terms, and for software that infers the required data under these strict definitions. The acquisition of a comprehensive, descriptive, and standardized set of parameters and summary statistics for genome publications and further analyses can thus greatly benefit from the availability of an easy to use standard tool. RESULTS We developed a new open-source command-line tool, COGNATE (Comparative Gene Annotation Characterizer), which uses a given genome assembly and its annotation of protein-coding genes for a detailed description of the respective gene and genome structure parameters. Additionally, we revised the standard definitions of gene and genome structures and provide the definitions used by COGNATE as a working draft suggestion for further reference. Complete parameter lists and summary statistics are inferred using this set of definitions to allow down-stream analyses and to provide an overview of the genome and gene repertoire characteristics. COGNATE is written in Perl and freely available at the ZFMK homepage ( https://www.zfmk.de/en/COGNATE ) and on github ( https://github.com/ZFMK/COGNATE ). CONCLUSION The tool COGNATE allows comparing genome assemblies and structural elements on multiples levels (e.g., scaffold or contig sequence, gene). It clearly enhances comparability between analyses. Thus, COGNATE can provide the important standardization of both genome and gene structure parameter disclosure as well as data acquisition for future comparative analyses. With the establishment of comprehensive descriptive standards and the extensive availability of genomes, an encompassing database will become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Wilbrandt
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb), Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK), Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb), Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Abteilung Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Biologie I (Zoologie), Freiburg, Germany
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Wilbrandt J, Lee P, Read H, Wesener T. A first integrative study of the identity and origins of the British Dwarf Pill Millipede populations, Trachysphaera cf. lobata (Diplopoda, Glomerida, Glomeridae). Biodivers Data J 2015:e5176. [PMID: 26175612 PMCID: PMC4493372 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e5176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Three populations of the pill millipede genus Trachysphaera Heller 1858 are present in Great Britain, one on the Isle of Wight, one in South Wales and one in mid-Wales. To identify and characterize the British Trachysphaera populations, the intraspecific and interspecific variation of the populations in South Wales and on the Isle of Wight were studied and evaluated in a first integrative study of members of Trachysphaera, utilizing barcoding and SEM. DNA was extracted from 28 British Trachysphaera and 10 French T.lobata (Ribaut 1954) specimens, one each of French T.cf.drescoi (Conde and Demange 1961) and T.pyrenaica (Ribaut 1908), and one of Spanish T.cf.rousseti (Demange 1959); the barcoding fragment of the COI gene was amplified and their genetic intra- and interpopulation distances compared with one another using two Italian T. spp. and one Croatian T.schmidti Heller 1858 specimens as near outgroups. To compare the genetic distances with the morphological characters, 15 characters of a total of 13 British Trachysphaera, together with two specimens of T.pyrenaica, two T.cf.drescoi and one of T.cf.rousseti were imaged, using the same individuals utilized for DNA extraction. Albeit both British populations are genetically distant, they are closely related (1.9–2.5% p-distance) to French T.lobata, corroborating results of earlier studies. Between different Trachysphaera species, genetic distance was high (16.7–18.8%). The morphological study showed the non-reliability of key taxonomic characters in Trachysphaera, with genetically identical individuals exhibiting morphological variation, especially on the telopods. The only observed morphological characters constant within and different between species were the number of rows of sclerotized bacilli on the tergites, as well as the shape of the male and female anal shield. Both, barcoding and the morphological study identify the British Trachysphaera populations as T.lobata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Lee
- British Myriapod & Isopod Group, Bucks, United Kingdom ; Hymettus, Midhurst, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Read
- British Myriapod & Isopod Group, Bucks, United Kingdom
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9
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Misof B, Liu S, Meusemann K, Peters RS, Donath A, Mayer C, Frandsen PB, Ware J, Flouri T, Beutel RG, Niehuis O, Petersen M, Izquierdo-Carrasco F, Wappler T, Rust J, Aberer AJ, Aspock U, Aspock H, Bartel D, Blanke A, Berger S, Bohm A, Buckley TR, Calcott B, Chen J, Friedrich F, Fukui M, Fujita M, Greve C, Grobe P, Gu S, Huang Y, Jermiin LS, Kawahara AY, Krogmann L, Kubiak M, Lanfear R, Letsch H, Li Y, Li Z, Li J, Lu H, Machida R, Mashimo Y, Kapli P, McKenna DD, Meng G, Nakagaki Y, Navarrete-Heredia JL, Ott M, Ou Y, Pass G, Podsiadlowski L, Pohl H, von Reumont BM, Schutte K, Sekiya K, Shimizu S, Slipinski A, Stamatakis A, Song W, Su X, Szucsich NU, Tan M, Tan X, Tang M, Tang J, Timelthaler G, Tomizuka S, Trautwein M, Tong X, Uchifune T, Walzl MG, Wiegmann BM, Wilbrandt J, Wipfler B, Wong TKF, Wu Q, Wu G, Xie Y, Yang S, Yang Q, Yeates DK, Yoshizawa K, Zhang Q, Zhang R, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhou C, Zhou L, Ziesmann T, Zou S, Li Y, Xu X, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang J, Wang J, Kjer KM, Zhou X. Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution. Science 2014; 346:763-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1257570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1672] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Peters RS, Meusemann K, Petersen M, Mayer C, Wilbrandt J, Ziesmann T, Donath A, Kjer KM, Aspöck U, Aspöck H, Aberer A, Stamatakis A, Friedrich F, Hünefeld F, Niehuis O, Beutel RG, Misof B. The evolutionary history of holometabolous insects inferred from transcriptome-based phylogeny and comprehensive morphological data. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:52. [PMID: 24646345 PMCID: PMC4000048 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable progress in systematics, a comprehensive scenario of the evolution of phenotypic characters in the mega-diverse Holometabola based on a solid phylogenetic hypothesis was still missing. We addressed this issue by de novo sequencing transcriptome libraries of representatives of all orders of holometabolan insects (13 species in total) and by using a previously published extensive morphological dataset. We tested competing phylogenetic hypotheses by analyzing various specifically designed sets of amino acid sequence data, using maximum likelihood (ML) based tree inference and Four-cluster Likelihood Mapping (FcLM). By maximum parsimony-based mapping of the morphological data on the phylogenetic relationships we traced evolutionary transformations at the phenotypic level and reconstructed the groundplan of Holometabola and of selected subgroups. RESULTS In our analysis of the amino acid sequence data of 1,343 single-copy orthologous genes, Hymenoptera are placed as sister group to all remaining holometabolan orders, i.e., to a clade Aparaglossata, comprising two monophyletic subunits Mecopterida (Amphiesmenoptera + Antliophora) and Neuropteroidea (Neuropterida + Coleopterida). The monophyly of Coleopterida (Coleoptera and Strepsiptera) remains ambiguous in the analyses of the transcriptome data, but appears likely based on the morphological data. Highly supported relationships within Neuropterida and Antliophora are Raphidioptera + (Neuroptera + monophyletic Megaloptera), and Diptera + (Siphonaptera + Mecoptera). ML tree inference and FcLM yielded largely congruent results. However, FcLM, which was applied here for the first time to large phylogenomic supermatrices, displayed additional signal in the datasets that was not identified in the ML trees. CONCLUSIONS Our phylogenetic results imply that an orthognathous larva belongs to the groundplan of Holometabola, with compound eyes and well-developed thoracic legs, externally feeding on plants or fungi. Ancestral larvae of Aparaglossata were prognathous, equipped with single larval eyes (stemmata), and possibly agile and predacious. Ancestral holometabolan adults likely resembled in their morphology the groundplan of adult neopteran insects. Within Aparaglossata, the adult's flight apparatus and ovipositor underwent strong modifications. We show that the combination of well-resolved phylogenies obtained by phylogenomic analyses and well-documented extensive morphological datasets is an appropriate basis for reconstructing complex morphological transformations and for the inference of evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph S Peters
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Abteilung Arthropoda, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karen Meusemann
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb), Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Australian National Insect Collection, Clunies Ross Street, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Malte Petersen
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb), Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb), Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jeanne Wilbrandt
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb), Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Ziesmann
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb), Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Donath
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb), Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl M Kjer
- Rutgers University, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ulrike Aspöck
- Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 2. Zool. Abteilung, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Horst Aspöck
- Institut für Spezifische Prophylaxe und Tropenmedizin, Medizinische Parasitologie, Medizinische Universität Wien (MUW), Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andre Aberer
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Scientific Computing Group, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Stamatakis
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Scientific Computing Group, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fakultät für Informatik, Postfach 698076128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Friedrich
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum Hamburg, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Hünefeld
- Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße. 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb), Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstraße. 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung (zmb), Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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