1
|
Fitch K, Bohn JA, Emerson JB, Boniface ER, Bruegl A. Acceptability of human papillomavirus self-collection and the role of telehealth: a prospective, randomized study stratified by menopausal status. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2023:ijgc-2023-004935. [PMID: 38101813 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2023-004935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the utility of telehealth instruction versus mail-based written instruction in facilitating high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) self-collection among post-menopausal patients compared with pre-menopausal patients, as well as the impact on acceptability and feasibility. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized study of people eligible for cervical cancer screening, stratified by menopausal status, to undergo standard written or telehealth-based instructions for hrHPV self-collection. English speaking individuals residing in Oregon, with a cervix, eligible for primary hrHPV testing, and with access to a video-capable device were included. Patients with prior hysterectomy, trachelectomy, diagnosis of cervical cancer, or pelvic radiation for gynecologic cancer were excluded. We compared preference for and opinions about self-collection and hrHPV test results, by randomization group and stratified by menopausal status using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Among 123 patients enrolled, 61 identified as post-menopausal with a median age of 57 years. While the majority of post-menopausal participants who received telehealth instructions found it helpful, only 6.1% considered telehealth instructions necessary to complete self-testing. There was no difference in opinion of telehealth by menopausal status. Overall, 88.5% of post-menopausal participants preferred self-collection to provider-collection. There were no significant differences between pre- and post-menopausal participants in terms of test preference, discomfort, ease of use, or perceptions of self-collection. CONCLUSION Telehealth instruction did not add significant value to patients participating in hrHPV self-collection, nor did it alter the acceptability of hrHPV-self collection among an English-speaking cohort. Compared with prior experiences with provider-collected screening, hrHPV self-collection was preferred by both pre- and post-menopausal participants. There were no significant differences in preference for provider- versus self-collection when stratified by menopausal status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Bohn
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jenna B Emerson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Emily R Boniface
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Amanda Bruegl
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
James NE, Valenzuela AD, Emerson JB, Woodman M, Miller K, Hovanesian V, Ou J, Ribeiro JR. Intratumoral expression analysis reveals that OX40 and TIM-3 are prominently expressed and have variable associations with clinical outcomes in high grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:188. [PMID: 35527785 PMCID: PMC9073576 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with ovarian cancer exhibit low response rates to anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) based therapies, despite ovarian tumors demonstrating measurable immune responses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to comparatively examine expression of notable immune co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in order identify the most abundant receptors that could potentially serve as therapeutic targets to enhance immunotherapy response in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was employed to compare levels of various HGSOC and pan-cancer cohorts. To confirm these findings at the protein level, immunofluorescence of select receptors was performed in 29 HGSOC patient tissue samples. TCGA and Kaplan Meier analysis was employed to determine the association of highly expressed immune receptors with clinical outcomes. TIM-3 and OX40 exhibited the highest expression in HGSOC at both the gene and protein level, with TIM-3 demonstrating highest levels on both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell subsets. Pan-cancer analysis determined that TIM-3 and OX40 levels were similar to those in immunotherapy-responsive cancers, while PD-1 exhibited much lower expression in HGSOC. Finally, OX40 was most strongly associated with improved patient survival. Overall, the current study suggested that TIM-3 and OX40 are frequently expressed intratumoral immune receptors in HGSOC and thus represent promising immune targets. Furthermore, the present analysis strongly suggested that OX40 was significantly associated with a longer survival and could potentially be utilized as a prognostic factor for improved patient outcomes in HGSOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ashley D. Valenzuela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Jenna B. Emerson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Morgan Woodman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Katherine Miller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Virginia Hovanesian
- Rhode Island Hospital, Core Research Laboratories, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Joyce Ou
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Ribeiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Emerson JB, Danilack VA, Kulkarni A, Kesselring C, Brousseau EC, Matteson KA. Outpatient Opioid Use After Cesarean Delivery. R I Med J (2013) 2020; 103:68-74. [PMID: 32752572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With a goal of informing opioid prescribing after cesarean delivery, we compared inpatient, prescribed, and outpatient Morphine Equivalent Doses (MED) and patient characteristics. METHODS Patients were enrolled after cesarean delivery and followed for 2-5 weeks with demographic, opioid use, and clinical characteristics collected from participants and the medical record. T-test, ANOVA, linear regression, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used in analyses. RESULTS Among 76 women, 21% used all opioids prescribed and 20% used none. History of psychiatric comorbidities was associated with higher outpatient opiate use (172 MED vs 103 MED; p = 0.046). There was no difference in opiates consumed inpatient and amount prescribed at discharge (p = 0.502). However, low, medium, and high inpatient consumers used 53 (SD 76), 111 (SD 96), and 195 (SD 132) MEDs outpatient, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Outpatient opioid prescribing based on inpatient needs may facilitate judicious opioid use after cesarean delivery. Significance What Is Already Known: Opioid abuse is a growing problem in this country, and excess prescribing contributes to the availability of opioids. Limited data exist regarding the amount of opioids patients need after cesarean delivery, or what factors are predictive of an individual patient's opioid needs. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS This study further supports the growing literature demonstrating that providers frequently over-prescribe opioids following cesarean delivery. It uniquely adds associations of patient-specific factors and outpatient opioid needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B Emerson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women & Infants Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Valery A Danilack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women & Infants Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Amita Kulkarni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women & Infants Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Cailey Kesselring
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - E Christine Brousseau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women & Infants Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Kristen A Matteson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women & Infants Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
James NE, Emerson JB, Borgstadt AD, Beffa L, Oliver MT, Hovanesian V, Urh A, Singh RK, Rowswell-Turner R, DiSilvestro PA, Ou J, Moore RG, Ribeiro JR. The biomarker HE4 (WFDC2) promotes a pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment via regulation of STAT3 target genes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8558. [PMID: 32444701 PMCID: PMC7244765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a highly lethal gynecologic malignancy arising from the fallopian tubes that has a high rate of chemoresistant recurrence and low five-year survival rate. The ovarian cancer biomarker HE4 is known to promote proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance, and suppression of cytotoxic lymphocytes. In this study, we sought to examine the effects of HE4 on signaling within diverse cell types that compose the tumor microenvironment. HE4 was found to activate STAT3 signaling and promote upregulation of the pro-angiogenic STAT3 target genes IL8 and HIF1A in immune cells, ovarian cancer cells, and endothelial cells. Moreover, HE4 promoted increases in tube formation in an in vitro model of angiogenesis, which was also dependent upon STAT3 signaling. Clinically, HE4 and IL8 levels positively correlated in ovarian cancer patient tissue. Furthermore, HE4 serum levels correlated with microvascular density in EOC tissue and inversely correlated with cytotoxic T cell infiltration, suggesting that HE4 may cause deregulated blood vessel formation and suppress proper T cell trafficking in tumors. Collectively, this study shows for the first time that HE4 has the ability to affect signaling events and gene expression in multiple cell types of the tumor microenvironment, which could contribute to angiogenesis and altered immunogenic responses in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E James
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jenna B Emerson
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Providence, RI, USA.,Warren-Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ashley D Borgstadt
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Providence, RI, USA.,Warren-Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lindsey Beffa
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Providence, RI, USA.,Warren-Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Matthew T Oliver
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Providence, RI, USA.,Warren-Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Virginia Hovanesian
- Rhode Island Hospital, Digital Imaging and Analysis Core Facility, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anze Urh
- Northwell Health Physician Partners Gynecologic Oncology, Brightwaters, NY, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul A DiSilvestro
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Providence, RI, USA.,Warren-Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joyce Ou
- Warren-Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Pathology, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Jennifer R Ribeiro
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women's Oncology, Providence, RI, USA. .,Warren-Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
James NE, Beffa L, Oliver MT, Borgstadt AD, Emerson JB, Chichester CO, Yano N, Freiman RN, DiSilvestro PA, Ribeiro JR. Inhibition of DUSP6 sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents via regulation of ERK signaling response genes. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3315-3327. [PMID: 31164954 PMCID: PMC6534361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) is a protein phosphatase that deactivates extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Since the ovarian cancer biomarker human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) interacts with the ERK pathway, we sought to determine the relationship between DUSP6 and HE4 and elucidate DUSP6's role in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Viability assays revealed a significant decrease in cell viability with pharmacological inhibition of DUSP6 using (E/Z)-BCI hydrochloride in ovarian cancer cells treated with carboplatin or paclitaxel, compared to treatment with either agent alone. Quantitative PCR was used to evaluate levels of ERK pathway response genes to BCI in combination with recombinant HE4 (rHE4), carboplatin, and paclitaxel. Expression of EGR1, a promoter of apoptosis, was higher in cells co-treated with BCI and paclitaxel or carboplatin than in cells treated with chemotherapeutic agents alone, while expression of the proto-oncogene c-JUN was decreased with co-treatment. The effect of BCI on the expression of these two genes opposed that of rHE4. Pathway focused quantitative PCR also revealed suppression of ERBB3 in cells co-treated with BCI plus carboplatin or paclitaxel. Finally, expression levels of DUSP6 in EOC tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, revealing significantly increased levels of DUSP6 in serous EOC tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue. A positive correlation between HE4 and DUSP6 levels was determined by Spearman Rank correlation. In conclusion, DUSP6 inhibition sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents and alters gene expression of ERK response genes, suggesting that DUSP6 could plausibly function as a novel therapeutic target to reduce chemoresistance in EOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. James
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women’s Oncology, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lindsey Beffa
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women’s Oncology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Matthew T. Oliver
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women’s Oncology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ashley D. Borgstadt
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women’s Oncology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jenna B. Emerson
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women’s Oncology, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Naohiro Yano
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Richard N. Freiman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Paul A. DiSilvestro
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women’s Oncology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Ribeiro
- Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Program in Women’s Oncology, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Surgery is a cornerstone of gynecologic oncology. Minimally invasive techniques have been adopted rapidly, in lieu of open approaches, in cervical and endometrial cancer staging. In addition, nodal assessment has undergone significant changes with the introduction of SLN biopsies. The movement toward less is more has also been seen with perioperative and postoperative care and the advent of ERAS protocols, which attempt to maintain normal physiology with the goal of improving functional recovery. It is imperative that new technology be critically evaluated to ensure that oncologic outcomes are not compromised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Cantillo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 111 Colchester Avenue, Smith 408, Burlington, VT 05404, USA.
| | - Jenna B Emerson
- Program in Women' Oncology, Women and Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Cara Mathews
- Program in Women' Oncology, Women and Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Emerson JB, Keady PB, Clements N, Morgan EE, Awerbuch J, Miller SL, Fierer N. High temporal variability in airborne bacterial diversity and abundance inside single-family residences. Indoor Air 2017; 27:576-586. [PMID: 27743387 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Our homes are microbial habitats, and although the amounts and types of bacteria in indoor air have been shown to vary substantially across residences, temporal variability within homes has rarely been characterized. Here, we sought to quantify the temporal variability in the amounts and types of airborne bacteria in homes, and what factors drive this variability. We collected filter samples of indoor and outdoor air in 15 homes over 1 year (approximately eight time points per home, two per season), and we used culture-independent DNA sequencing approaches to characterize bacterial community composition. Significant differences in indoor air community composition were observed both between homes and within each home over time. Indoor and outdoor air community compositions were not significantly correlated, suggesting that indoor and outdoor air communities are decoupled. Indoor air communities from the same home were often just as different at adjacent time points as they were across larger temporal distances, and temporal variation correlated with changes in environmental conditions, including temperature and relative humidity. Although all homes had highly variable indoor air communities, homes with the most temporally variable communities had more stable, lower average microbial loads than homes with less variable communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Emerson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P B Keady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - N Clements
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E E Morgan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Awerbuch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S L Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - N Fierer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Emerson JB, Hill EK, Blake RA, Svider PF, Eloy JA, Raker C, Robison K, Stuckey A. Gender Differences in Scholarly Productivity Within Academic Gynecologic Oncology. Gynecol Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Mueller WH, Wear ML, Hanis CL, Emerson JB, Barton SA, Hewett-Emmett D, Schull WJ. Which measure of body fat distribution is best for epidemiologic research? Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133:858-69. [PMID: 2028976 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivariate associations were sought between risk factor levels (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures) and two sets of anthropometric variables (four circumferences and six skinfolds) to select a set of anthropometric indicators of body fat distribution that correlate most highly with risk of disease. Subjects were men (n = 285) and women (n = 672) from a study of gallbladder disease in a Mexican American population in Starr County, Texas, 1985-1986. The canonical correlations showed that circumferences (0.49-0.61) and skinfolds (0.42-0.60) were equally well correlated to risk factor levels independently of sex and age. Weights from the canonical analyses suggest that measurements at or above the waist and on the lower limb (thigh) are most heavily loaded toward risk (waist = highest risk; thigh = lowest risk). The simplest and most reliable index of body fat distribution for both sexes is the ratio of waist to thigh circumferences. The more commonly used waist/hip ratio proved more valid in women, but not in men. Simple skinfold indices of body fat distribution were more poorly correlated to risk factor levels than the corresponding circumference ratios. In women, body mass index and waist circumference by themselves did as well as body fat distribution indices in explaining variation in risk factors, suggesting the involvement of visceral fat in the body fat/body fat distribution disease relation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W H Mueller
- University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston 77225
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mueller WH, Emerson JB. Functional differences between central and peripheral fat. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48:1343-4. [PMID: 3189223 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/48.5.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
|
11
|
Emerson JB. Case of Double Optic Neuritis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1896; 7:598-601. [PMID: 16691899 PMCID: PMC1327089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
|
12
|
Emerson JB. A Case of Progressive Hyperopic Astigmatism. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1888; 5:60-62. [PMID: 25259032 PMCID: PMC1326812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
|