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Outinen O, Bailey SA, Broeg K, Chasse J, Clarke S, Daigle RM, Gollasch S, Kakkonen JE, Lehtiniemi M, Normant-Saremba M, Ogilvie D, Viard F. Exceptions and exemptions under the ballast water management convention - Sustainable alternatives for ballast water management? J Environ Manage 2021; 293:112823. [PMID: 34044234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) aims to mitigate the introduction risk of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOP) via ships' ballast water and sediments. The BWM Convention has set regulations for ships to utilise exceptions and exemptions from ballast water management under specific circumstances. This study evaluated local and regional case studies to provide clarity for situations, where ships could be excepted or exempted from ballast water management without risking recipient locations to new introductions of HAOP. Ships may be excepted from ballast water management if all ballasting operations are conducted in the same location (Regulation A-3.5 of the BWM Convention). The same location case study determined whether the entire Vuosaari harbour (Helsinki, Finland) should be considered as the same location based on salinity and composition of HAOP between the two harbour terminals. The Vuosaari harbour case study revealed mismatching occurrences of HAOP between the harbour terminals, supporting the recommendation that exceptions based on the same location concept should be limited to the smallest feasible areas within a harbour. The other case studies evaluated whether ballast water exemptions could be granted for ships using two existing risk assessment (RA) methods (Joint Harmonised Procedure [JHP] and Same Risk Area [SRA]), consistent with Regulation A-4 of the BWM Convention. The JHP method compares salinity and presence of target species (TS) between donor and recipient ports to indicate the introduction risk (high or low) attributed to transferring unmanaged ballast water. The SRA method uses a biophysical model to determine whether HAOP could naturally disperse between ports, regardless of their transportation in ballast water. The results of the JHP case study for the Baltic Sea and North-East Atlantic Ocean determined that over 97% of shipping routes within these regions resulted in a high-risk indication. The one route assessed in the Gulf of Maine, North America also resulted in a high-risk outcome. The SRA assessment resulted in an overall weak connectivity between all ports assessed within the Gulf of the St. Lawrence, indicating that a SRA-based exemption would not be appropriate for the entire study area. In summary, exceptions and exemptions should not be considered as common alternatives for ballast water management. The availability of recent and detailed species occurrence data was considered the most important factor to conduct a successful and reliable RA. SRA models should include biological factors that influence larval dispersal and recruitment potential (e.g., pelagic larval duration, settlement period) to provide a more realistic estimation of natural dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okko Outinen
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sarah A Bailey
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Katja Broeg
- Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joël Chasse
- Gulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Stacey Clarke
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft, Suffolk, England, UK
| | - Rémi M Daigle
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada; Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Jenni E Kakkonen
- Marine Services, Harbour Authority Building, Scapa, Orkney, KW15 1SD, Scotland, UK
| | - Maiju Lehtiniemi
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Normant-Saremba
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Institute of Oceanography, Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Al. M. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Dawson Ogilvie
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
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van Franeker JA, Kühn S, Anker-Nilssen T, Edwards EWJ, Gallien F, Guse N, Kakkonen JE, Mallory ML, Miles W, Olsen KO, Pedersen J, Provencher J, Roos M, Stienen E, Turner DM, van Loon WMGM. New tools to evaluate plastic ingestion by northern fulmars applied to North Sea monitoring data 2002-2018. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 166:112246. [PMID: 33774479 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring plastic in stomachs of beached northern fulmars for OSPAR's Ecological Quality Objectives (EcoQOs) has been incorporated into the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This paper aims to provide the appropriate tools to interpret the monitoring results. MSFD requires a data-derived threshold value (Fulmar-TV) representing 'Good Environmental Status'. Such Fulmar-TV was calculated from near-pristine Canadian Arctic data where 10.06% of fulmars exceeded the level of 0.1 g ingested plastic. This Fulmar-TV is almost identical to the earlier OSPAR EcoQO, arbitrarily set at 10%. The MSFD approach was evaluated for 2661 North Sea fulmars in 2002-2018. Between 2014 and 2018, 51% of 393 fulmars exceeded 0.1 g plastic, significantly above the proposed Fulmar-TV. Linear regression of individual ingested plastic mass over the 2009-2018 period indicates a significant decrease. Over the longer term 2002-2018, logistic regression of annual EcoQ% shows a significant decline and predicts compliance with the Fulmar-TV by 2054.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A van Franeker
- Wageningen Marine Research, Ankerpark 27, 1781 AG Den Helder, the Netherlands.
| | - Susanne Kühn
- Wageningen Marine Research, Ankerpark 27, 1781 AG Den Helder, the Netherlands
| | - Tycho Anker-Nilssen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research - NINA, Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ewan W J Edwards
- Marine Scotland Science, PO Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, Scotland, UK
| | - Fabrice Gallien
- Groupe Ornithologique Normand, 181, Rue d'Auge, 14 000 Caen, France
| | - Nils Guse
- Research and Technology Centre (FTZ), Univ. of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, D-25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Jenni E Kakkonen
- Orkney Harbour Authority, Orkney Islands Council, Old Scapa Rd., Kirkwall, Orkney Islands KW15 1SD, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark L Mallory
- Biology Department, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Will Miles
- Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group (SOTEAG), Univ. of St. Andrews, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK
| | - Kåre Olav Olsen
- Lista Survey Coordinator, Postveien 43, N-4563 Borhaug, Norway
| | - John Pedersen
- Regional Fulmar project Coordinator, Ferslevsvej 3, 9990 Skagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer Provencher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Place Vincent Massey, 351 Boulevard Saint Joseph, Gatineau QCJ8Y 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mervyn Roos
- RWS, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, Zuiderwagenplein 2, 8224 AD Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Stienen
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), H. Teirlinck Geb., Havenlaan 88, bus 73, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel M Turner
- Northeast England Beached Bird Surveys Group, 9 Haswell Gardens, North Shields, Tyne and Wear NE30 2DP, England, UK
| | - Willem M G M van Loon
- RWS, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, Zuiderwagenplein 2, 8224 AD Lelystad, the Netherlands
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Blumenröder J, Sechet P, Kakkonen JE, Hartl MGJ. Microplastic contamination of intertidal sediments of Scapa Flow, Orkney: A first assessment. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 124:112-120. [PMID: 28709522 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of microplastic particles and fibres was determined in the intertidal sediments at selected sites in Scapa Flow, Orkney, using a super-saturated NaCl flotation technique to extract the plastic and FT-IR spectroscopy to determine the polymer types. Mean concentrations were 730 and 2300kg-1 sediment (DW), respectively. Detailed spatial and quantitative analysis revealed that their distribution was a function of proximity to populated areas and associated wastewater effluent, industrial installations, degree of shore exposure and complex tidal flow patterns. Sediment samples from Orkney showed similar levels of microplastic contamination as in two highly populate industrialized mainland UK areas, The Clyde and the Firth of Forth. It was concluded that relative remoteness and a comparative small island population are not predictors of lower microplastic pollution. Furthermore, a larger concerted effort across Scotland and the UK is required to establish a baseline microplastic database for the evaluation of future policy measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blumenröder
- Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - P Sechet
- Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | | | - M G J Hartl
- Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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