1
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Line MR, Brogi M, Bean JL, Gandhi S, Zalesky J, Parmentier V, Smith P, Mace GN, Mansfield M, Kempton EMR, Fortney JJ, Shkolnik E, Patience J, Rauscher E, Désert JM, Wardenier JP. A solar C/O and sub-solar metallicity in a hot Jupiter atmosphere. Nature 2021; 598:580-584. [PMID: 34707303 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of the atmospheric carbon (C) and oxygen (O) relative to hydrogen (H) in hot Jupiters (relative to their host stars) provide insight into their formation location and subsequent orbital migration1,2. Hot Jupiters that form beyond the major volatile (H2O/CO/CO2) ice lines and subsequently migrate post disk-dissipation are predicted have atmospheric carbon-to-oxygen ratios (C/O) near 1 and subsolar metallicities2, whereas planets that migrate through the disk before dissipation are predicted to be heavily polluted by infalling O-rich icy planetesimals, resulting in C/O < 0.5 and super-solar metallicities1,2. Previous observations of hot Jupiters have been able to provide bounded constraints on either H2O (refs. 3-5) or CO (refs. 6,7), but not both for the same planet, leaving uncertain4 the true elemental C and O inventory and subsequent C/O and metallicity determinations. Here we report spectroscopic observations of a typical transiting hot Jupiter, WASP-77Ab. From these, we determine the atmospheric gas volume mixing ratio constraints on both H2O and CO (9.5 × 10-5-1.5 × 10-4 and 1.2 × 10-4-2.6 × 10-4, respectively). From these bounded constraints, we are able to derive the atmospheric C/H ([Formula: see text] × solar) and O/H ([Formula: see text] × solar) abundances and the corresponding atmospheric carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O = 0.59 ± 0.08; the solar value is 0.55). The sub-solar (C+O)/H ([Formula: see text] × solar) is suggestive of a metal-depleted atmosphere relative to what is expected for Jovian-like planets1 while the near solar value of C/O rules out the disk-free migration/C-rich2 atmosphere scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Line
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,NASA Astrobiology Institute, Virtual Planetary Laboratory Team, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Matteo Brogi
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Jacob L Bean
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Siddharth Gandhi
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Joseph Zalesky
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Vivien Parmentier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Planetary Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Smith
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gregory N Mace
- Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Megan Mansfield
- Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eliza M-R Kempton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan J Fortney
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Evgenya Shkolnik
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,NASA Astrobiology Institute, Virtual Planetary Laboratory Team, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Patience
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Emily Rauscher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Désert
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P Wardenier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Planetary Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Macintosh B, Graham JR, Barman T, De Rosa RJ, Konopacky Q, Marley MS, Marois C, Nielsen EL, Pueyo L, Rajan A, Rameau J, Saumon D, Wang JJ, Patience J, Ammons M, Arriaga P, Artigau E, Beckwith S, Brewster J, Bruzzone S, Bulger J, Burningham B, Burrows AS, Chen C, Chiang E, Chilcote JK, Dawson RI, Dong R, Doyon R, Draper ZH, Duchêne G, Esposito TM, Fabrycky D, Fitzgerald MP, Follette KB, Fortney JJ, Gerard B, Goodsell S, Greenbaum AZ, Hibon P, Hinkley S, Cotten TH, Hung LW, Ingraham P, Johnson-Groh M, Kalas P, Lafreniere D, Larkin JE, Lee J, Line M, Long D, Maire J, Marchis F, Matthews BC, Max CE, Metchev S, Millar-Blanchaer MA, Mittal T, Morley CV, Morzinski KM, Murray-Clay R, Oppenheimer R, Palmer DW, Patel R, Perrin MD, Poyneer LA, Rafikov RR, Rantakyrö FT, Rice EL, Rojo P, Rudy AR, Ruffio JB, Ruiz MT, Sadakuni N, Saddlemyer L, Salama M, Savransky D, Schneider AC, Sivaramakrishnan A, Song I, Soummer R, Thomas S, Vasisht G, Wallace JK, Ward-Duong K, Wiktorowicz SJ, Wolff SG, Zuckerman B. Discovery and spectroscopy of the young jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager. Science 2015; 350:64-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac5891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Macintosh
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94040, USA
| | - J. R. Graham
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - T. Barman
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - R. J. De Rosa
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Q. Konopacky
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California–San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - M. S. Marley
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - C. Marois
- National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - E. L. Nielsen
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - L. Pueyo
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - A. Rajan
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Post Office Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - J. Rameau
- Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D. Saumon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Post Office Box 1663, MS F663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - J. J. Wang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J. Patience
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Post Office Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - M. Ammons
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94040, USA
| | - P. Arriaga
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California–Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - E. Artigau
- Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - S. Beckwith
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J. Brewster
- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - S. Bruzzone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - J. Bulger
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Post Office Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Subaru Telescope, 650 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - B. Burningham
- NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - A. S. Burrows
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - C. Chen
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - E. Chiang
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J. K. Chilcote
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - R. I. Dawson
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - R. Dong
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - R. Doyon
- Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Z. H. Draper
- National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - G. Duchêne
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T. M. Esposito
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California–Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - D. Fabrycky
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - M. P. Fitzgerald
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California–Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - K. B. Follette
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. J. Fortney
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California–Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - B. Gerard
- National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - S. Goodsell
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1, UK
- Gemini Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - A. Z. Greenbaum
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3600 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - P. Hibon
- Gemini Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
| | - S. Hinkley
- University of Exeter, Astrophysics Group, Physics Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - T. H. Cotten
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - L.-W. Hung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California–Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - P. Ingraham
- Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - M. Johnson-Groh
- National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - P. Kalas
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - D. Lafreniere
- Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Départment de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - J. E. Larkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California–Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J. Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - M. Line
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California–Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - D. Long
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - J. Maire
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - F. Marchis
- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - B. C. Matthews
- National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - C. E. Max
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California–Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S. Metchev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
| | - M. A. Millar-Blanchaer
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - T. Mittal
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C. V. Morley
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California–Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - K. M. Morzinski
- Steward Observatory, 933 North Cherry Avenue, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - R. Murray-Clay
- Department of Physics, University of California–Santa Barbara, Broida Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
| | - R. Oppenheimer
- Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - D. W. Palmer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94040, USA
| | - R. Patel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
| | - M. D. Perrin
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - L. A. Poyneer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94040, USA
| | - R. R. Rafikov
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - E. L. Rice
- Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Department of Engineering Science and Physics, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - P. Rojo
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Casilla 36-D, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - A. R. Rudy
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California–Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J.-B. Ruffio
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute, Carl Sagan Center, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - M. T. Ruiz
- Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Casilla 36-D, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - N. Sadakuni
- Gemini Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
- Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, Universities Space Research Association, NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center, 2825 East Avenue P, Palmdale, CA 93550, USA
| | - L. Saddlemyer
- National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, British Columbia V9E 2E7, Canada
| | - M. Salama
- Department of Astronomy, University of California–Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - D. Savransky
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - A. C. Schneider
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - A. Sivaramakrishnan
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - I. Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - R. Soummer
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - S. Thomas
- Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - G. Vasisht
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J. K. Wallace
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - K. Ward-Duong
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Post Office Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - S. J. Wiktorowicz
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California–Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S. G. Wolff
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3600 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - B. Zuckerman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California–Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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5
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Max CE, Olivier SS, Friedman HW, An J, Avicola K, Beeman BV, Bissinger HD, Brase JM, Erbert GV, Gavel DT, Kanz K, Liu MC, Macintosh B, Neeb KP, Patience J, Waltjen KE. Image Improvement from a Sodium-Layer Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics System. Science 1997. [DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5332.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Max
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - S. S. Olivier
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - H. W. Friedman
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - J. An
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - K. Avicola
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - B. V. Beeman
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - H. D. Bissinger
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - J. M. Brase
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - G. V. Erbert
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - D. T. Gavel
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - K. Kanz
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - M. C. Liu
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - B. Macintosh
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - K. P. Neeb
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - J. Patience
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - K. E. Waltjen
- C. E. Max, S. S. Olivier, H. W. Friedman, J. An, K. Avicola, B. V. Beeman, H. D. Bissinger, J. M. Brase, G. V. Erbert, D. T. Gavel, K. Kanz, B. Macintosh, K. P. Neeb, K. E. Waltjen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- M. C. Liu, Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. Patience, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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