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Perry MT, Witten AJ, Marwan M, Vortmeyer A, Tailor J. Pediatric Prostatic Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Presenting with Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression in the Thoracic Spine: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Cureus 2024; 16:e56547. [PMID: 38646358 PMCID: PMC11027789 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric malignancy with a variable prognosis depending on tumor stage and genotype. There has been a significant improvement in survival rates over the past decades. However, aggressive variants can metastasize to locations that are difficult to treat. We report a case of prostatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with metastases to the bone marrow and thoracic spine in a child. The patient was treated with a multimodal approach that included surgical resection of the epidural mass; the administration of vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide; and radiotherapy. Unfortunately, after six months, the patient showed disease progression and was started on secondary-line treatment. This case illustrates the difficulties in managing end-stage metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma and is the first report of prostatic rhabdomyosarcoma presenting with spinal cord compression in a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Perry
- Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Andrew J Witten
- Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Majeed Marwan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Alexander Vortmeyer
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Yossofzai O, Stone SSD, Madsen JR, Wang S, Ragheb J, Mohamed I, Bollo RJ, Clarke D, Perry MS, Weil AG, Raskin JS, Pindrik J, Ahmed R, Lam SK, Fallah A, Maniquis C, Andrade A, Ibrahim GM, Drake J, Rutka JT, Tailor J, Mitsakakis N, Widjaja E. Machine learning models for predicting seizure outcome after MR-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2023; 32:739-749. [PMID: 37856414 DOI: 10.3171/2023.8.peds23240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MR-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) is associated with lower seizure-free outcome but better safety profile compared to open surgery. However, the predictors of seizure freedom following MRgLITT remain uncertain. This study aimed to use machine learning to predict seizure-free outcome following MRgLITT and to identify important predictors of seizure freedom in children with drug-resistant epilepsy. METHODS This multicenter study included children treated with MRgLITT for drug-resistant epilepsy at 13 epilepsy centers. The authors used clinical data, diagnostic investigations, and ablation features to predict seizure-free outcome at 1 year post-MRgLITT. Patients from 12 centers formed the training cohort, and patients in the remaining center formed the testing cohort. Five machine learning algorithms were developed on the training data by using 10-fold cross-validation, and model performance was measured on the testing cohort. The models were developed and tested on the complete feature set. Subsequently, 3 feature selection methods were used to identify important predictors. The authors then assessed performance of the parsimonious models based on these important variables. RESULTS This study included 268 patients who underwent MRgLITT, of whom 44.4% had achieved seizure freedom at 1 year post-MRgLITT. A gradient-boosting machine algorithm using the complete feature set yielded the highest area under the curve (AUC) on the testing set (AUC 0.67 [95% CI 0.50-0.82], sensitivity 0.71 [95% CI 0.47-0.88], and specificity 0.66 [95% CI 0.50-0.81]). Logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine, and neural network yielded lower AUCs (0.58-0.63) compared to the gradient-boosting machine but the findings were not statistically significant (all p > 0.05). The 3 feature selection methods identified video-EEG concordance, lesion size, preoperative seizure frequency, and number of antiseizure medications as good prognostic features for predicting seizure freedom. The parsimonious models based on important features identified by univariate feature selection slightly improved model performance compared to the complete feature set. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the predictors of seizure freedom after MRgLITT will assist with prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Yossofzai
- Departments of1Diagnostic Imaging and
- 2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scellig S D Stone
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph R Madsen
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shelly Wang
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - John Ragheb
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Ismail Mohamed
- 5Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Robert J Bollo
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Dave Clarke
- 7Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - M Scott Perry
- 8Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Alexander G Weil
- 9Department of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Raskin
- 10Department of Neurological Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
- 11Division of Neurosurgery, Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonathan Pindrik
- 12Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Raheel Ahmed
- 13Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sandi K Lam
- 11Division of Neurosurgery, Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aria Fallah
- 14Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cassia Maniquis
- 14Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrea Andrade
- 15Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - George M Ibrahim
- 16Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Drake
- 16Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- 16Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- 10Department of Neurological Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nicholas Mitsakakis
- 17Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elysa Widjaja
- Departments of1Diagnostic Imaging and
- 18Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- 19Medical Imaging, Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
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3
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Yossofzai O, Stone S, Madsen J, Moineddin R, Wang S, Ragheb J, Mohamed I, Bollo R, Clarke D, Perry MS, Weil AG, Raskin J, Pindrik J, Ahmed R, Lam S, Fallah A, Maniquis C, Andrade A, Ibrahim GM, Drake J, Rutka J, Tailor J, Mitsakakis N, Puka K, Widjaja E. Seizure outcome of pediatric magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy versus open surgery: A matched noninferiority cohort study. Epilepsia 2023; 64:114-126. [PMID: 36318088 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Minimally invasive magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) has been proposed as an alternative to open epilepsy surgery, to address concerns regarding the risk of open surgery. Our primary hypothesis was that seizure freedom at 1 year after MRgLITT is noninferior to open surgery in children with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The secondary hypothesis was that MRgLITT has fewer complications and shorter hospitalization than surgery. The primary objective was to compare seizure outcome of MRgLITT to open surgery in children with DRE. The secondary objective was to compare complications and length of hospitalization of the two treatments. METHODS This retrospective multicenter cohort study included children with DRE treated with MRgLITT or open surgery with 1-year follow-up. Exclusion criteria were corpus callosotomy, neurostimulation, multilobar or hemispheric surgery, and lesion with maximal dimension > 60 mm. MRgLITT patients were propensity matched to open surgery patients. The primary outcome was seizure freedom at 1 year posttreatment. The difference in seizure freedom was compared using noninferiority test, with noninferiority margin of -10%. The secondary outcomes were complications and length of hospitalization. RESULTS One hundred eighty-five MRgLITT patients were matched to 185 open surgery patients. Seizure freedom at 1 year follow-up was observed in 89 of 185 (48.1%) MRgLITT and 114 of 185 (61.6%) open surgery patients (difference = -13.5%, one-sided 97.5% confidence interval = -23.8% to ∞, pNoninferiority = .79). The lower confidence interval boundary of -23.8% was below the prespecified noninferiority margin of -10%. Overall complications were lower in MRgLITT compared to open surgery (10.8% vs. 29.2%, respectively, p < .001). Hospitalization was shorter for MRgLITT than open surgery (3.1 ± 2.9 vs. 7.2 ± 6.1 days, p < .001). SIGNIFICANCE Seizure outcome of MRgLITT at 1 year posttreatment was inferior to open surgery. However, MRgLITT has the advantage of better safety profile and shorter hospitalization. The findings will help counsel children and parents on the benefits and risks of MRgLITT and contribute to informed decision-making on treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Yossofzai
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scellig Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Madsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rahim Moineddin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelly Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - John Ragheb
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ismail Mohamed
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert Bollo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dave Clarke
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - M Scott Perry
- Justin Neurosciences Center, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander G Weil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saint Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Raskin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Division of Neurosurgery, Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan Pindrik
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Raheel Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sandi Lam
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aria Fallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cassia Maniquis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrea Andrade
- Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - George M Ibrahim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Drake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Rutka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicholas Mitsakakis
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Klajdi Puka
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elysa Widjaja
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Coulter IC, Dewan MC, Tailor J, Ibrahim GM, Kulkarni AV. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) for hydrocephalus of infancy: a technical review. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:3509-3519. [PMID: 33991213 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the twenty-first century, choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) in combination with endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) has emerged as an effective treatment for some infants with hydrocephalus, leading to the favourable condition of 'shunt independence'. Herein we provide a narrative technical review considering the indications, procedural aspects, morbidity and its avoidance, postoperative care and follow-up. The CP has been the target of hydrocephalus treatment for more than a century. Early eminent neurosurgeons including Dandy, Putnam and Scarff performed CPC achieving generally poor results, and so the procedure fell out of favour. In recent years, the addition of CPC to ETV was one of the reasons greater ETV success rates were observed in Africa, compared to developed nations, and its popularity worldwide has since increased. Initial results indicate that when ETV/CPC is performed successfully, shunt independence is more likely than when ETV is undertaken alone. CPC is commonly performed using a flexible endoscope via septostomy and aims to maximally cauterize the CP. Success is more likely in infants aged >1 month, those with hydrocephalus secondary to myelomeningocele and aqueductal obstruction and those with >90% cauterized CP. Failure is more likely in those with post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity (PHHP), particularly those <1 month of corrected age and those with prepontine scarring. High-quality evidence comparing the efficacy of ETV/CPC with shunting is emerging, with data from ongoing and future trials offering additional promise to enhance our understanding of the true utility of ETV/CPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Coulter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Rooms 1504 & 1503, Hill Wing, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Michael C Dewan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Rooms 1504 & 1503, Hill Wing, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Rooms 1504 & 1503, Hill Wing, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - George M Ibrahim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Rooms 1504 & 1503, Hill Wing, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Abhaya V Kulkarni
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Rooms 1504 & 1503, Hill Wing, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
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5
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Abstract
This article provides general principles of managing children with central nervous system tumors. The distribution, diagnostic work-up, and key principles of treatment are reviewed, and special circumstances that may be encountered by pediatricians in the community are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Tailor
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Phipps 5, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eric M Jackson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Phipps 5, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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6
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Jung J, Tailor J, Dalton E, Glancz LJ, Roach J, Zakaria R, Lammy S, Chari A, Budohoski KP, Livermore LJ, Yu K, Jenkinson MD, Brennan PM, Brazil L, Bunce C, Bourmpaki E, Ashkan K, Vergani F. Management evaluation of metastasis in the brain (MEMBRAIN)-a United Kingdom and Ireland prospective, multicenter observational study. Neurooncol Pract 2020; 7:344-355. [PMID: 32537183 PMCID: PMC7274191 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years an increasing number of patients with cerebral metastasis (CM) have been referred to the neuro-oncology multidisciplinary team (NMDT). Our aim was to obtain a national picture of CM referrals to assess referral volume and quality and factors affecting NMDT decision making. METHODS A prospective multicenter cohort study including all adult patients referred to NMDT with 1 or more CM was conducted. Data were collected in neurosurgical units from November 2017 to February 2018. Demographics, primary disease, KPS, imaging, and treatment recommendation were entered into an online database. RESULTS A total of 1048 patients were analyzed from 24 neurosurgical units. Median age was 65 years (range, 21-93 years) with a median number of 3 referrals (range, 1-17 referrals) per NMDT. The most common primary malignancies were lung (36.5%, n = 383), breast (18.4%, n = 193), and melanoma (12.0%, n = 126). A total of 51.6% (n = 541) of the referrals were for a solitary metastasis and resulted in specialist intervention being offered in 67.5% (n = 365) of cases. A total of 38.2% (n = 186) of patients being referred with multiple CMs were offered specialist treatment. NMDT decision making was associated with number of CMs, age, KPS, primary disease status, and extent of extracranial disease (univariate logistic regression, P < .001) as well as sentinel location and tumor histology (P < .05). A delay in reaching an NMDT decision was identified in 18.6% (n = 195) of cases. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a changing landscape of metastasis management in the United Kingdom and Ireland, including a trend away from adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy and specialist intervention being offered to a significant proportion of patients with multiple CMs. Poor quality or incomplete referrals cause delay in NMDT decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
- Neurosciences Clinical Trials Unit, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. George’s Hospital, London, UK
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emma Dalton
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Laurence J Glancz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospital, UK
| | - Joy Roach
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton, UK
| | - Rasheed Zakaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon Lammy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aswin Chari
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | | | - Kenny Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Paul M Brennan
- Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucy Brazil
- Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Catey Bunce
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health Sciences, Kings College London, UK
| | - Elli Bourmpaki
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health Sciences, Kings College London, UK
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Neurosciences Clinical Trials Unit, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
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Warsi NM, Tailor J, Coulter IC, Shakil H, Workewych A, Haldenby R, Breitbart S, Strantzas S, Vandenberk M, Dewan MC, Ibrahim GM. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: an illustrated review of operative techniques. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2020; 25:540-547. [PMID: 32032949 DOI: 10.3171/2019.12.peds19629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is a procedure primarily performed to improve function in a subset of children with limitations related to spasticity. There is substantial variability in operative techniques among centers and surgeons. Here, the authors provide a technical review of operative approaches for SDR. METHODS Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed databases were queried in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. All studies included described a novel surgical technique. The technical nuances of each approach were extracted, including extent of exposure, bone removal, and selection of appropriate nerve roots. The operative approach preferred at the authors' institution (the "2 × 3 exposure") is also detailed. RESULTS Five full-text papers were identified from a total of 380 articles. Operative approaches to SDR varied significantly with regard to level of exposure, extent of laminectomy, and identification of nerve roots. The largest exposure involved a multilevel laminectomy, while the smallest exposure involved a keyhole interlaminar approach. At the Hospital for Sick Children, the authors utilize a two-level laminoplasty at the level of the conus medullaris. The benefits and disadvantages of the spectrum of techniques are discussed, and illustrative figures are provided. CONCLUSIONS Surgical approaches to SDR vary considerably and are detailed and illustrated in this review as a guide for neurosurgeons. Future studies should address the long-term impact of these techniques on functional outcomes and complications such as spinal deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebras M Warsi
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
- 2Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children
| | | | - Ian C Coulter
- 2Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children
| | - Husain Shakil
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
| | | | - Renée Haldenby
- 4Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - George M Ibrahim
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto
- 2Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children
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8
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Čančer M, Hutter S, Holmberg KO, Rosén G, Sundström A, Tailor J, Bergström T, Garancher A, Essand M, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Falk A, Weishaupt H, Swartling FJ. Humanized Stem Cell Models of Pediatric Medulloblastoma Reveal an Oct4/mTOR Axis that Promotes Malignancy. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:855-870.e11. [PMID: 31786016 PMCID: PMC6900751 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), the most frequent malignant childhood brain tumor, can arise from cellular malfunctions during hindbrain development. Here we generate humanized models for Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-subgroup MB via MYCN overexpression in primary human hindbrain-derived neuroepithelial stem (hbNES) cells or iPSC-derived NES cells, which display a range of aggressive phenotypes upon xenografting. iPSC-derived NES tumors develop quickly with leptomeningeal dissemination, whereas hbNES-derived cells exhibit delayed tumor formation with less dissemination. Methylation and expression profiling show that tumors from both origins recapitulate hallmarks of infant SHH MB and reveal that mTOR activation, as a result of increased Oct4, promotes aggressiveness of human SHH tumors. Targeting mTOR decreases cell viability and prolongs survival, showing the utility of these varied models for dissecting mechanisms mediating tumor aggression and demonstrating the value of humanized models for a better understanding of pediatric cancers. Human iPSC-derived or primary neuroepithelial stem cells can be transformed by MYCN MYCN drives infant SHH medulloblastoma with clinically relevant features Epigenetically regulated Oct4 promotes mTOR hyperactivation in infant SHH tumors mTOR inhibition efficiently targets metastatic SHH medulloblastoma models and PDXs
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Affiliation(s)
- Matko Čančer
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sonja Hutter
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl O Holmberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Rosén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Sundström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Tobias Bergström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Garancher
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 92037 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 92037 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Huang M, Tailor J, Zhen Q, Gillmor AH, Miller ML, Weishaupt H, Chen J, Zheng T, Nash EK, McHenry LK, An Z, Ye F, Takashima Y, Clarke J, Ayetey H, Cavalli FMG, Luu B, Moriarity BS, Ilkhanizadeh S, Chavez L, Yu C, Kurian KM, Magnaldo T, Sevenet N, Koch P, Pollard SM, Dirks P, Snyder MP, Largaespada DA, Cho YJ, Phillips JJ, Swartling FJ, Morrissy AS, Kool M, Pfister SM, Taylor MD, Smith A, Weiss WA. Engineering Genetic Predisposition in Human Neuroepithelial Stem Cells Recapitulates Medulloblastoma Tumorigenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:433-446.e7. [PMID: 31204176 PMCID: PMC6731167 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem cell cultures provide progenitor cells that are potential cells of origin for brain cancers. However, the extent to which genetic predisposition to tumor formation can be faithfully captured in stem cell lines is uncertain. Here, we evaluated neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells, representative of cerebellar progenitors. We transduced NES cells with MYCN, observing medulloblastoma upon orthotopic implantation in mice. Significantly, transcriptomes and patterns of DNA methylation from xenograft tumors were globally more representative of human medulloblastoma compared to a MYCN-driven genetically engineered mouse model. Orthotopic transplantation of NES cells generated from Gorlin syndrome patients, who are predisposed to medulloblastoma due to germline-mutated PTCH1, also generated medulloblastoma. We engineered candidate cooperating mutations in Gorlin NES cells, with mutation of DDX3X or loss of GSE1 both accelerating tumorigenesis. These findings demonstrate that human NES cells provide a potent experimental resource for dissecting genetic causation in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miller Huang
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qiqi Zhen
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aaron H Gillmor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew L Miller
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Justin Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tina Zheng
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Emily K Nash
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lauren K McHenry
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhenyi An
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fubaiyang Ye
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - James Clarke
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Harold Ayetey
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Florence M G Cavalli
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Betty Luu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lukas Chavez
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chunying Yu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 1, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Thierry Magnaldo
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice UMR CNRS 7284 INSERM U1081 UNS/UCA, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Sevenet
- Institut Bergonie & INSERM U1218, Universite de Bordeaux, 229 cours de l'Argonne, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Philipp Koch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim and Hector Institut for Translational Brain Research (HITBR gGmbH), Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven M Pollard
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Dirks
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A Largaespada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yoon Jae Cho
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Sorana Morrissy
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, Neurosurgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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10
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Tailor J, Huang M, Smith A, Weiss WA. Recapitulation of Genetic Predisposition to Medulloblastoma in Human Neuroepithelial Stem Cells. Neurosurgery 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz310_216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Ostermann L, Ladewig J, Müller FJ, Kesavan J, Tailor J, Smith A, Brüstle O, Koch P. In Vitro Recapitulation of Developmental Transitions in Human Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1429-1440. [PMID: 31339593 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During nervous system development, early neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells with a highly polarized morphology and responsiveness to regionalizing morphogens give rise to radial glia (RG) cells, which generate region-specific neurons. Recently, stable neural cell populations reminiscent of NES cells have been obtained from pluripotent stem cells and the fetal human hindbrain. Here, we explore whether these cell populations, similar to their in vivo counterparts, can give rise to neural stem (NS) cells with RG-like properties and whether region-specific NS cells can be generated from NES cells with different regional identities. In vivo RG cells are thought to form from NES cells with the onset of neurogenesis. Therefore, we cultured NES cells temporarily in differentiating conditions. Upon reinitiation of growth factor treatment, cells were found to enter a developmental stage reflecting major characteristics of RG-like NS cells. These NES cell-derived NS cells exhibited a very similar morphology and marker expression as primary NS cells generated from human fetal tissue, indicating that conversion of NES cells into NS cells recapitulates the developmental progression of early NES cells into RG cells observed in vivo. Importantly, NS cells generated from NES cells with different regional identities exhibited stable region-specific transcription factor expression and generated neurons appropriate for their positional identity. Stem Cells 2019;37:1429-1440.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ostermann
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,HITBR Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research gGmbH, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Integrative Psychiatry, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaideep Kesavan
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,HITBR Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research gGmbH, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Tailor J, Huang M, Smith A, Weiss W. A human iPS cell-based model of medulloblastoma demonstrates co-operativity between SHH signalling and mutation in an epigenetic modifier. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox237.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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13
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Čančer M, Hutter S, Rosén G, Hellström AC, Essand M, Huang M, Tailor J, Smith A, Weiss WA, Falk A, Weishaupt H, Swartling F. TMOD-05. MYCN OVEREXPRESSION AND STABILIZATION DRIVES MEDULLOBLASTOMA FROM HUMAN NEURO-EPITHELIAL STEM CELLS. Neuro Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox168.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Denmark T, Fish J, Jansari A, Tailor J, Ashkan K, Morris R. Using Virtual Reality to investigate multitasking ability in individuals with frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2017; 29:767-788. [PMID: 28592160 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1330695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with lesions in the prefrontal cortex often show impairments with the organisation of their behaviour in everyday life. These difficulties can be hard to detect using structured formal tests. The objective of this study was to use Virtual Reality (VR) to explore the multitasking performance of individuals with focal frontal lobe lesions, specifically using the Jansari assessment of Executive Functions (JEF©). Nineteen individuals with frontal lobe lesions were compared with 19 matched controls on the test and a group of commonly used clinical measures of neuropsychological functioning, as well as questionnaire measures of everyday activity, anxiety and depression. There was a significant difference between groups on the overall JEF© score and on five of the eight individual constructs, namely the planning, creative thinking, adaptive thinking, event-based Prospective Memory (PM) and time-based PM constructs. There were no differences between groups on the non-VR EF individual measures apart from on one EF control measure, Trail Making A. These results demonstrate the potential clinical utility of the JEF© and highlight the value of ecologically valid VR measures in detecting impairments in EF in individuals with frontal lobe lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Denmark
- a Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , Kings College London , London , UK
| | - Jessica Fish
- a Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , Kings College London , London , UK.,b The Oliver Zangwill Centre for Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , Cambridgeshire Community Services NHS Trust , Ely , UK
| | - Ashok Jansari
- c Department of Psychology , Goldsmiths University of London , London , UK
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- d Department of Neurosurgery , Kings College Hospital , London , UK
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- a Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , Kings College London , London , UK.,d Department of Neurosurgery , Kings College Hospital , London , UK
| | - Robin Morris
- a Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , Kings College London , London , UK.,e Department of Clinical Neuropsychology , Kings College Hospital , London , UK
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15
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Tailor J, Fernando D, Sidhu Z, Foley R, Abeysinghe KD, Walsh DC. Clinical audit effectively bridges the evidence-practice gap in chronic subdural haematoma management. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017; 159:627-631. [PMID: 28078474 PMCID: PMC5350212 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-016-3063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placement of a subdural drain after drainage of chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) has been shown to reduce the rate of recurrence in several randomised controlled trials (RCT). The most recently published RCT was from Cambridge, UK, in 2009. Despite class I evidence for the use of subdural drains, it is unclear whether these results have been translated into clinical practice. In this clinical audit we review the use of subdural drains in our institution before and after the publication of the 2009 RCT results. METHODS A longitudinal retrospective study was performed on all adults having burr holes for CSDH between January 2009 and January 2014. Case notes were analysed to determine subdural drain use, re-operation for CSDH recurrence and post-operative complications. The audit loop was closed with data collected from August 2015 to January 2016. RESULTS Thirty-one per cent of patients had subdural drains placed at operation. Drain placement was associated with lower reoperation rates (8% vs. 17%, p = 0.021) without increasing complication rates. Drain usage doubled after publication of the Santarius et al. (2009) trial but we observed persisting and significant variability in drain utilisation by supervising consultants. The use of drains in the department increased from 35% to 75% of all cases after presentation of these results. CONCLUSIONS The use of subdural drains in our unit reduced recurrence rates following drainage of CSDH and reproduced the results of a 2009 clinical trial. Although the use of subdural drains doubled in the post-trial epoch, significant variability remains in practice. Clinical audit provided an effective tool necessary to drive the implementation of subdural drain placement in our unit.
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16
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Flores JV, Cordero-Espinoza L, Oeztuerk-Winder F, Andersson-Rolf A, Selmi T, Blanco S, Tailor J, Dietmann S, Frye M. Cytosine-5 RNA Methylation Regulates Neural Stem Cell Differentiation and Motility. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:112-124. [PMID: 28041877 PMCID: PMC5233436 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the cytosine-5 RNA methylase NSUN2 cause neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, yet the underlying cellular processes leading to the symptoms that include microcephaly remain unclear. Here, we show that NSUN2 is expressed in early neuroepithelial progenitors of the developing human brain, and its expression is gradually reduced during differentiation of human neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells in vitro. In the developing Nsun2-/- mouse cerebral cortex, intermediate progenitors accumulate and upper-layer neurons decrease. Loss of NSUN2-mediated methylation of tRNA increases their endonucleolytic cleavage by angiogenin, and 5' tRNA fragments accumulate in Nsun2-/- brains. Neural differentiation of NES cells is impaired by both NSUN2 depletion and the presence of angiogenin. Since repression of NSUN2 also inhibited neural cell migration toward the chemoattractant fibroblast growth factor 2, we conclude that the impaired differentiation capacity in the absence of NSUN2 may be driven by the inability to efficiently respond to growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana V Flores
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Lucía Cordero-Espinoza
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Feride Oeztuerk-Winder
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Amanda Andersson-Rolf
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Tommaso Selmi
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Sandra Blanco
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Michaela Frye
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
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Gerard AWL, Tailor J, Gradil C, Thakur B, Zebian B. Letter to the Editor: Endoscopic resection of intraventricular choroid plexus papillomas in infants. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2017; 19:122-125. [PMID: 27715483 DOI: 10.3171/2016.5.peds16154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catia Gradil
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bhaskar Thakur
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bassel Zebian
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Kumar N, Al-Faiadh W, Tailor J, Mallucci C, Chandler C, Bassi S, Pettorini B, Zebian B. Neonatal post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus in the UK: a survey of current practice. Br J Neurosurg 2016; 31:307-311. [PMID: 27687144 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2016.1226260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jignesh Tailor
- Department of Neurosurgery, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Conor Mallucci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Eaton Road, West Derby, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris Chandler
- Department of Neurosurgery, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Sanj Bassi
- Department of Neurosurgery, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Benedetta Pettorini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Eaton Road, West Derby, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bassel Zebian
- Department of Neurosurgery, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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19
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Kalyal N, Tailor J, Bassi S, Chandler C, Zebian B. NS-02GIANT COLLOID CYST IN A CHILD: COMPLETE RESECTION USING A MONOPORTAL ENDOSCOPIC APPROACH. Neuro Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now078.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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20
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Abstract
Supratentorial ependymoma is a rare tumour in the adult central nervous system. We present an unusual case of supratentorial ependymoma in a young adult that presented as a pure cortical cyst with a mural nodule and discuss the differential diagnosis of such lesions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Tailor
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Huma Sethi
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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21
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Tailor J, Andreska T, Kittappa R. From Stem Cells to Dopamine Neurons: Developmental Biology Meets Neurodegeneration. CNSNDDT 2012; 11:893-6. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527311201070893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Falk A, Koch P, Kesavan J, Takashima Y, Ladewig J, Alexander M, Wiskow O, Tailor J, Trotter M, Pollard S, Smith A, Brüstle O. Capture of neuroepithelial-like stem cells from pluripotent stem cells provides a versatile system for in vitro production of human neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29597. [PMID: 22272239 PMCID: PMC3260177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provide new prospects for studying human neurodevelopment and modeling neurological disease. In particular, iPSC-derived neural cells permit a direct comparison of disease-relevant molecular pathways in neurons and glia derived from patients and healthy individuals. A prerequisite for such comparative studies are robust protocols that efficiently yield standardized populations of neural cell types. Here we show that long-term self-renewing neuroepithelial-like stem cells (lt-NES cells) derived from 3 hESC and 6 iPSC lines in two independent laboratories exhibit consistent characteristics including i) continuous expandability in the presence of FGF2 and EGF; ii) stable neuronal and glial differentiation competence; iii) characteristic transcription factor profile; iv) hindbrain specification amenable to regional patterning; v) capacity to generate functionally mature human neurons. We further show that lt-NES cells are developmentally distinct from fetal tissue-derived radial glia-like stem cells. We propose that lt-NES cells provide an interesting tool for studying human neurodevelopment and may serve as a standard system to facilitate comparative analyses of hESC and hiPSC-derived neural cells from control and diseased genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Falk
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jaideep Kesavan
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Alexander
- Institute of Human Genetics, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ole Wiskow
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Trotter
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Pollard
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Austin Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
OBJECT Hemangiopericytomas are rare tumors that behave aggressively with a high rate of local recurrence and distant metastases. With the aim of determining the outcome and response to various treatment modalities, a series of 39 patients who underwent microsurgical resection for primary meningeal hemangiopericytoma over a 24-year period is presented. METHODS Patients with hemangiopericytoma were identified from histopathology records and their medical records were analyzed retrospectively by 2 independent reviewers to collect data on surgical treatment, adjuvant therapy, postoperative course, local or distant recurrence, and follow-up. RESULTS Of the 39 patients, 19 were male and 20 were female. Mean patient age was 44.1 years. Thirty-four tumors were intracranial and 5 were spinal. The mean follow-up period was 123 months. Twenty-eight patients developed local recurrence. The recurrence rate at 1, 5, and 15 years was 3.5%, 46%, and 92%, respectively. Extraneural metastasis occurred in 8 patients (26%) at an average of 123 months after initial surgery. Recurrences and metastases were treated by surgical excision, external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), chemotherapy, and/or stereotactic radiosurgery. Adjuvant EBRT following initial surgery was found to extend the disease-free interval from 154 months to 254 months, although it did not prevent the development of metastasis. In those patients with EBRT and complete resection, the mean recurrence-free interval was found to be 126.3 months longer (p = 0.04) and overall survival 126 months longer than without EBRT. Furthermore, adjusting for resection, patients undergoing EBRT had 0.33 times increased risk of recurrence compared with those who did not (p = 0.03). A majority of patients remained able to live independently despite revision surgery for recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The mean follow-up of this patient series represents the longest follow-up duration published to date and demonstrates extended survival in a significant number of patients with hemangiopericytoma. Gross-total resection followed by adjuvant EBRT provides patients with the highest probability of an increased recurrence-free interval and overall survival. Prolonged survival justifies long-term follow-up and aggressive treatment of initial, recurrent, and metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schiariti
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London.
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24
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Tailor J, Goetz P, Chandrashekar H, Stephen T, Schiariti M, Grieve J, Watkins L, Brew S, Robertson F, Kitchen N. Stability of ruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with detachable coils: is delayed follow-up angiography warranted? Br J Neurosurg 2010; 24:405-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2010.487130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Sir Hugh Cairns, the first Nuffield Professor of Surgery in Oxford and consultant neurosurgeon to the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II, was a leader in helping to establish neurosurgery as a speciality in Britain. After learning the craft from Dr Harvey Cushing in Boston, Cairns fought against the general surgical orthodoxy in London to establish the first specialised neurosurgical unit in a teaching hospital. We review his early life, training with Cushing, his inspiring character and administrative prowess which not only helped to win the battle for neurosurgery in London but also helped to establish the Oxford Clinical School and to save thousands of lives during the Second World War.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tailor
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital. Headington, Oxford, UK
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26
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Abstract
Introduction Polyorchidism is defined as the presence of more than two testes. The management of this rare condition is still debatable, particularly when it is an incidental finding at surgery. Case presentation We present the case of an 8-year-old boy with triorchidism found incidentally during an elective orchidopexy. This supernumerary, ectopic and atrophic testis was removed to avoid an increased risk of malignancy. Conclusion Risk of malignancy justifies the removal of an atrophic and ectopic testis in triorchidism. However, it would appear safe to preserve a viable intrascrotal supernumerary testis found incidentally at surgery provided that the patient is followed up in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan Athwal
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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27
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Abstract
Primary pleural synovial sarcoma (PPSS) is a rare pleural malignancy with a grave prognosis. Most cases present as a well-circumscribed mass with foci of haemorrhage and necrosis. We present an unusual case in a Nepalese boy that presented as a multiloculated cyst mimicking hydatid disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology and cytogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tailor
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX39DU, UK
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28
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Tailor J, Parkinson M, Handa A. Acute limb ischaemia. Assoc Med J 2008. [DOI: 10.1136/sbmj.0802080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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29
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Tailor J, Dunn IF, Smith E. Conservative treatment of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma associated with oral anticoagulant therapy in a child. Childs Nerv Syst 2006; 22:1643-5. [PMID: 16977486 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-006-0220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is rare in the pediatric population. This case report reviews the indications and strategies for nonoperative management in selected patients. METHODS An eight-year-old boy presented with back pain. There was no antecedent trauma, but the patient was anticoagulated for a mechanical heart valve. MRI revealed an epidural mass from T12 to L2 consistent with SSEH. The absence of focal neurologic deficits, combined with the high stroke risk with anticoagulation reversal, prompted a nonoperative approach. Clinical symptoms resolved over several weeks while maintaining therapeutic anticoagulation. Follow-up MRI demonstrated resolution of the hematoma. CONCLUSION SSEH can present in the setting of poorly controlled therapeutic anticoagulation in the pediatric population. This case supports the premise that patients who present with SSEH without focal neurologic deficit can be successfully managed while maintaining therapeutic levels of anticoagulation. Close follow-up with frequent neurologic examinations, imaging and monitoring of the prothrombin time is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Tailor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Tailor J, Handa A. Early selection of future surgical trainees. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2005; 87:393. [PMID: 16176702 PMCID: PMC1963984 DOI: 10.1308/003588405x60678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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31
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Liu X, Tailor J, Wang S, Yianni J, Gregory R, Stein J, Aziz T. Reversal of hypertonic co-contraction after bilateral pallidal stimulation in generalised dystonia: a clinical and electromyogram case study. Mov Disord 2004; 19:336-40. [PMID: 15022191 DOI: 10.1002/mds.10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In a patient of generalised dystonia treated with bilateral pallidal stimulation, serial surface EMGs recorded from the neck muscles during alternating head movements revealed progressive reduction in hypertonic activity and reversal of co-contraction to reciprocal contraction, which preceded clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Liu
- University Laboratory of Physiology, Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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32
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Abstract
The key to the efficiency of N,N-diethanolaminomethyl polystyrene (DEAM-PS), the first solid support capable of coupling to boronic acids, is the formation of a stable, resin-bound boronic ester ate adduct (see scheme). With this resin it is now possible to efficiently immobilize a wide variety of boronic acids including functionalized ones that can be derivatized by solid-phase combinatorial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- DG Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2 (Canada)
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