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Sturdivant J, Williams SS, Ina M, Weksler M, McDougal A, Clancy D, deLong MA, Girouard N, Zaretskaia M, Brennan K, Glendenning A, Foley B, Lin CW, White JC, Kopczynski C, Kelly CR. Discovery and Preclinical Development of Novel Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Rho Kinase Inhibitor: Corticosteroid Conjugates. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:117-127. [PMID: 36602977 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: A new class of ocular steroids designed to mitigate steroid-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation while maintaining anti-inflammatory activity was developed. Herein is described the discovery and preclinical characterization of ROCK'Ster compound 1. Methods: Codrugs consisting of a Rho kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) and a corticosteroid were synthesized. Compounds were initially screened in vitro for ROCKi activity and anti-inflammatory activity against the proinflammatory interleukin 23 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pathways. Selected compounds were then screened for solubility, chemical stability, and ex vivo corneal metabolism. Lead compound 1 was evaluated for IOP lowering in the Dutch Belted rabbit and for anti-inflammatory efficacy in both a postcataract surgery model and an allergic eye disease (AED) mouse model. Results: Several ROCK'Sters were found to be potent inhibitors of ROCK (Kis < 50 nM), have high anti-inflammatory activity in vitro (IC50s < 50 nM), display sufficient stability in topical ophthalmic formulations, and have a moderate rate of corneal metabolism. Compound 1 (0.1% and 0.25%, quater in die [QID]-4 times a day) demonstrated IOP-lowering capability without inducing hyperemia in our rabbit model. When compared with the marketed steroids, Durezol® and Pred Forte®, compound 1 (0.1%, 0.25%) demonstrated noninferiority in clinical scoring in a rabbit model of inflammation after surgery. In addition, anti-inflammatory outcomes were observed with compound 1 (0.1%) relative to Lotemax® or vehicle control in an AED mouse model. Conclusion: ROCK'Ster compound 1 is a novel compound suitable for topical ocular dosing that possesses IOP-lowering capability along with similar anti-inflammatory activity compared with marketed steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Sturdivant
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stuart S Williams
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Ina
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meredith Weksler
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan McDougal
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daphne Clancy
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mitchell A deLong
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalie Girouard
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Zaretskaia
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen Brennan
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela Glendenning
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Briana Foley
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey C White
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Casey Kopczynski
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Curtis R Kelly
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Sturdivant J, deLong M. Asymmetric Synthesis of Netarsudil: A New Therapeutic for Open-Angle Glaucoma. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1610310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of a Rho kinase/norepinephrine transport inhibitor, netarsudil, the active component in the recently FDA-approved product Rhopressa™, is described herein. This concise six-step synthetic route utilizes the 2,4-dimethylbenzoate ester of a phenylacetic acid as the backbone of the β-amino acid’s framework. A chiral enolate of the Evans auxiliary, (R)-4-benzyloxazolidin-2-one, is used to direct the formation of the (S)-stereocenter by incorporating the N-Boc-protected β-amino methyl arm with high diastereoselectivity (96:4 dr) using N-Boc-1-aminomethylbenzotriazole as the electrophile. Uniquely, 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyl chloroformate is used as a non-racemizing activating agent for the coupling reaction between the chiral (S)-N-Boc-protected 2,4-dimethylbenzoyloxymethyl phenyl propanoic acid and 6-aminoisoquinoline to provide N-Boc-protected netarsudil in good yield and excellent enantiomeric purity (63%, 98% ee). Final acidic deprotection and recrystallization provides netarsudil (>99% ee), an ophthalmic agent used for the treatment of patients with open-angle glaucoma.
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Bailey MM, Sturdivant J, Jernigan PL, Townsend MB, Bushman J, Ankareddi I, Rasco JF, Hood RD, Vincent JB. Comparison of the potential for developmental toxicity of prenatal exposure to two dietary chromium supplements, chromium picolinate and [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)(6(H2O)3]+, in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 83:27-31. [PMID: 18076115 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromium(III) is generally thought to be an essential trace element that allows for proper glucose metabolism. However, chromium(III) picolinate, Cr(pic)3, a popular dietary supplement form of chromium, has been shown to be capable of generating hydroxyl radicals and oxidative DNA damage in rats. The cation [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)(6(H2O)3]+, Cr3, has been studied as an alternative supplemental source of chromium. It has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and lower glycated hemoglobin levels in rats, making it attractive as a potential therapeutic treatment for gestational diabetes. To date, no studies have been published regarding the safety of Cr3 supplementation to a developing fetus. METHODS From gestation days (GD) 6-17, mated CD-1 female mice were fed diets delivering either 25 mg Cr/kg/day as Cr(pic)(3), 3.3 or 26 mg Cr/kg/day as Cr3, or the diet only to determine if Cr3 could cause developmental toxicity. Dams were sacrificed on GD 17, and their litters were examined for adverse effects. RESULTS No signs of maternal toxicity were observed. No decrease in fetal weight or significantly increased incidence of skeletal defects was observed in the Cr3 or Cr(pic)3 exposed fetuses compared to the controls. CONCLUSION Maternal exposure to either Cr(pic)3 or Cr3 at the dosages employed did not appear to cause deleterious effects to the developing offspring in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Sequeira A, Britten D, Albritton M, Ton A, Reddymasu S, Mitchell L, Arbour G, Beach S, Sturdivant J, Grier L, Huang J. 187 TOO HOT TO HANDLE: MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN. J Investig Med 2005. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.00006.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sturdivant J, Fricton JR. Physical therapy for temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain. Curr Opin Dent 1991; 1:485-96. [PMID: 1802010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past year, physical therapy has been increasingly advocated as a standard part of the multidisciplinary approach to treating temporomandibular disorders and other orofacial pain conditions. This literature has focused primarily on review articles of the characteristics, indications, and efficacy of physical therapy interventions, which generally include exercises and modalities. However, most of the evidence regarding physical therapy is from clinical reports and lacks well-controlled studies. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current literature in the context of past literature supporting the clinical use of physical therapy for orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sturdivant
- University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis
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