1
|
Fink N, Yacoub B, Schoepf UJ, Zsarnoczay E, Pinos D, Vecsey-Nagy M, Rapaka S, Sharma P, O’Doherty J, Ricke J, Varga-Szemes A, Emrich T. Artificial Intelligence Provides Accurate Quantification of Thoracic Aortic Enlargement and Dissection in Chest CT. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:866. [PMID: 38732280 PMCID: PMC11083497 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14090866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated a deep neural network (DNN) algorithm for automated aortic diameter quantification and aortic dissection detection in chest computed tomography (CT). A total of 100 patients (median age: 67.0 [interquartile range 55.3/73.0] years; 60.0% male) with aortic aneurysm who underwent non-enhanced and contrast-enhanced electrocardiogram-gated chest CT were evaluated. All the DNN measurements were compared to manual assessment, overall and between the following subgroups: (1) ascending (AA) vs. descending aorta (DA); (2) non-obese vs. obese; (3) without vs. with aortic repair; (4) without vs. with aortic dissection. Furthermore, the presence of aortic dissection was determined (yes/no decision). The automated and manual diameters differed significantly (p < 0.05) but showed excellent correlation and agreement (r = 0.89; ICC = 0.94). The automated and manual values were similar in the AA group but significantly different in the DA group (p < 0.05), similar in obese but significantly different in non-obese patients (p < 0.05) and similar in patients without aortic repair or dissection but significantly different in cases with such pathological conditions (p < 0.05). However, in all the subgroups, the automated diameters showed strong correlation and agreement with the manual values (r > 0.84; ICC > 0.9). The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of DNN-based aortic dissection detection were 92.1%, 88.1% and 95.7%, respectively. This DNN-based algorithm enabled accurate quantification of the largest aortic diameter and detection of aortic dissection in a heterogenous patient population with various aortic pathologies. This has the potential to enhance radiologists' efficiency in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fink
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Basel Yacoub
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - U. Joseph Schoepf
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Emese Zsarnoczay
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Medical Imaging Center, Semmelweis University, Korányi Sándor utca 2, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Pinos
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Milan Vecsey-Nagy
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Varosmajor utca 68, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Saikiran Rapaka
- Siemens Healthineers, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (S.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Puneet Sharma
- Siemens Healthineers, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; (S.R.); (P.S.)
| | | | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Akos Varga-Szemes
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tilman Emrich
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chamberlin JH, Toth A, Hinen S, O’Doherty J, Baruah D, Maisuria D, McGuire A, Knight H, Schoepf UJ, Munden RF, Kabakus IM. Optimisation of virtual monoenergetic reconstructions for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism using photon-counting detector computed tomography angiography. Pol J Radiol 2024; 89:e63-e69. [PMID: 38371894 PMCID: PMC10867981 DOI: 10.5114/pjr.2024.134905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography is considered the gold standard for pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosis, relying on the discrimination between contrast and embolus. Photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) generates monoenergetic reconstructions through energy-resolved detection. Virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) at low keV can be used to improve pulmonary artery opacification. While studies have assessed VMI for PE diagnosis on dual-energy CT (DECT), there is a lack of literature on optimal settings for PCD-CT-PE reconstructions, warranting further investigation. Material and methods Twenty-five sequential patients who underwent PCD-CT pulmonary angiography for suspicion of acute PE were retrospectively included in this study. Quantitative metrics including signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) ratio were calculated for 4 VMI values (40, 60, 80, and 100 keV). Qualitative measures of diagnostic quality were obtained for proximal to distal pulmonary artery branches by 2 cardiothoracic radiologists using a 5-point modified Likert scale. Results SNR and CNR were highest for the 40 keV VMI (49.3 ± 22.2 and 48.2 ± 22.1, respectively) and were inversely related to monoenergetic keV. Qualitatively, 40 and 60 keV both exhibited excellent diagnostic quality (mean main pulmonary artery: 5.0 ± 0 and 5.0 ± 0; subsegmental pulmonary arteries 4.9 ± 0.1 and 4.9 ± 0.1, respectively) while distal segments at high (80-100) keVs had worse quality. Conclusions 40 keV was the best individual VMI for the detection of pulmonary embolism by quantitative metrics. Qualitatively, 40-60 keV reconstructions may be used without a significant decrease in subjective quality. VMIs at higher keV lead to reduced opacification of the distal pulmonary arteries, resulting in decreased image quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan H. Chamberlin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Adrienn Toth
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Shaun Hinen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jim O’Doherty
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA, United States
| | - Dhiraj Baruah
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Dhruw Maisuria
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Aaron McGuire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Heather Knight
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - U. Joseph Schoepf
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Reginald F. Munden
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ismail M. Kabakus
- Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chauvie S, Mazzoni LN, O’Doherty J. A Review on the Use of Imaging Biomarkers in Oncology Clinical Trials: Quality Assurance Strategies for Technical Validation. Tomography 2023; 9:1876-1902. [PMID: 37888741 PMCID: PMC10610870 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging biomarkers (IBs) have been proposed in medical literature that exploit images in a quantitative way, going beyond the visual assessment by an imaging physician. These IBs can be used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and response assessment of several pathologies and are very often used for patient management pathways. In this respect, IBs to be used in clinical practice and clinical trials have a requirement to be precise, accurate, and reproducible. Due to limitations in imaging technology, an error can be associated with their value when considering the entire imaging chain, from data acquisition to data reconstruction and subsequent analysis. From this point of view, the use of IBs in clinical trials requires a broadening of the concept of quality assurance and this can be a challenge for the responsible medical physics experts (MPEs). Within this manuscript, we describe the concept of an IB, examine some examples of IBs currently employed in clinical practice/clinical trials and analyze the procedure that should be carried out to achieve better accuracy and reproducibility in their use. We anticipate that this narrative review, written by the components of the EFOMP working group on "the role of the MPEs in clinical trials"-imaging sub-group, can represent a valid reference material for MPEs approaching the subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Chauvie
- Medical Physics Division, Santa Croce e Carle Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;
| | | | - Jim O’Doherty
- Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA 19355, USA;
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 20455, USA
- Radiography & Diagnostic Imaging, University College Dublin, D04 C7X2 Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wolf EV, Halfmann MC, Schoepf UJ, Zsarnoczay E, Fink N, Griffith JP, Aquino GJ, Willemink MJ, O’Doherty J, Hell MM, Suranyi P, Kabakus IM, Baruah D, Varga-Szemes A, Emrich T. Intra-individual comparison of coronary calcium scoring between photon counting detector- and energy integrating detector-CT: Effects on risk reclassification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1053398. [PMID: 36741832 PMCID: PMC9892711 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1053398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare coronary artery calcium volume and score (CACS) between photon-counting detector (PCD) and conventional energy integrating detector (EID) computed tomography (CT) in a phantom and prospective patient study. Methods A commercially available CACS phantom was scanned with a standard CACS protocol (120 kVp, slice thickness/increment 3/1.5 mm, and a quantitative Qr36 kernel), with filtered back projection on the EID-CT, and with monoenergetic reconstruction at 70 keV and quantum iterative reconstruction off on the PCD-CT. The same settings were used to prospectively acquire data in patients (n = 23, 65 ± 12.1 years), who underwent PCD- and EID-CT scans with a median of 5.5 (3.0-12.5) days between the two scans in the period from August 2021 to March 2022. CACS was quantified using a commercially available software solution. A regression formula was obtained from the aforementioned comparison and applied to simulate risk reclassification in a pre-existing cohort of 514 patients who underwent a cardiac EID-CT between January and December 2021. Results Based on the phantom experiment, CACS PCD-CT showed a more accurate measurement of the reference CAC volumes (overestimation of physical volumes: PCD-CT 66.1 ± 1.6% vs. EID-CT: 77.2 ± 0.5%). CACS EID-CT and CACS PCD-CT were strongly correlated, however, the latter measured significantly lower values in the phantom (CACS PCD-CT : 60.5 (30.2-170.3) vs CACS EID-CT 74.7 (34.6-180.8), p = 0.0015, r = 0.99, mean bias -9.7, Limits of Agreement (LoA) -36.6/17.3) and in patients (non-significant) (CACS PCD-CT : 174.3 (11.1-872.7) vs CACS EID-CT 218.2 (18.5-876.4), p = 0.10, r = 0.94, mean bias -41.1, LoA -315.3/232.5). The systematic lower measurements of Agatston score on PCD-CT system led to reclassification of 5.25% of our simulated patient cohort to a lower classification class. Conclusion CACS PCD-CT is feasible and correlates strongly with CACS EID-CT , however, leads to lower CACS values. PCD-CT may provide results that are more accurate for CACS than EID-CT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias V. Wolf
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany,Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Moritz C. Halfmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - U. Joseph Schoepf
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Emese Zsarnoczay
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,MTA-SE Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, Medical Imaging Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nicola Fink
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Radiology, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph P. Griffith
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gilberto J. Aquino
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Martin J. Willemink
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,Segmed, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jim O’Doherty
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Malvern, PA, United States
| | - Michaela M. Hell
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pal Suranyi
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ismael M. Kabakus
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Dhiraj Baruah
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Akos Varga-Szemes
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Tilman Emrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany,Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany,*Correspondence: Tilman Emrich,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nazir MS, Gould SM, Milidonis X, Reyes E, Ismail TF, Neji R, Roujol S, O’Doherty J, Xue H, Barrington SF, Schaeffter T, Razavi R, Marsden P, Kellman P, Plein S, Chiribiri A. Simultaneous 13N-Ammonia and gadolinium first-pass myocardial perfusion with quantitative hybrid PET-MR imaging: a phantom and clinical feasibility study. Eur J Hybrid Imaging 2019; 3:15. [PMID: 31544170 PMCID: PMC6718374 DOI: 10.1186/s41824-019-0062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) is the non-invasive reference standard for myocardial blood flow (MBF) quantification. Hybrid PET-MR allows simultaneous PET and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) acquisition under identical experimental and physiological conditions. This study aimed to determine feasibility of simultaneous 13N-Ammonia PET and dynamic contrast-enhanced CMR MBF quantification in phantoms and healthy volunteers. METHODS Images were acquired using a 3T hybrid PET-MR scanner. Phantom study: MBF was simulated at different physiological perfusion rates and a protocol for simultaneous PET-MR perfusion imaging was developed. Volunteer study: five healthy volunteers underwent adenosine stress. 13N-Ammonia and gadolinium were administered simultaneously. PET list mode data was reconstructed using ordered subset expectation maximisation. CMR MBF was quantified using Fermi function-constrained deconvolution of arterial input function and myocardial signal. PET MBF was obtained using a one-tissue compartment model and image-derived input function. RESULTS Phantom study: PET and CMR MBF measurements demonstrated high repeatability with intraclass coefficients 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. There was high correlation between PET and CMR MBF (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) and good agreement (bias - 0.85 mL/g/min; 95% limits of agreement 0.29 to - 1.98). Volunteer study: Mean global stress MBF for CMR and PET were 2.58 ± 0.11 and 2.60 ± 0.47 mL/g/min respectively. On a per territory basis, there was moderate correlation (r = 0.63, p = 0.03) and agreement (bias - 0.34 mL/g/min; 95% limits of agreement 0.49 to - 1.18). CONCLUSION Simultaneous MBF quantification using hybrid PET-MR imaging is feasible with high test repeatability and good to moderate agreement between PET and CMR. Future studies in coronary artery disease patients may allow cross-validation of techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhummad Sohaib Nazir
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Sarah-May Gould
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Xenios Milidonis
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Eliana Reyes
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Tevfik F. Ismail
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Radhouene Neji
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
- Siemens Healthcare Limited, Sir William Siemens Square, Frimley, Camberley, GU16 8QD UK
| | - Sébastien Roujol
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Jim O’Doherty
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Hui Xue
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sally F. Barrington
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Tobias Schaeffter
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reza Razavi
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Paul Marsden
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Peter Kellman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sven Plein
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Amedeo Chiribiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
O’Doherty J, Schleyer P. Effect of MR contrast agent on quantitative PET during simultaneous PET-MR imaging in cardiology. Phys Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
7
|
Kovács A, Baranyai M, Fuochi P, Lavalle M, Corda U, Miller S, Murphy M, O’Doherty J. The application of Sunna dosimeter film for process control at industrial gamma- and electron beam irradiation facilities. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2004.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|