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Lee SH, Lee J, Noh JY, Jeong JH, Kim JB, Kwon JH, Youk S, Song CS, Lee DH. Age is a determinant factor in the susceptibility of domestic ducks to H5 clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4e high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1207289. [PMID: 37546334 PMCID: PMC10400362 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1207289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) is a viral disease with devastating consequences for the poultry industry worldwide. Domestic ducks are a major source of HPAI viruses in many Eurasian countries. The infectivity and pathogenicity of HPAI viruses in ducks vary depending on host and viral factors. To assess the factors influencing the infectivity and pathogenicity of HPAI viruses in ducks, we compared the pathobiology of two HPAI viruses (H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c and H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4e) in 5- and 25-week-old ducks. Both HPAI viruses caused mortality in a dose-dependent manner (104, 106, and 108 EID50) in young ducks. By contrast, adult ducks were infected but exhibited no mortality due to either virus. Viral excretion was higher in young ducks than in adults, regardless of the HPAI strain. These findings demonstrate the age-dependent mortality of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4e H5 HPAI viruses in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hak Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KHAV Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jei-Hyun Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KHAV Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Beom Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KHAV Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- KHAV Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Youn HN, Kim MS, Ju HS, Park DH, Kim KJ, Noh JY, Song CS. RESEARCH NOTE: Evaluation of the cross protective efficacy of a subtype B aMPV vaccine against virulent subtype A aMPV by different administration routes. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102372. [PMID: 37043953 PMCID: PMC10140072 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) causes respiratory and reproductive diseases in birds, including chickens. In the chicken industry, live vaccines against aMPV subtypes A and B, which are the major aMPV subtypes, are widely used to control disease caused by aMPV. In this study, we evaluated the cross protective efficacy of a live aMPV subtype B vaccine administered via 3 different routes (nasal, spray, and oral) against virulent aMPV subtype A in chickens. At 3 wk after vaccination of 1-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens, we measured the serological responses. On the same day, we challenged the birds with aMPV subtype A. Protection was evaluated by viral gene detection and histopathological examination at 3 and 5 days postchallenge. Although there were differences in the serological responses according to administration route, all vaccinated birds showed complete protection at 5 days postchallenge. Regardless of administration route, genome of challenge virus was not detected in vaccinated group, and there were significant differences between vaccinated birds and control group. Overall, our results demonstrated that a subtype B aMPV vaccine can provide cross protection against virulent subtype A aMPV in chickens.
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Kifaro EG, Kim MJ, Jung S, Noh JY, Song CS, Misinzo G, Kim SK. Direct Reverse Transcription Real-Time PCR of Viral RNA from Saliva Samples Using Hydrogel Microparticles. Biochip J 2022; 16:409-421. [PMID: 35968254 PMCID: PMC9358062 DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades "saliva" has emerged as an important non-invasive biofluid for diagnostic purposes in both human and animal health sectors. However, with the rapid evolution of molecular detection technologies, the limitation has been the lack of an efficient method for the facile amplification of target RNA from such a complex matrix. Herein, we demonstrate the novel application of hydrogel microparticles of primer-immobilized networks (PIN) for direct quantitative reverse transcription PCR (dirRT-qPCR) of viral RNA from saliva samples without prior RNA purification. Each of these highly porous PIN particles operates as an independent reactor. They filter in micro-volumes of the analyte solution. Viral RNA is captured and converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) through the RT step using covalently incorporated RT primers. The PIN with cDNA of the viral target will be ready for subsequent highly specific qPCR. Preceded by heat-treatment for viral lysis, we were able to conduct PIN dirRT-qPCR with 95% efficiency of the matrix (M) gene for influenza A virus (IAV) and 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) for chicken coronavirus spiked into saliva samples. The addition of reverse transcriptase enzyme (RTase) and 10% dilution of the matrix improved the assay sensitivity considerably. PIN particles' compatibility with microfluidic PCR chip technology has significantly reduced total sample processing time to 50 min, instead of an average of 120 min that are normally used by other assays. We anticipate this technology will be useful for other viral RNA targets by changing the incorporated RT primer sequences and can be adapted for onsite diagnostics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13206-022-00065-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel George Kifaro
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea ,grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), PO Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania ,grid.502906.80000 0004 7707 5959Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa (ACE), Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mi Jung Kim
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Jung
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chang-Seon Song
- KCAV Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology, and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), PO Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania ,grid.502906.80000 0004 7707 5959Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance (SACIDS), Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in Eastern and Southern Africa (ACE), Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), PO Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Sang Kyung Kim
- grid.35541.360000000121053345Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792 Republic of Korea ,grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
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Shin JH, Lee JH, Jeong SD, Noh JY, Lee HW, Song CS, Kim YC. C-di-GMP with influenza vaccine showed enhanced and shifted immune responses in microneedle vaccination in the skin. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:815-825. [PMID: 32141036 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A microneedle is a biomedical device which consists of multiple micron scale needles. It is widely used in various fields to deliver drugs and vaccines to the skin effectively. However, when considering improved vaccine efficacy in microneedle vaccination, it is important to find an appropriate adjuvant that is able to be used in transdermal delivery. Herein, we demonstrated the applicability of c-di-GMP, which is a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, as an adjuvant for influenza microneedle vaccination. Thus, 2 and 10 μg of GMP with the influenza vaccine were coated onto a microneedle, and then, BALB/c mice were immunized with the coated microneedle to investigate the immunogenicity and protection efficacy of the influenza microneedle vaccination. As a result, the adjuvant groups had an enhanced IgG response, IgG subtypes and HI titer compared to the vaccine only group. In addition to the humoral immunity, the use of an adjuvant has also been shown to improve the cellular immune response. In a challenge study, adjuvant groups had a 100% survival rate and rapid weight recovery. Taken together, this study confirms that GMP is an effective adjuvant for influenza microneedle vaccination. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyung Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Dong Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Noh JY, Kim KJ, Lee SH, Kim JB, Kim DH, Youk S, Song CS, Nahm SS. Thermal Image Scanning for the Early Detection of Fever Induced by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Chickens and Ducks and Its Application in Farms. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:616755. [PMID: 34113668 PMCID: PMC8185153 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.616755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is considered as one of the most devastating poultry diseases. It is imperative to immediately report any known outbreaks to the World Organization for Animal Health. Early detection of infected birds is of paramount importance to control virus spread, thus minimizing the associated economic loss. In this study, thermal imaging camera devices were used to detect change in the maximum surface temperature (MST) of chickens (n = 5) and ducks (n = 2) as an early indicator of experimental HPAI infection. The MST of both chickens and ducks increased at least 24 h before the manifestation of clinical signs of HPAI infection, depending on the severity of the infection. The basal MST was recorded for broiler chickens housed under small pen and normal farm conditions without intentional infection. A threshold cutoff of MST was established based on the circadian rhythm of normal MST. This study suggests that thermal imaging of chickens and ducks is a promising tool to screen any potential HPAI-infected flock in order to expedite HPAI diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Noh
- Konkuk Ctc bio Animal Vaccine KCAV Co. Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Jik Kim
- Konkuk Ctc bio Animal Vaccine KCAV Co. Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hak Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Beom Kim
- Konkuk Ctc bio Animal Vaccine KCAV Co. Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Kim
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungsu Youk
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Konkuk Ctc bio Animal Vaccine KCAV Co. Ltd, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Lee J, Cho AY, Ko HH, Ping JF, Ma LJ, Chai CF, Noh JY, Jeong J, Jeong S, Kim Y, Kim J, Kim K, Lee S, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Lee SW, Song CS. Evaluation of insulated isothermal PCR devices for the detection of avian influenza virus. J Virol Methods 2021; 292:114126. [PMID: 33711374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) represent important threats to the poultry industry and global human health. Due to the high rates of avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission, controlling AIV outbreaks is challenging. HPAIV is known to be transmitted from wild birds to domestic ducks, from which it can be transmitted to layer and broiler chickens. Therefore, surveillance of AIV in domestic ducks and chickens in advance of outbreaks can prevent its spread and enable timely implementation of disease control measures. Certain molecular diagnostic tools can be applied in the field for faster AIV detection. In this study, we evaluated the AIV-detection ability of two insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) devices, POCKIT™Micro DUO Nucleic Acid Analyzer (POCKIT DUO) and POCKIT™ Central Nucleic Acid Analyzer (POCKIT Central). We found that the analytical, in vivo and clinical performances of the two POCKIT devices were comparable to those of real-time reverse transcription PCR. Due to their brief protocols and short detection times, POCKIT DUO and POCKIT Central represent promising molecular diagnostic devices for the reliable detection of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Y Cho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Li-Juan Ma
- GeneReach Biotechnology, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | - Jeihyun Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Junbeom Kim
- KCAV Co., Ltd., Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyujik Kim
- KCAV Co., Ltd., Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhak Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Byun SJ, Choi H, Sureshkumar S, Yuk SS, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Jung SK, Kim JS, Oh KB, Yang H, Lee G, Lee HC, Woo JS, Song CS. The 3D8 single chain variable fragment protein suppresses Newcastle disease virus transmission in transgenic chickens. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:273. [PMID: 32762754 PMCID: PMC7409462 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The 3D8 single chain variable fragment (scFv) is a mini-antibody sequence that exhibits independent nuclease activity against all types of nucleic acids. In this research, crossing a 3D8 scFv G1 transgenic rooster with wild-type hens produced 3D8 scFv G2 transgenic chickens to evaluate suppression of viral transmission. Result The transgenic chickens were identified using genomic PCR and immunohistochemistry. To evaluate Newcastle disease virus (NDV) protection conferred by 3D8 scFv expression, transgenic, non-transgenic, and specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were challenged with virulent NDV by direct injection or aerosol exposure. The three groups of chickens showed no significant differences (p < 0.05) in mean death time after being directly challenged with NDV; however, in contrast to chickens in the non-transgenic and SPF groups, chickens in the transgenic group survived after aerosol exposure. Although the transgenic chickens did not survive after direct challenge, we found that the chickens expressing the 3D8 scFv survived aerosol exposure to NDV. Conclusions Our finding suggest that the 3D8 scFv could be a useful tool to prevent chickens from spreading NDV and control virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonsung Choi
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Shanmugam Sureshkumar
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Keun Jung
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeom Sun Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Bong Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Yang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunsup Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Cheul Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Woo
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, 55365, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong S, Lee DH, Kim YJ, Lee SH, Cho AY, Noh JY, Tseren-Ochir EO, Jeong JH, Song CS. Introduction of Avian Influenza A(H6N5) Virus into Asia from North America by Wild Birds. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2138-2140. [PMID: 31625867 PMCID: PMC6810209 DOI: 10.3201/eid2511.190604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An avian influenza A(H6N5) virus with all 8 segments of North American origin was isolated from wild bird feces in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this virus may have been introduced into Asia by wild birds, highlighting the role of wild birds in the dispersal of these viruses.
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Kwon JH, Jeong S, Lee DH, Swayne DE, Kim YJ, Lee SH, Noh JY, Erdene-Ochir TO, Jeong JH, Song CS. New Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2017-18. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1953-1955. [PMID: 30226181 PMCID: PMC6154165 DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.180461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated new reassortant avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses from feces of wild waterfowl in South Korea during 2017–18. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that reassortment occurred between clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 and Eurasian low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses circulating in wild birds. Dissemination to South Korea during the 2017 fall migratory season followed.
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10
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Yuk SS, Lee DH, Park JK, Tseren-Ochir EO, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Song CS. Experimental infection of dogs with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8). J Vet Sci 2018; 18:381-384. [PMID: 28385007 PMCID: PMC5583426 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus outbreak in Korea, a dog in layer farm contaminated by H5N8 was reported seropositive for HPAI H5N8. To investigate the possibility of adaptation and transmission of HPAI H5N8 to dogs, we experimentally inoculated dogs with H5N8. Viral genes were weakly detected in nasal swabs and seroconversions in inoculated and contact dogs. Although the H5N8 virus did not induced severe clinical signs to dogs, the results suggest that surveillance of farm dogs should continue as a species in which the avian influenza virus may acquire infectivity to mammals through frequent contact with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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11
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Kim JH, Jang JH, Yoon SW, Noh JY, Ahn MJ, Kim Y, Jeong DG, Kim HK. Detection of bovine coronavirus in nasal swab of non-captive wild water deer, Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:627-631. [PMID: 29508550 PMCID: PMC7169857 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a causative agent of respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle and calves. BCoV infection was also evident in captive wild ruminants. Recently, water deer are recognized as the most common wildlife to approach farmhouses and livestock barns in Korea. Therefore, we investigated 77 nasal swab samples from non‐captive wild water deer (Hydropotes inermis) between November 2016 and September 2017 and identified three samples positive for coronavirus, indicating potential for respiratory shedding. The full genomic sequences of the water deer coronavirus were closely related to BCoV (>98%). Therefore, effective biosecurity system in bovine farms would be necessary to prevent contact between farm ruminants and free‐ranging wild water deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - J-H Jang
- Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center, Yesan, Korea
| | - S-W Yoon
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - J Y Noh
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - M-J Ahn
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Y Kim
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - D G Jeong
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - H K Kim
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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12
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Noh JY, Lee DH, Lim TH, Lee JH, Day JM, Song CS. Isolation and genomic characterization of a novel avian orthoreovirus strain in Korea, 2014. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1307-1316. [PMID: 29392490 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we isolated a novel avian reovirus (ARV) strain, K738/14, from a broiler chicken with viral arthritis in South Korea. Genome sequence comparisons showed relatively low nucleotide identity with previously identified ARV strains. Phylogenetic analyses suggested multiple reassortment events between reovirus strain S1133 and reoviruses of Hungarian, Chinese, and US origin had occurred. In addition, recombination analyses showed evidence of intra-segmental recombination in the M2 and S2 genes. Based on our genetic analyses, multiple reassortment events, intra-segmental recombination, and accumulation of point mutations have possibly contributed to the emergence of this novel genotype of ARV, identified in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Tae-Hyun Lim
- Cherrybro Inc., 1555 Jungbu-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28127, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - J Michael Day
- US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Kim SJ, Shin JH, Noh JY, Song CS, Kim YC. Development of the novel coating formulations for skin vaccination using stainless steel microneedle. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 6:486-97. [PMID: 27519363 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the development of novel coating formulations for stainless steel microneedles against influenza A virus. With in vitro studies, various viscosity enhancers and stabilizers were screened based on the hemagglutination activity of the vaccine, which was coated and dried onto a stainless steel chip at room temperature for 1 day. Following the long-term storage test, the hemagglutination activity and particle size of the vaccine, which was formulated with conventional or methylcellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose and dried onto the microneedle, were monitored. Next, to evaluate the in vivo immunogenicity and protection effect of each dried vaccine formulation, mice were immunized by the antigen-coated microneedle, which had either the conventional or the proposed formulation. Two novel formulations were chosen in the preliminary screening, and in further evaluations, they exhibited a 20 % higher HA activity during storage for 3 months, and no aggregation was observed during storage after drying. In a mouse model, the microneedle with the novel formulation elicited a higher level of IgG and IgG2a was more prevalent in the IgG isotype profile. In addition, mice immunized with the HEC-coated microneedle survived with small weight loss (>90 %) against lethal challenge infection. Overall, the novel formulation hydroxyethyl cellulose preserved significantly higher HA activity during the production and storage of the microneedle as well as improved the in vivo immunogenicity of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Shin JH, Noh JY, Kim KH, Park JK, Lee JH, Jeong SD, Jung DY, Song CS, Kim YC. Effect of zymosan and poly (I:C) adjuvants on responses to microneedle immunization coated with whole inactivated influenza vaccine. J Control Release 2017; 265:83-92. [PMID: 28890214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microneedles are the micrometer size devices used for the delivery of vaccines and biotherapeutics. In order to increase the vaccine efficacy and reduce the antigen dose, there is a significant need to find some adjuvants for the microneedle vaccination. In this study, zymosan, which is the cell wall preparation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or poly (I:C) was coated on a microneedle with inactivated influenza virus, and then immunized into BALB/c mouse to determine the immunogenicity, protection and synergetic effect between two adjuvants. As a result, the group administered with zymosan and vaccine antigen showed significantly stronger IgG response, HI titer and IgG subtypes without any adverse effects, compared to the group immunized with the vaccine antigen alone. Also, there were enhanced cellular immune responses in the group received adjuvant with vaccine antigen. In addition, they showed superior protection and lung viral reduction against lethal viral challenge. Taken together, this study confirms that zymosan can be used as an immunostimulant for microneedle vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyung Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Ho Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Dong Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yoon Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Yuk SS, TO EO, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Hong WT, Jeong JH, Gwon GB, Song CS. Optimization of inactivated H5N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza vaccine and inactivated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine with antigen dose and prime-boost regimen in domestic ducks. Poult Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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June Byun S, Yuk SS, Jang YJ, Choi H, Jeon MH, Erdene-Ochir TO, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Sun Kim J, Gyu Yoo J, Song CS. Transgenic Chickens Expressing the 3D8 Single Chain Variable Fragment Protein Suppress Avian Influenza Transmission. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5938. [PMID: 28724948 PMCID: PMC5517518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3D8 single chain variable fragment (scFv) is a mini-antibody that causes unusual sequence-independent nuclease activity against all types of nucleic acids. We used recombinant lentiviruses to generate transgenic chickens expressing the 3D8 scFv gene under the control of the chicken β-actin promoter. From 420 injected embryos, 200 chicks (G0) hatched and were screened for the 3D8 scFv using PCR, and 15 chicks were identified as transgenic birds expressing the transgene in their semen. The G0 founder birds were mated with wild-type hens to produce seven transgenic chicks (G1). 3D8 scFv expression in the chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs) was verified by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence staining for 3D8 scFv in the CEFs revealed that the 3D8 scFv protein was primarily cytosolic. To identify 3D8 scFv anti-viral activity, wild-type and two transgenic CEF lines were infected with H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV). We selected one line of transgenic chickens that exhibited the lowest number of plaque-forming units to be challenged with H9N2 virus. The challenge experiment revealed that contact exposed transgenic chickens expressing 3D8 scFv exhibited suppressed viral shedding. This results suggest that the transgenic chickens developed in this study could be useful for controlling potential within-flock AIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Department of Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Jang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonsung Choi
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Jeon
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - T O Erdene-Ochir
- Department of Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Department of Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeom Sun Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Yoo
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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Kwon JH, Lee DH, Swayne DE, Noh JY, Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir TO, Hong WT, Jeong JH, Jeong S, Gwon GB, Lee S, Song CS. Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in a Wild Mandarin Duck, South Korea, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:822-826. [PMID: 28240976 PMCID: PMC5403023 DOI: 10.3201/eid2305.161905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A(H5N6) virus was isolated from a fecal sample of a Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) in South Korea during October 2016. This virus was genetically similar to H5N6 subtype virus isolates from China, Vietnam, Laos, and Hong Kong, including human isolates.
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18
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Lee DH, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Park JK, Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir TO, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Lee SW, Song CS. Pathogenicity of the Korean H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in commercial domestic poultry species. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:208-11. [PMID: 26814367 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1142502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N8 triggered outbreaks in wild birds and poultry farms in South Korea. In the present study, we investigated the pathogenicity of the H5N8 HPAI virus, belonging to the clade 2.3.4.4, in different species of poultry. For this, we examined clinical signs and viral shedding levels following intranasal inoculation of the virus in 3-week-old commercial layer chickens and quails, 10-week-old Korean native chickens, and 8-week-old Muscovy ducks. Intranasal inoculation with 10(6.0) viruses at 50% egg-infective dose resulted in 100% mortality in the layer chickens (8/8) and quails (4/4), but 60% and 0% deaths in the Korean native chickens (3/5) and Muscovy ducks (0/4), respectively. In addition, transmission of the inoculated virus to contact-exposed birds was evident in all the species used in this study. Based on our results, we conclude that the H5N8 HPAI virus has lower pathogenicity and transmissibility in poultry species compared with previously reported H5N1 HPAI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- a Avian Diseases Laboratory , College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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19
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Kwon JH, Noh YK, Lee DH, Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir TO, Noh JY, Hong WT, Jeong JH, Jeong S, Gwon GB, Song CS, Nahm SS. Experimental infection with highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses in the Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:95-102. [PMID: 28619174 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV). Sub-clinical infection with HPAI in resident wild birds could be a source of dissemination of HPAIV and continuous outbreaks. In this study, the pathogenicity and infectivity of two strains of H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 virus were evaluated in the Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica). None of the birds experimentally infected with H5N8 viruses showed clinical signs or mortality. The H5N8 viruses efficiently replicated in the virus-inoculated Mandarin ducks and transmitted to co-housed Mandarin ducks. Although relatively high levels of viral shedding were noted in pigeons, viral shedding was not detected in some of the pigeons and the shedding period was relatively short. Furthermore, the infection was not transmitted to co-housed pigeons. Immunohistochemical examination revealed the presence of HPAIV in multiple organs of the infected birds. Histopathological evaluation showed the presence of inflammatory responses primarily in HPAIV-positive organs. Our results indicate that Mandarin ducks and pigeons can be infected with H5N8 HPAIV without exhibiting clinical signs; thus, they may be potential healthy reservoirs of the H5N8 HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Tack Hong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jei-Hyun Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Jeong
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Bin Gwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjingu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir T, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Hong WT, Jeong JH, Jeong S, Gwon GB, Shin JI, Sur JH, Song CS. Efficacy of clade 2.3.2 H5 commercial vaccines in protecting chickens from clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza infection. Vaccine 2017; 35:1316-1322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Noh JY, Park JK, Lee DH, Yuk SS, Kwon JH, Lee SW, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Chimeric Bivalent Virus-Like Particle Vaccine for H5N1 HPAI and ND Confers Protection against a Lethal Challenge in Chickens and Allows a Strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162946. [PMID: 27626934 PMCID: PMC5023191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease (ND) are considered as the most devastating poultry infections, owing to their worldwide distribution and economical threat. Vaccines have been widely used to control these diseases in the poultry industry in endemic countries. However, vaccination policy without differentiating infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA) makes the virus surveillance difficult. In this study, we developed a bivalent virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine that is composed of the hemagglutinin (HA) and matrix 1 (M1) proteins of the H5N1 HPAI virus (HPAIV) and a chimeric protein containing the ectodomain of the ND virus (NDV) fusion (F) protein fused with the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of the HPAIV HA protein. A single immunization of chickens with the chimeric VLP vaccine induced high levels of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers against H5N1 HPAI virus and anti-NDV antibody detected in ELISA and protected chickens against subsequent lethal HPAIV and NDV infections. Furthermore, we could easily perform DIVA test using the commercial NP-cELISA tests against HPAIV and HI assay against NDV. These results strongly suggest that utilization of chimeric VLP vaccine in poultry species would be a promising strategy for the better control of HPAI and ND simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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22
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Lee DH, Kwon JH, Park JK, Yuk SS, Tseren-Ochir EO, Noh JY, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Experimental Infection of Chickens with Intercontinental Reassortant H9N2 Influenza Viruses from Wild Birds. Avian Dis 2016; 60:493-5. [DOI: 10.1637/11248-080415-resnoter] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Kim HK, Yoon SW, Kim DJ, Koo BS, Noh JY, Kim JH, Choi YG, Na W, Chang KT, Song D, Jeong DG. Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Like Bat Coronaviruses and Group H Rotavirus in Faeces of Korean Bats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63:365-72. [PMID: 27213718 PMCID: PMC7169817 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bat species around the world have recently been recognized as major reservoirs of several zoonotic viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), Nipah virus and Hendra virus. In this study, consensus primer‐based reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT‐PCRs) and high‐throughput sequencing were performed to investigate viruses in bat faecal samples collected at 11 natural bat habitat sites from July to December 2015 in Korea. Diverse coronaviruses were first detected in Korean bat faeces, including alphacoronaviruses, SARS‐CoV‐like and MERS‐CoV‐like betacoronaviruses. In addition, we identified a novel bat rotavirus belonging to group H rotavirus which has only been described in human and pigs until now. Therefore, our results suggest the need for continuing surveillance and additional virological studies in domestic bat.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Kim
- Research Center for Viral Infectious Diseases and Control, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - S-W Yoon
- Research Center for Viral Infectious Diseases and Control, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - D-J Kim
- Research Center for Viral Infectious Diseases and Control, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - B-S Koo
- Research Center for Viral Infectious Diseases and Control, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - J Y Noh
- Research Center for Viral Infectious Diseases and Control, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Korea
| | - Y G Choi
- The Korean Institute of Biospeleology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - W Na
- Research Center for Viral Infectious Diseases and Control, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - K-T Chang
- Research Center for Viral Infectious Diseases and Control, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - D Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - D G Jeong
- Research Center for Viral Infectious Diseases and Control, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Bio-Analytical Science Division, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
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24
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Yuk SS, Lee DH, Park JK, Tseren-Ochir EO, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Pre-immune state induced by chicken interferon gamma inhibits the replication of H1N1 human and H9N2 avian influenza viruses in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Virol J 2016; 13:71. [PMID: 27121613 PMCID: PMC4847267 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), an immunoregulatory cytokine, is known to control many microbial infections. In a previous study, chicken interferon gamma (chIFN-γ) was found to be up-regulated following avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in specific pathogen-free chickens. We aimed to investigate whether the pre-immune state induced by chIFN-γ could generate an antiviral response against influenza virus. Methods We generated a chIFN-γ-expressing plasmid and transfected it into chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and then infected the cells with human origin H1N1 or avian origin H9N2 influenza viruses. Viral titers of culture medium were evaluated in MDCK cell and the viral RNA and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were then quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase. To further evaluate the role of the antiviral effect of chIFN-γ by using a backward approach, synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting chIFN-γ were used to suppress chIFN-γ. Results The chIFN-γ-stimulated CEFs inhibited the replication of viral RNA (vRNA) and showed a mild decrease in the infectious virus load released in the culture medium. Compared to the mock-transfected control, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes were up-regulated in the cells expressing chIFN-γ. After treatment with the siRNA, we detected a higher expression of viral genes than that observed in the mock-transfected control. Conclusions Our results suggest that apart from the important role played by chIFN-γ in the antiviral state generated against influenza virus infection, the pre-immune state induced by chIFN-γ can be helpful in mitigating the propagation of influenza virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0527-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Yuk
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
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Lee DH, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Park JK, Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir TO, Nahm SS, Kwon YK, Lee SW, Song CS. Viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus replication in feathers of infected chickens. J Vet Sci 2016; 17:115-7. [PMID: 27051348 PMCID: PMC4808636 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) cause systemic diseases in chickens with high mortality. However, little is known about persistence of NDVs in contaminated tissues from infected birds. In this study, we examined viral replication in the feather pulp of chickens inoculated with viscerotropic velogenic NDV (vvNDV) genotype VII. Reverse transcription real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate viral persistence in the samples. vvNDV was detected in the oropharynx and cloaca and viral antigens were detected in the feathers, suggesting that feathers act as sources of viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Anyang 14089, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Kwon JH, Lee DH, Swayne DE, Noh JY, Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir TO, Hong WT, Jeong JH, Jeong S, Gwon GB, Song CS. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses Reintroduced into South Korea by Migratory Waterfowl, 2014-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:507-10. [PMID: 26890406 PMCID: PMC4766904 DOI: 10.3201/eid2203.151006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) viruses were isolated from migratory waterfowl in South Korea during fall 2014-winter 2015, a recurrence after initial introduction in winter 2014. These reappeared viruses were phylogenetically distinct from isolates circulating in poultry farms in South Korea.
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Yuk SS, Lee DH, Park JK, To EO, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Gomis S, Song CS. Immune response in domestic ducks following intradermal delivery of inactivated vaccine against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus adjuvanted with oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1836-42. [PMID: 26069254 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ducks are a natural reservoir for H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, which produces a range of clinical outcomes from asymptomatic infections to severe disease with mortality. Vaccination against HPAI is one of the few methods available for controlling avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in domestic ducks; therefore, it is necessary to improve vaccine efficacy against HPAI in domestic ducks. However, few studies have focused on enhancing the immune response by testing alternative administration routes and adjuvants. While attempting to maximize the efficacy of a vaccine, it is important to select an appropriate vaccine delivery route and adjuvant to elicit an enhanced immune response. Although several studies have indicated that the vaccination of ducks against HPAI viruses has offered protection against lethal virus challenge, the immunogenicity of the vaccine still requires improvement. In this study, we characterized the immune response following a novel vaccination strategy against H5N1 HPAI virus in domestic ducks. Our novel intradermal delivery system and the application of the cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) adjuvant allowed us to obtain information regarding the sustained vaccine immunity. Compared with the intramuscular route of vaccination, the intradermal route resulted in higher antibody titer as well as lower antibody deviation following secondary vaccination. In addition, the use of a CpG-ODN adjuvant had a dose-sparing effect on antibody titer. Furthermore, when a high dose of antigen was used, the CpG-ODN-adjuvanted vaccine maintained a high mean antibody titer. This data demonstrates that intradermal immunization combined with administration of CpG-ODN as an adjuvant may be a promising strategy for improving vaccine efficacy in domestic ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eredene-Ochir To
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Park JK, Lee DH, Cho CH, Yuk SS, To EO, Kwon JH, Noh JY, Kim BY, Choi SW, Shim BS, Song MK, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Supplementation of oil-based inactivated H9N2 vaccine with M2e antigen enhances resistance against heterologous H9N2 avian influenza virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2014; 169:211-7. [PMID: 24472228 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 has been evolving rapidly and vaccine escape variants have been reported to cause circulation of infections and economic losses. In the present study, we developed and evaluated ectodomain of the AIV matrix 2 (M2e) protein as a supplementing antigen for oil-based inactivated H9N2 vaccine to increase resistance against vaccine escape variants. AIV H9N2 M2e antigen was expressed in Escherichia coli and supplemented to inactivated H9N2 oil emulsion vaccine. Specific pathogen-free chickens received a single injection of inactivated H9N2 oil emulsion vaccines with or without M2e supplementation. At three weeks post vaccination, hemagglutination inhibition tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to determine serological immune responses. Challenge study using a vaccine escape H9N2 variant was performed to evaluate the efficacy of M2e supplementation. M2e antigen supplemented in oil emulsion vaccine was highly immunogenic, and a single M2e-supplemented vaccination reduced challenge virus replication and shedding more effectively than non-supplemented vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Keun Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hwan Cho
- Molecular Vaccinology Laboratory, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdene-Ochir To
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Yoon Kim
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Won Choi
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Shik Shim
- Molecular Vaccinology Laboratory, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Ki Song
- Molecular Vaccinology Laboratory, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Lee DH, Yuk SS, Park JK, Kwon JH, Erdene-Ochir TO, Noh JY, Yu SY, Hwang SY, Lee SW, Song CS. Innate immune response gene expression profiles in specific pathogen-free chickens infected with avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. BioChip J 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-013-7411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rizzo AA, Neumann U, Enciso R, Fidaleo D, Noh JY. Performance-driven facial animation: basic research on human judgments of emotional state in facial avatars. Cyberpsychol Behav 2001; 4:471-87. [PMID: 11708727 DOI: 10.1089/109493101750527033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Virtual reality is rapidly evolving into a pragmatically usable technology for mental health (MH) applications. As the underlying enabling technologies continue to evolve and allow us to design more useful and usable structural virtual environments (VEs), the next important challenge will involve populating these environments with virtual representations of humans (avatars). This will be vital to create mental health VEs that leverage the use of avatars for applications that require human-human interaction and communication. As Alessi et al.1 pointed out at the 8th Annual Medicine Meets Virtual Reality Conference (MMVR8), virtual humans have mainly appeared in MH applications to "serve the role of props, rather than humans." More believable avatars inhabiting VEs would open up possibilities for MH applications that address social interaction, communication, instruction, assessment, and rehabilitation issues. They could also serve to enhance realism that might in turn promote the experience of presence in VR. Additionally, it will soon be possible to use computer-generated avatars that serve to provide believable dynamic facial and bodily representations of individuals communicating from a distance in real time. This could support the delivery, in shared virtual environments, of more natural human interaction styles, similar to what is used in real life between people. These techniques could enhance communication and interaction by leveraging our natural sensing and perceiving capabilities and offer the potential to model human-computer-human interaction after human-human interaction. To enhance the authenticity of virtual human representations, advances in the rendering of facial and gestural behaviors that support implicit communication will be needed. In this regard, the current paper presents data from a study that compared human raters' judgments of emotional expression between actual video clips of facial expressions and identical expressions rendered on a three-dimensional avatar using a performance-driven facial animation (PDFA) system developed at the University of Southern California Integrated Media Systems Center. PDFA offers a means for creating high-fidelity visual representations of human faces and bodies. This effort explores the feasibility of sensing and reproducing a range of facial expressions with a PDFA system. In order to test concordance of human ratings of emotional expression between video and avatar facial delivery, we first had facial model subjects observe stimuli that were designed to elicit naturalistic facial expressions. The emotional stimulus induction involved presenting text-based, still image, and video clips to subjects that were previously rated to induce facial expressions for the six universals2 of facial expression (happy, sad, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise), in addition to attentiveness, puzzlement and frustration. Videotapes of these induced facial expressions that best represented prototypic examples of the above emotional states and three-dimensional avatar animations of the same facial expressions were randomly presented to 38 human raters. The raters used open-end, forced choice and seven-point Likert-type scales to rate expression in terms of identification. The forced choice and seven-point ratings provided the most usable data to determine video/animation concordance and these data are presented. To support a clear understanding of this data, a website has been set up that will allow readers to view the video and facial animation clips to illustrate the assets and limitations of these types of facial expression-rendering methods (www. USCAvatars.com/MMVR). This methodological first step in our research program has served to provide valuable human user-centered feedback to support the iterative design and development of facial avatar characteristics for expression of emotional communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Rizzo
- Integrated Media Systems Center/Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089, USA.
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Noh JY, Asari T, Hamada N, Makino F, Ishikawa N, Abe Y, Ito K, Ito K. Frequency of appearance of myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) in Graves' disease patients treated with propylthiouracil and the relationship between MPO-ANCA and clinical manifestations. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 54:651-4. [PMID: 11380496 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA)-positive vasculitis has been reported in patients with Graves' disease who were treated with propylthiouracil (PTU). The appearance of MPO-ANCA in these cases was suspected of being related to PTU because the titres of MPO-ANCA decreased when PTU was stopped. Nevertheless, there have been no studies on the temporal relationship between the appearance of MPO-ANCA and vasculitis during PTU therapy, or on the incidence of MPO-ANCA in untreated Graves' disease patients. Therefore, we sought to address these parameters in patients with Graves' disease. PATIENTS We investigated 102 untreated patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease for the presence of MPO-ANCA, and for the development vasculitis after starting PTU therapy. Twenty-nine of them were later excluded because of adverse effects of PTU or because the observation period was less than 3 months. The remaining 73 patients (55 women and 18 men), all of whom were examined for more than 3 months, were adopted as the subjects of the investigation. The median observation period was 23.6 months (range: 3-37 months). MEASUREMENTS MPO-ANCA was measured at intervals of 2-6 months. RESULTS Before treatment, the MPO-ANCA titres of all 102 untreated Graves' disease patients were within the reference range (below 10 U/ml). Three (4.1%) of the 73 patients were positive for MPO-ANCA at 13, 16 and 17 months, respectively, after the start of PTU therapy. In two of them, the MPO-ANCA titres transiently increased to 12.8 and 15.0 U/ml, respectively, despite continued PTU therapy, but no vasculitic disorders developed. In the third patient, the MPO-ANCA titre increased to 204 U/ml and she developed a higher fever, oral ulcers and polyarthralgia, but the symptoms resolved 2 weeks after stopping PTU therapy, and the MPO-ANCA titre decreased to 20.7 U/ml by 4 months after discontinuing PTU. CONCLUSIONS PTU therapy may be related to the appearance of MPO-ANCA, but MPO-ANCA does not appear to be closely related to vasculitis.
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Akamizu T, Sale MM, Rich SS, Hiratani H, Noh JY, Kanamoto N, Saijo M, Miyamoto Y, Saito Y, Nakao K, Bowden DW. Association of autoimmune thyroid disease with microsatellite markers for the thyrotropin receptor gene and CTLA-4 in Japanese patients. Thyroid 2000; 10:851-8. [PMID: 11081251 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2000.10.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study we identified a microsatellite marker near the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene. Studies with this marker, TSHR-CA, revealed a significant association between autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in Japanese patients and one specific allele (allele 1; 180 base pair [bp]) of the microsatellite sequence. In addition, weak evidence for association of AITD with two alleles of the CTLA-4 gene was observed. In the present study, TSHR-CA has been mapped to approximately 600 kb of the TSHR gene using radiation hybrid mapping. TSHR-CA and another TSHR microsatellite marker, TSHR-AT, which is located in intron 2 of TSHR gene, were genotyped in a set of 349 unrelated Japanese AITD patients and 218 Japanese controls. The TSHR-AT marker showed association in this Japanese AITD population with a significant increase in allele 5 (294 bp; p < 0.05) and a significant decrease in allele 7 (298 bp; p < 0.05). The association of allele 5 of TSHR-AT was also significant in hypothyroid patients (thyrotropin-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin-positive [TBII+], P < 0.01; thyrotropin-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin-negative [TBII-], p < 0.05). The association of allele 7 of TSHR-AT were also significant for the hypothyroid TBII+ patients (p < 0.05). The CTLA-4 gene was also genotyped in this expanded set of Japanese AITD patients and controls. Association between AITD susceptibility and allele 2 (102 bp; p < 0.01) and allele 4 (106 bp; p < 0.01) were observed. These associations were also observed with GD patients (allele 2, p < 0.01; allele 4, p < 0.01). Associations with TSHR-CA were observed for Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients with respect to alleles 3 (179 bp; p < 0.05) and 5 (175 bp; p < 0.05) and with hypothyroid TBII- patients for allele 4 (177 bp; p < 0.05). The presence of specific alleles of TSHR-CA, TSHR-AT, and CTLA-4 contribute significant increase in risk of development of AITD. These results confirm and expand on our previous study suggesting that alleles of the TSHR and CTLA-4 genes, or genes near them contribute to AITD susceptibility and set the stage for future studies of interactions between these genes and AITD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akamizu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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Hamada N, Okamoto Y, Yoshida H, Tsumura K, Nakamura Y, Noh JY. Sympathetic overactivity in the development of eyelid retraction in a patient with euthyroid Graves' disease evaluated by accommodation. Endocr J 2000; 47:623-8. [PMID: 11200944 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.47.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that measurement of accommodation is useful to evaluate the sympathetic activity of intraocular muscles. To find if sympathetic overactivity is involved in eyelid retraction in euthyroid Graves' disease, we measured accommodation in two patients with this disease, whose serum concentrations of free T3, free T4 and TSH were within reference ranges. Accommodation was measured with a computer-assisted infrared optometer with an iriscoder, and the results were expressed as the change in the eye's refractive power (in diopters) in response to the movement of a target beam. In patient 1, the accommodation amplitude was low, indicating sympathetic overactivity. This amplitude rose to near the reference range when timolol maleate drops were used, and the eyelid retraction disappeared when guanethidine drops were given. During the use of guanethidine drops, accommodation remained normal. In patient 2, who had normal accommodation, eyelid retraction did not change with guanethidine administration, but improved with intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy. These two cases suggested that even in euthyroid Graves' disease, eyelid retraction is caused by sympathetic overactivity, and pulse therapy with methylprednisolone may be effective for eyelid retraction when guanethidine drops are not effective.
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Noh JY, Hamada N, Inoue Y, Abe Y, Ito K, Ito K. Thyroid-stimulating antibody is related to Graves' ophthalmopathy, but thyrotropin-binding inhibitor immunoglobulin is related to hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves' disease. Thyroid 2000; 10:809-13. [PMID: 11041459 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2000.10.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between thyroid function or ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease and thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) in 155 untreated patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. All patients were examined by ophthalmologists, and underwent computed tomography of the orbit and measurement of serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotropin-binding inhibitor immunoglobulin (TBII), and thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb). Patients were divided into three groups according to the presence of orbital fat increase (OFI) and extraocular muscle enlargement (EME): 57 patients without OFI and EMO formed the no Graves' ophthalmopathy (NGO) group; 55 patients with OFI but without EMO formed the OF group; 43 patients with EME with or without OFI formed the EM group. The FT3, FT4, and thyroid weight increased in the order of the EME, NGO, and OFI groups. TSAb increased in the order of the NGO, OFI, and EME groups, and TSAb was significantly greater in the EME and OFI than in the NGO group. TBII was not significantly different among the three groups, but was lower in EME than NGO. There was a significant positive correlation between TBII and FT3 or FT4 in all patients combined as well as in all three groups, but correlation between TSAb and FT3 or FT4 was very weak in all groups, and that between TSAb and FT3 was not significant in the EM group In the relationship between ophthalmopathy and TRAb, the sum of the scores of eyelid swelling, proptosis, and extraocular muscle enlargement was taken as a measure of the overall severity of the Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). TSAb was significantly correlated with the GO score, but there was no correlation between TBII and GO scores. In conclusion, TSAb was correlated with ophthalmopathy but TBII was related to hyperthyroidism.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Propylthiouracil (PTU) might theoretically be preferred over methimazole (MMI) during breast-feeding because of its lower milk/serum concentration ratio (0.1 vs. 1.0). The problem is that Graves' disease often relapses during the postpartum period, and high doses of PTU are sometimes needed to control maternal hyperthyroidism) during breast-feeding. However, there are virtually no data on the effects of maternal PTU on thyroid status of infants whose mothers take more than 300 mg PTU daily and who are wholly breast-feeding. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether mothers can breast-feed without adverse effects on infants' thyroid status while taking 300 mg or more daily of PTU. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Eleven infants who were wholly breast-fed while their mothers took PTU 300-750 mg daily for Graves' hyperthyroidism were included in this study. In one of the 11 infants, the mother also took iodine 6 mg daily for a limited period. Thyroid status in these infants was evaluated. MEASUREMENTS Free T4 (FT4), thyrotrophin (TSH), and TSH binding inhibiting antibody (TBIAb) concentrations were examined at least once in the age range 6 days to 9 months. Maternal blood was also examined for FT4 and TBIAb on the same day, or within a week, of the infants' blood tests. FT4, TSH and TBIAb concentrations at birth were examined, using cord blood, in cases where antithyroid drugs had been continued through delivery. RESULTS Three of the 11 infants had TSH concentrations higher than the normal range for adults. In one of the three infants, the TSH concentration, which was determined 19 weeks after birth, was just above the normal range. In the remaining two infants whose mothers had taken PTU through delivery, TSH concentrations, determined within 7 days after birth, were distinctly high, but they became normal while maternal PTU doses were the same as or higher than those at the initial examination. Maternal PTU doses or FT4 concentrations were not significantly correlated with infants' TSH concentrations. CONCLUSION Mothers can breast-feed while taking propylthiouracil at doses as high as 750 mg daily without adverse effects on thyroid status in their infants.
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Kim DU, Roh TY, Lee J, Noh JY, Jang YJ, Hoe KL, Yoo HS, Choi MU. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a phospholipase D from cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1437:409-14. [PMID: 10101274 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We cloned and expressed a full-length cDNA encoding a phospholipase D of type alpha (PLDalpha) from cabbage. Analysis of the cDNA predicted an 812-amino-acid protein of 92.0 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of cabbage PLD has 83% and 80% identity with Arabidopsis PLDalpha and castor bean PLD, respectively. Expression of this cDNA clone in E. coli shows a functional PLD activity similar to that of the natural PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D U Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Catalysis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Iitaka M, Momotani N, Hisaoka T, Noh JY, Ishikawa N, Ishii J, Katayama S, Ito K. TSH receptor antibody-associated thyroid dysfunction following subacute thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998; 48:445-53. [PMID: 9640411 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoimmunity plays an important role in the development of thyrotrophin (TSH) receptor antibodies and the pathogenesis of Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. On the other hand, subacute thyroiditis is a self-limited inflammatory disease of presumed viral aetiology. The aim of this study was to examine whether subacute thyroiditis triggers TSH receptor antibody-associated thyroid disorders. PATIENTS We reviewed 1,697 patients with subacute thyroiditis seen between 1985 and 1995. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS We measured antibodies which inhibit the TSH binding to the TSH receptor (TBIAb), thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) and antibodies that block TSH action (TBAb). Other thyroid autoantibodies were also determined. RESULTS TBIAb became positive in 38 patients following subacute thyroiditis. Thyroid function after the development of TBIAb appeared to be influenced by the bioactivity of the antibody. Hyperthyroidism developed in the presence of TSAb, and so did hypothyroidism in the presence of TBAb, although 21 patients did not have thyroid dysfunction despite high titres of TBIAb. Fifteen out of 17 patients recovered from hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism after the disappearance of TBIAb sometimes even without medication. TBIAb-positive patients had a high incidence of a family history of thyroid disease and positive anti-thyroid microsomal antibodies. An ophthalmopathy similar to Graves' disease was also observed in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS Subacute thyroiditis may trigger autoreactive B cells to produce TSH receptor antibodies, resulting in TSH receptor antibody-associated thyroid dysfunction in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iitaka
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical School, Japan
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38
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Iitaka M, Noh JY, Kitahama S, Fukasawa N, Miura S, Kawakami Y, Kawasaki S, Yamanaka K, Ishii J, Katayama S, Ito K. Elevated serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor levels in patients with Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998; 48:275-80. [PMID: 9578815 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Agranulocytosis is a serious side effect of anti-thyroid drugs (ATD). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is one of the cytokines that increase granulocyte number. The aim of this study was to examine the sequential variation of serum G-CSF levels in patients with Graves' disease before and after ATD therapy. PATIENTS Sixty-three patients with Graves' disease were studied before, during and after treatment with methimazole (MMI). Serum samples from 71 healthy subjects were used as controls. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS Serum levels of G-CSF were measured by a novel chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay, which was sensitive enough to determine G-CSF levels in healthy subjects. Blood granulocyte counts, serum, thyroid hormone and TSH levels, and titres of thyroid autoantibodies were also measured. RESULTS Serum G-CSF levels in Graves' patients before and 2 weeks after MMI were significantly higher than in healthy subjects. There was a significant correlation between serum G-CSF levels and granulocyte counts in untreated patients with Graves' disease. Untreated patients with granulocyte counts less than 2 x 10(9)/I had significantly lower serum G-CSF levels as compared with other untreated patients. Serum G-CSF levels gradually decreased thereafter. No correlation was observed between serum G-CSF levels and serum thyroid hormone levels or titres of thyroid autoantibodies. After ATD treatment, no correlation was found between serum G-CSF levels and granulocytes counts. There was no significant correlation between the change of serum G-CSF levels and that of granulocyte counts before and after MMI treatment. Graves' patients with mild agranulocytosis had normal or elevated serum G-CSF levels. CONCLUSIONS Significantly elevated serum G-CSF levels were observed in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism. During ATD therapy, deficiency of G-CSF was not identified as a cause of agranulocytosis in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iitaka
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Saitama Medical School, Japan
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Abstract
Thionamide therapy is a mainstay of the treatment of hyperthyroidism complicated by pregnancy, but it can expose the fetus to hypothyroidism. In terms of fetal thyroid status, propylthiouracil (PTU) has been preferred over methimazole (MMI) based on experimental data on limited transplacental passage, and lower doses have been recommended. However, neither of these practices is supported by convincing clinical evidence. We compared the effect of maternal ingestion of PTU with that of MMI on fetal thyroid status using cord sera at delivery in 77 mothers with Graves' hyperthyroidism who were receiving thionamides and whose free T4 (FT4) levels were within the normal range. We also examined the dose effects on fetal thyroid status in these women. Thirty-four women were taking PTU (group P), and 43 were taking MMI (group M). Neither the mean fetal FT4 nor the mean fetal TSH level was significantly different between the two groups. No significant difference in the occurrence of low FT4 levels or high fetal TSH levels was found between group P and group M (low FT4, 6% vs. 7%; high TSH, 21% vs. 14%). Little relationship was observed between maternal doses and fetal thyroid status; in fact, when low doses of both PTU (100 mg daily or less) and MMI (10 mg daily or less) were administered, high TSH levels in the fetus were observed in 7 of the 34 fetuses (21%) and in 6 of the 43 fetuses (14%), respectively. Higher doses were associated with normal or low fetal TSH levels. These findings demonstrate that in terms of fetal hypothyroidism-inducing potential, there is little reason to choose PTU over MMI. Individualized, not uniformly low, doses of these drugs may prevent fetal hypothyroidism.
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40
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Abstract
Sympathetic overactivity occurs in Graves' disease, but little is known about autonomic nervous function in the eyes of subjects with this disease. We examined this function of the intraocular muscles in 12 patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease and 12 healthy controls. Pupil size, pupillary unrest, and accommodation were measured with a computer-assisted infrared optometer and pupillometer. The mean and the coefficient of variation of the areas of the pupils were used to express pupil size and the degree of pupillary unrest, respectively. Accommodation was measured with the target light beam moving slowly and steadily, or instantaneously, and the results are expressed as the change in the eye's refractive power in response to these movements. The mean pupil size of the patients was not different from that of the controls. Pupillary unrest in the patients was smaller than in the controls. Accommodation in the patients was lower than that of the controls. Five patients were examined again 3 months later when they became euthyroid; pupillary unrest and accommodation had improved in all five patients. There were no significant differences in the activity of sympathetic nerves governing intraocular muscles in patients with or without eyelid retraction. These results indicate that intraocular muscles are sympathetically overactive in patients with hyperthyroidism, and suggest that eyelid retraction is not caused by sympathetic overactivity alone, but by another factor or factors, in addition.
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Liu H, Momotani N, Noh JY, Ishikawa N, Takebe K, Ito K. Maternal hypothyroidism during early pregnancy and intellectual development of the progeny. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:785-7. [PMID: 8147683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether maternal hypothyroidism before the onset of fetal thyroid function influences mental development of the offspring. DESIGN We examined IQs in children in whom the mothers had been hypothyroid during early pregnancy (group 1). The IQs were compared with those of siblings who were not exposed to maternal hypothyroidism during gestation (group 2). PATIENTS Group 1 consisted of eight children. Mothers were examined for thyroid status during the fifth to 10th gestational weeks and were found to have distinctly low thyroxine levels and high thyrotropin levels; the levels became normal after thyroxine supplementation by 13 to 28 weeks of gestation. Seven of the eight children had nine siblings who had not been exposed to maternal hypothyroidism during gestation (group 2). Ages at examination were 4 to 10 years in group 1 and 4 to 15 years in group 2. RESULTS All children in group 1 showed normal IQs. There was no significant difference in the mean IQ between the children in group 1 who had siblings (112 +/- 11) and their siblings in group 2 (106 +/- 8). Even the subject whose mother had had the lowest thyroxine level (free thyroxine, 2.3 pmol/L) had an IQ similar to that of his sibling. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence against the presence of adverse effects of maternal hypothyroidism during early pregnancy on the subsequent mental development of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Hua Shan Hospital, Shanghai Medical University, China
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Shizume K, Shishiba Y, Kuma K, Noguchi S, Tajiri J, Ito K, Noh JY. Comparison of the incidence of association of periodic paralysis and hyperthyroidism in Japan in 1957 and 1991. Endocrinol Jpn 1992; 39:315-8. [PMID: 1425456 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj1954.39.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodic paralysis has been known to be associated with thyrotoxicosis in Japan. The incidence was 8.6% among male and 0.4% among female thyrotoxic patients according to a survey performed in the three major thyroid clinics in Japan in 1957. To determine the changes in the incidence during the intervening 34 years, the same type of survey was carried out again in 1991 at the same three major thyroid clinics previously involved. The incidence of paralysis in 1991 was 4.3% among male and 0.04% among female thyrotoxic patients, indicating more than a 40% decrease in the incidence. The possible cause of the decrease is related to the changes in food consumption, namely, to the fact that less carbohydrate and more potassium were taken in 1991 than in 1957.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shizume
- Institute for Growth Science, Tokyo, Japan
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