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Langezaal LCM, van der Hoeven EJRJ, Mont'Alverne FJA, de Carvalho JJF, Lima FO, Dippel DWJ, van der Lugt A, Lo RTH, Boiten J, Lycklama À Nijeholt GJ, Staals J, van Zwam WH, Nederkoorn PJ, Majoie CBLM, Gerber JC, Mazighi M, Piotin M, Zini A, Vallone S, Hofmeijer J, Martins SO, Nolte CH, Szabo K, Dias FA, Abud DG, Wermer MJH, Remmers MJM, Schneider H, Rueckert CM, de Laat KF, Yoo AJ, van Doormaal PJ, van Es ACGM, Emmer BJ, Michel P, Puetz V, Audebert HJ, Pontes-Neto OM, Vos JA, Kappelle LJ, Algra A, Schonewille WJ. Endovascular Therapy for Stroke Due to Basilar-Artery Occlusion. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1910-1920. [PMID: 34010530 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of endovascular therapy in patients with stroke caused by basilar-artery occlusion has not been well studied. METHODS We randomly assigned patients within 6 hours after the estimated time of onset of a stroke due to basilar-artery occlusion, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive endovascular therapy or standard medical care. The primary outcome was a favorable functional outcome, defined as a score of 0 to 3 on the modified Rankin scale (range, 0 to 6, with 0 indicating no disability, 3 indicating moderate disability, and 6 indicating death) at 90 days. The primary safety outcomes were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 3 days after the initiation of treatment and mortality at 90 days. RESULTS A total of 300 patients were enrolled (154 in the endovascular therapy group and 146 in the medical care group). Intravenous thrombolysis was used in 78.6% of the patients in the endovascular group and in 79.5% of those in the medical group. Endovascular treatment was initiated at a median of 4.4 hours after stroke onset. A favorable functional outcome occurred in 68 of 154 patients (44.2%) in the endovascular group and 55 of 146 patients (37.7%) in the medical care group (risk ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92 to 1.50). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 4.5% of the patients after endovascular therapy and in 0.7% of those after medical therapy (risk ratio, 6.9; 95% CI, 0.9 to 53.0); mortality at 90 days was 38.3% and 43.2%, respectively (risk ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.12). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stroke from basilar-artery occlusion, endovascular therapy and medical therapy did not differ significantly with respect to a favorable functional outcome, but, as reflected by the wide confidence interval for the primary outcome, the results of this trial may not exclude a substantial benefit of endovascular therapy. Larger trials are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of endovascular therapy for basilar-artery occlusion. (Funded by the Dutch Heart Foundation and others; BASICS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01717755; Netherlands Trial Register number, NL2500.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucianne C M Langezaal
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Erik J R J van der Hoeven
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Francisco J A Mont'Alverne
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - João J F de Carvalho
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Fabrício O Lima
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Diederik W J Dippel
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Rob T H Lo
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Jelis Boiten
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Geert J Lycklama À Nijeholt
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Julie Staals
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Wim H van Zwam
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Paul J Nederkoorn
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Charles B L M Majoie
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Johannes C Gerber
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Mikael Mazighi
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Michel Piotin
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Andrea Zini
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Stefano Vallone
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Sheila O Martins
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Christian H Nolte
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Kristina Szabo
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Francisco A Dias
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Daniel G Abud
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Marieke J H Wermer
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Michel J M Remmers
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Hauke Schneider
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Christina M Rueckert
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Karlijn F de Laat
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Albert J Yoo
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Pieter-Jan van Doormaal
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Adriaan C G M van Es
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Bart J Emmer
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Patrik Michel
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Volker Puetz
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Heinrich J Audebert
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Octavio M Pontes-Neto
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Jan-Albert Vos
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Ale Algra
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
| | - Wouter J Schonewille
- From the Departments of Radiology (L.C.M.L., E.J.R.J.H., J.-A.V.) and Neurology (W.J.S.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Departments of Neurology (D.W.J.D.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.L., P.-J.D.), Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Departments of Radiology (R.T.H.L.) and Neurology (L.J.K.) and the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center, and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (A.A.), University Medical Center Utrecht, and Utrecht University (A.A.), Utrecht, the Departments of Neurology (J.B.) and Radiology (G.J.L.N.), Haaglanden Medical Center, and the Department of Neurology, Haga Hospital (K.F.L.), The Hague, the Departments of Neurology (J.S.) and Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (W.H.Z.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Departments of Neurology (P.J.N.) and Radiology (C.B.L.M.M., B.J.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Department of Neurology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, and the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede (J.H.), the Departments of Neurology (M.J.H.W.) and Radiology (A.C.G.M.E.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, and the Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda (M.J.M.R.) - all in the Netherlands; the Interventional Neuroradiology Service (F.J.A.M.) and the Neurology Service (J.J.F.C., F.O.L.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, the Department of Neurology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre (S.O.M.), and the Stroke Service, Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), and the Interventional Neuroradiology Service, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology and Oncology (D.G.A.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo - all in Brazil; the Institute of Neuroradiology (J.C.G.) and the Department of Neurology (V.P.), Dresden Neurovascular Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, and Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus (H.S.), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, the Department of Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (C.H.N., H.J.A.), the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim (K.S.), the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg (H.S.), and the Department of Neurology, Oberschwabenklinik, Ravensburg (C.M.R.) - all in Germany; Rothschild Foundation Hospital, INSERM Unité 1148, University of Paris, Paris (M.M., M.P.); the IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna (A.Z.), and the Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-Estense, Modena University Hospital, Modena (S.V.) - both in Italy; the Texas Stroke Institute, Fort Worth (A.J.Y.); and the Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.M.)
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Martins SO, Mont'Alverne F, Rebello LC, Abud DG, Silva GS, Lima FO, Parente BSM, Nakiri GS, Faria MB, Frudit ME, de Carvalho JJF, Waihrich E, Fiorot JA, Cardoso FB, Hidalgo RCT, Zétola VF, Carvalho FM, de Souza AC, Dias FA, Bandeira D, Miranda Alves M, Wagner MB, Carbonera LA, Oliveira-Filho J, Bezerra DC, Liebeskind DS, Broderick J, Molina CA, Fogolin Passos JE, Saver JL, Pontes-Neto OM, Nogueira RG. Thrombectomy for Stroke in the Public Health Care System of Brazil. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:2316-2326. [PMID: 32521133 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized trials involving patients with stroke have established that outcomes are improved with the use of thrombectomy for large-vessel occlusion. These trials were performed in high-resource countries and have had limited effects on medical practice in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS We studied the safety and efficacy of thrombectomy in the public health system of Brazil. In 12 public hospitals, patients with a proximal intracranial occlusion in the anterior circulation that could be treated within 8 hours after the onset of stroke symptoms were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive standard care plus mechanical thrombectomy (thrombectomy group) or standard care alone (control group). The primary outcome was the score on the modified Rankin scale (range, 0 [no symptoms] to 6 [death]) at 90 days. RESULTS A total of 300 patients were enrolled, including 79 who had undergone thrombectomy during an open-label roll-in period. Approximately 70% in the two groups received intravenous alteplase. The trial was stopped early because of efficacy when 221 of a planned 690 patients had undergone randomization (111 to the thrombectomy group and 110 to the control group). The common odds ratio for a better distribution of scores on the modified Rankin scale at 90 days was 2.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41 to 3.69; P = 0.001), favoring thrombectomy. The percentage of patients with a score on the modified Rankin scale of 0 to 2, signifying an absence of or minor neurologic deficit, was 35.1% in the thrombectomy group and 20.0% in the control group (difference, 15.1 percentage points; 95% CI, 2.6 to 27.6). Asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 51.4% of the patients in the thrombectomy group and 24.5% of those in the control group; symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 4.5% of the patients in each group. CONCLUSIONS In this randomized trial conducted in the public health care system of Brazil, endovascular treatment within 8 hours after the onset of stroke symptoms in conjunction with standard care resulted in better functional outcomes at 90 days than standard care alone. (Funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health; RESILIENT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02216643.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila O Martins
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Francisco Mont'Alverne
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Letícia C Rebello
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Daniel G Abud
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Gisele S Silva
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Fabrício O Lima
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Bruno S M Parente
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Guilherme S Nakiri
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Mário B Faria
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Michel E Frudit
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - João J F de Carvalho
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Eduardo Waihrich
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - José A Fiorot
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Fabrício B Cardoso
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Raquel C T Hidalgo
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Viviane F Zétola
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Fernanda M Carvalho
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Ana C de Souza
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Francisco A Dias
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Diego Bandeira
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Maramélia Miranda Alves
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Mário B Wagner
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Leonardo A Carbonera
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Jamary Oliveira-Filho
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Daniel C Bezerra
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - David S Liebeskind
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Joseph Broderick
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Carlos A Molina
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - José E Fogolin Passos
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Jeffrey L Saver
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Octávio M Pontes-Neto
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
| | - Raul G Nogueira
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C.), Interventional Neuroradiology (M.B.F.), and Social Medicine (M.B.W.), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (S.O.M., A.C.S., L.A.C., M.B.W.), Porto Alegre, the Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (F.M.A., D.B.) and Neurology (F.O.L., J.J.F.C., F.M.C., D.B.), Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, and the Department of Post-Graduate Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza (F.M.C.), the Departments of Neurology (L.C.R.) and Neurosurgery (B.S.M.P., E.W.), Instituto Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, the Stroke Neurology Division, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology (D.G.A., G.S.N.) and Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (F.A.D., O.M.P.-N.), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, the Departments of Neurology (G.S.S., M.M.A.) and Interventional Neuroradiology (M.E.F.), Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (G.S.S.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (F.B.C.), and the Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto (R.C.T.H.), São Paulo, the Department of Neurology, Hospital Estadual Central de Vitória, Vitória (J.A.F.), the Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba (V.F.Z.), the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador (J.O.-F.), the Department of Neurology, Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro (D.C.B.), and Administrative Director of the National Council of Municipal Health Secretariats, Bauru (J.E.F.P.) - all in Brazil; the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (D.S.L., J.L.S.); the Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (J.B.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona (C.A.M.); and the Department of Neurology, Marcus Stroke and Neuroscience Center, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (R.G.N.)
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