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Elizaldi SR, Lakshmanappa YS, Roh JW, Schmidt BA, Carroll TD, Weaver KD, Smith JC, Deere JD, Dutra J, Stone M, Sammak RL, Olstad KJ, Reader JR, Ma ZM, Nguyen NK, Watanabe J, Usachaenko J, Immareddy R, Yee JL, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Hartigan-O’Connor D, McSorley SJ, Morrison JH, Tran NK, Simmons G, Busch MP, Kozlowski PA, Van Rompay KK, Miller CJ, Iyer SS. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces germinal center responses with robust stimulation of CD4 T follicular helper cells in rhesus macaques. bioRxiv 2020:2020.07.07.191007. [PMID: 32676606 PMCID: PMC7359530 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.07.191007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T follicular helper (T fh ) cells are important for the generation of long-lasting and specific humoral protection against viral infections. The degree to which SARS-CoV-2 infection generates T fh cells and stimulates the germinal center response is an important question as we investigate vaccine options for the current pandemic. Here we report that, following infection with SARS-CoV-2, adult rhesus macaques exhibited transient accumulation of activated, proliferating T fh cells in their peripheral blood on a transitory basis. The CD4 helper cell responses were skewed predominantly toward a T h 1 response in blood, lung, and lymph nodes, reflective of the interferon-rich cytokine environment following infection. We also observed the generation of germinal center T fh cells specific for the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, and a corresponding early appearance of antiviral serum IgG antibodies but delayed or absent IgA antibodies. Our data suggest that a vaccine promoting Th1-type Tfh responses that target the S protein may lead to protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonny R. Elizaldi
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA
- Graduate Group in Immunology, UC Davis, CA
| | | | - Jamin W. Roh
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA
- Graduate Group in Immunology, UC Davis, CA
| | | | | | - Kourtney D. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Justin C. Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Jesse D. Deere
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA
| | - Joseph Dutra
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA
| | - Mars Stone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - J. Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, CA
| | - Zhong-Min Ma
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - JoAnn L. Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dennis Hartigan-O’Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, CA
| | - Stephen J. McSorley
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, CA
| | - John H. Morrison
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, CA
| | - Nam K. Tran
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, CA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael P Busch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Koen K.A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, CA
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, CA
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, CA
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