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Liening-Ewert T, Tichy A, Mader C, Spergser J, Sodoma E, Ortner P, Kössler J, Khol JL. Management and housing factors associated with paratuberculosis-positive herds in small structured alpine cattle husbandry. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105999. [PMID: 37619426 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne´s disease) is a world-wide cattle disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), associated with substantial economic losses. Purchase of subclinically infected animals or contact with animals and equipment of infected farms are known risk factors for disease transmission among herds. The aim of the present study was to identify specific management factors in Austria that triggered a MAP-positive herd status and to evaluate known risk factors for the transmission in cattle in small structured alpine agricultural systems. The agriculture in the Austrian province of Tyrol is characterized by smallholder structures, including shared alpine pastures and traditional barn management techniques. The data from an extensive survey with 50 questions in 2013/2014 and the development of the MAP herd status of 5592 cattle farms by taking feces and blood samples were examined and statistically evaluated. MAP herd status was determined by combining the results of boot swab samples, manure samples, pooled and individual feces samples as well as serological antibody testing by ELISA. The statistical analysis (odds ratio; OR) showed that the use of milk replacers for calf feeding (p = 0.047, OR=0.472) and the use of straw as bedding material for cows (p = 0.032, OR=0.625) were associated with a decreased chance of being a MAP-positive herd. Further, housing cows in deep litter systems (p = 0.028, OR=2.232), the presence of slurry channels (p = 0.028, OR=1.411) and the use of solid manure in young cattle (p = 0.041, OR=1.744) were associated with an increased OR for being MAP-positive. Surprisingly, sharing of lowland pastures (p = 0.564, OR=1.080), alpine pastures (p = 0.419, OR=1.143) or farm equipment (p = 0.733, OR=0.963) and farm size (p = 0.425) had no significant influence on the MAP herd status. The identified differences compared with previously published results in respect of MAP spread in cattle might be attributed to the traditional agricultural structures, including small family-based farms and common pasture during summer in alpine regions. Results of this study contribute to the understanding of the spread of MAP in cattle farming in alpine regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - C Mader
- Veterinary Health Service Tyrol, Austria
| | - J Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology Department for Pathobiology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - E Sodoma
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Linz, Austria
| | - P Ortner
- Regional Veterinary Office Tyrol, Austria
| | - J Kössler
- Regional Veterinary Office Tyrol, Austria
| | - J L Khol
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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Khol JL, Moser K, Miklis A, Dirisamer M, Wittek T. [Etiology, therapy and prophylaxis of bovine parturient paresis (hypocalcaemia)]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2020; 48:173-182. [PMID: 32557514 DOI: 10.1055/a-1177-2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the sudden increase of calcium demand at the onset of lactation many high yielding dairy cows experience a certain level of hypocalcaemia following parturition. The incidence of hypocalcaemia (parturient paresis) increases with age but also depends on many other factors such as the acid-base status and the availability of calcium as well as other minerals and trace elements. Hypocalcaemia can easily be treated by supplementation of calcium parenterally or orally, nonetheless, prophylaxis of the condition should be the main focus in modern dairy farming, in order to avoid its negative effects. Oral administration of calcium around parturition is the simplest way of prophylaxis, but results in a high work load and requires exact knowledge of the date of parturition. The latter also applies for the parenteral administration of vitamin D3, which should be injected 1 week before parturition. Additionally, repeated treatment with vitamin D increases the risk for calcinosis. Reducing the calcium concentration of the ration fed during the late dry period also decreases the risk for hypocalcaemia by activating the mechanisms for calcium homeostasis within the body. The induction of a mild (compensated) metabolic acidosis to increase the sensitivity of parathormone receptors and enhance intestinal calcium uptake may also be employed to prevent milk fever. For this purpose, a DCAD (dietary cation anion difference) diet is fed during the late dry period, in which the concentrations of strong cations (potassium and sodium) as well as strong anions (sulfate and chloride) are altered. This may either be achieved by reducing the potassium concentration (partial-DCAD) or by adding anionic salts (full-DCAD). This method, especially the full-DCAD variant, requires a substantial level of surveillance and monitoring. Suitable prophylactic measures for the prevention of hypocalcaemia must be chosen individually for each farm, depending on the incidence of hypocalcaemia as well as personnel and structural resources.
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Khol JL, Freigassner K, Stanitznig A, Tichy A, Wittek T. Evaluation of a handheld device for the measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate in capillary blood obtained by the puncture of the vulva as well as in venous whole blood in cattle. Pol J Vet Sci 2020; 22:557-564. [PMID: 31560473 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2019.129964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A negative energy balance is a common condition in high yielding dairy cows causing the production of ketone bodies (KB), including beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), defined as subclinical ketosis (SCK) if clinical signs are missing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a handheld electronic device for the detection of SCK (BHB-concentration > 1.2 mmol/l), in capillary blood and venous whole blood in cows (WellionVet BELUA, MED TRUST Handels GmbH, Marz, Austria) as well as the feasibility of the puncture of the external vulva with a single use lancet. For this purpose, the blood BHB-concentration was tested in 250 venous and capillary blood samples and compared to the results of a certified laboratory. The majority (76.3%) of the animals displayed no signs of discomfort related to the puncture and in 74.2% the procedure was successful on the first attempt. The BHB-concentrations detected in capillary blood showed good agreement with the reference method, both in capillary (correlation coefficient 0.94 (p⟨0.001), Kappa-value 0.89) and venous whole blood (correlation coefficient of 0.95 (p⟨0.001), Kappa-value 0.89). Altogether, 98% of all the samples were correctly classified as SCK or non-SCK by the handheld device in capillary blood (sensitivity 0.96, specificity 0.98) and 97.4% in venous whole blood (sensitivity 0.889, specificity 0.991), respectively. An increase in the correlation by the adaptation of the cut off level could not be achieved for both sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Khol
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Freigassner
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Stanitznig
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Khol JL, Schafbauer T, Wittek T. [Time point and methods for emergency killing in cattle]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2016; 44:47-54; quiz 55. [PMID: 26830543 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-160035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emergency killing is defined as the killing of injured or ill animals to avoid excessive pain or harm. Decision-making for emergency killing or a prolonged therapy can be difficult and has to be based on the case history and results of the clinical examination contributing to the prognosis, particularly in downer cows. Evaluation of enzyme activities and total bilirubin can be used as additional factors pointing to a guarded prognosis; however, none of these parameters provides a clear cut-off value indicating a poor prognosis and mandatory emergency killing. Euthanasia by intravenous drug application is seen as the least stressful method of killing and should therefore always be the first method of choice for emergency killing in cattle. Drugs containing pentobarbital as well as a combination of three different drugs (T61-Injektionslösung, MSD Animal Health) are available for euthanasia in cattle. All drugs must be administered by a veterinarian. Before application of pentobarbital, an animal should be deeply sedated. The administration of T61 requires anaesthesia of the animal and it is not licensed for use in pregnant animals. Alternative methods for emeragency killing, including captive bolt stunning and the use of firearms, although not regularly performed by veterinarians, should be assessed concerning their correct application and performance. When captive bolt stunning or emergency killing using firearms is performed, the correct position of the device is crucial as well as a quick exsanguination or the application of a pithing rod for the actual killing of the animal after captive bolt stunning. In addition to medical considerations, economic and personal factors contribute to the decision about emergency killing in cattle. Therefore, veterinarians should aim to evaluate each case thoroughly based on personal knowledge and experience, case history, clinical findings and laboratory parameters to avoid prolonged suffering of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Khol
- Johannes Lorenz Khol, Universitätsklinik für Wiederkäuer, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Österreich, E-Mail:
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Khol JL, Pinedo PJ, Buergelt CD, Neumann LM, Rae DO. Lymphatic fluid for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cows by PCR, compared to fecal sampling and detection of antibodies in blood and milk. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:301-8. [PMID: 24930984 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), can cause considerable economic losses in affected herds. Early diagnosis of JD is hampered by the chronic nature of the disease with a slow subclincal progression. The aim of the present study was to challenge the hypothesis that lymphatic fluid is of diagnostic value in the early stages of the disease. Lymphatic fluid from 122 animals was collected and tested for MAP by nested PCR for IS900 and compared to the results of testing for MAP in feces (culture), blood and milk (ELISA) in 110 of these samples. MAP was detected by PCR in 27.1% of the lymph samples. Agreement between the tests was poor: 6.9% of the lymph positive cows were also positive in all other tests applied, and 69.0% had negative results in fecal culture, blood and milk ELISA. Resampling of 25 cows after 8 to 12 and 16 to 20 months revealed 20.0% lymph positive animals at the first, 5.5% at the second and 27.8% at the third sampling, respectively. Only one cow showed positive lymph-PCR results at more than one sampling date. Lymph-positive cows had a 7.2 times greater likelihood of being culled within 8 to 12 months after sampling, compared to negative cows, mainly due to other health issues than JD. It can be concluded, that lymphatic fluid might be promising for the detection of early MAP-infection in cows, but further studies to elucidate the potential of this diagnostic approach are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Khol
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Pablo J Pinedo
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University System, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Claus D Buergelt
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laura M Neumann
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D Owen Rae
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Khol JL, Pinedo PJ, Buergelt CD, Neumann LM, Baumgartner W, Rae DO. The collection of lymphatic fluid from the bovine udder and its use for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the cow. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:23-31. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility of lymph collection from the bovine udder and to investigate if the lymphatic fluid might be of diagnostic value in cows infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis. Lymph fluid collection was attempted from 58 cows, and the reactions of the cows as well as the level of difficulty of the procedure were recorded in 56 animals. Lymph samples (51 in total) were tested for the presence of MAP by nested polymerase chain reaction. Collection of the lymphatic fluid caused no or mild signs of discomfort in 94.6% of the cows; in 51.8% of cows, lymphatic fluid was attained on the first attempt, while sample collection was unsuccessful in 12.1%. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was detected in 43.1% of all lymph samples. The bacterium was present in 66.7% of cows with clinical Johne’s disease, in 42.8% of asymptomatic cows with a positive or suspicious enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) result in blood, and in 38.7% of cows with a negative ELISA result in blood. The present study shows that the procedure was well tolerated by most cows and can easily be performed on farm. The current report of the isolation of MAP from lymph fluid suggests that the present approach could be used for the early detection of Johne’s disease in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L. Khol
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Pablo J. Pinedo
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Claus D. Buergelt
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Laura M. Neumann
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Walter Baumgartner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - D. Owen Rae
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria (Khol, Baumgartner)
- Texas AgriLife Research-College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX (Pinedo)
- Veterinary Medicine Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology (Buergelt)
- Food Animal Reproduction and Medicine Service, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Neumann, Rae), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Khol JL, Kralik P, Slana I, Beran V, Aurich C, Baumgartner W, Pavlik I. Consecutive excretion of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in semen of a breeding bull compared to the distribution in feces, tissue and blood by IS900 and F57 quantitative real-time PCR and culture examinations. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1283-8. [PMID: 20460836 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) has emerged as one of the most important diseases in cattle. The role of infected bull semen in the spread of infection remains unclear, as the correlation between the amount of excreted Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (semen and feces) and the infection load (blood and tissues) has not been defined. The aim of the present study was to study by culture, and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, the presence of bacteria in consecutive semen, blood, and fecal samples collected from one infected Piedmont breeding bull during a 380-day period. Five out of seven blood samples and all nine semen samples were positive in the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction with 10¹ to 10² and 10² to 10⁴ copies of IS900/F57 per ml, respectively. In all, there were 9 fecal culture positive samples with too numerous to count colony forming units and positive real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions ranging from 10⁵ to 10⁷ copies of IS900/F57. After the bull was euthanized, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was cultured from various parts of the small and large intestines, liver tissue and lymph nodes and from the epididymis and vesicular glands. The results demonstrate a wide extraintestinal distribution of the bacterium and that breeding bulls should be considered a source of paratuberculosis infection due to their contact with other breeding bulls and a high number of heifers and cows through the natural mating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Khol
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Franz S, Dadak AM, Schöffmann G, Coppens P, Khol JL, Baumgartner W, Dupre G. Laparoscopic-assisted implantation of a urinary catheter in male sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:1857-62. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.12.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Geisbauer E, Khol JL, Wassertheurer M, Damoser J, Osterreicher E, Dünser M, Revilla-Fernández S, Baumgartner W. Longterm investigation in an Austrian dairy herd with low prevalence of paratuberculosis detection of antibodies in blood and milk. Vet Q 2008; 29:138-48. [PMID: 18265703 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2007.9695239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), which is widely distributed throughout the world, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Diagnosis of subclinically infected cattle is challenging and is especially problematic in herds with low prevalence of MAP. The aim of this long-term study was the comparison of different diagnostic tests for MAP and specific antibodies in a herd with low prevalence of MAP. Three different commercially available serum-ELISA (Svanovir-ELISA, Svanova, Uppsala, Sweden; IDEXX-ELISA, IDEXX Laboratories, Maine, USA; Pourquier-ELISA, Institut Pourquier, Montpellier, France) and two milk ELISA (Svanovirm-ELISA Svanova, Uppsala, Sweden; Pourquier-ELISA, Institut Pourquier, Montpellier, France) were compared. Apart from these indirect diagnostic tests, two methods for the detection of the etiologic agent (bacteriologic culture and real-time PCR of faecal samples) were performed. In January 2005 the first and in April 2005 the second herd investigation of all animals older than 2 years (n=335) were carried out. Blood, milk and faecal samples were taken. From November 2005 until April 2006 follow up investigations were performed. For this purpose, blood-, milk- and faecal samples were monthly taken from 63 selected animals. The highest number of blood- and milk samples with a detectable antibody-level was found by the Svanovir-ELISA. There was a significant correlation between serum- and milk- Svanovir-ELISA results, whereas the agreement between ELISA and faecal culture/PCR was low. Significant correlations between Svanovir-serum-ELISA results and milk somatic cell counts could be registered. Moreover, there was significant agreement between IDEXX-serum-ELISA results with the age and number of lactations of the cows, as well as the mother's MAP-status.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Geisbauer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Hip luxations have been reported in many ruminants, and several treatments have been described for them. However, successful closed reduction of hip joint luxation has not been reported in goats to date. This case report describes the closed reduction of coxofemoral luxation in a three-month-old male Saanen dairy goat. The goat showed non-weightbearing lameness and abnormal mobility of the proximal right hindlimb. Luxation of the right coxofemoral joint in craniodorsal direction was diagnosed by radiography. The femoral head was repositioned under sedation, and physiotherapy including non-weightbearing hindlimb movement and supported walking exercise was performed. Fifteen days after closed reduction the animal was discharged from the clinic. At that time the animal was sound at a slow walk but lameness was still present at faster gaits. Follow-up examinations revealed normal development of the animal, which subsequently showed no lameness and served successfully as a breeding goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Khol
- Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Austria.
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Khol JL, Damoser J, Dünser M, Baumgartner W. Paratuberculosis, a notifiable disease in Austria--current status, compulsory measures and first experiences. Prev Vet Med 2007; 82:302-7. [PMID: 17628725 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is one of the most important diseases in ruminants today. Its contribution is worldwide and the disease is causing severe financial losses among cattle producers in some countries [Hasanova, L., Pavlik, I., 2006. Economic impact of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle herds: a review. Vet. Med.-Czech. 51, 193-211]. Paratuberculosis is untreatable; diagnosis limited to the early stages of the infection and control of the disease is difficult. The prevalence of serologically positive Austrian cattle farms rose significantly to 19.0% during the past years [Baumgartner, W., Damoser, J., Khol, J.L., 2005. Comparison of two studies concerning the prevalence of bovine paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in Austrian cattle in the years 1995-1997 and 2002/2003 (Article in German with extended English summary). Vet. Med. Austria/Wien. Tierärztl. Mschr. 92, 274-277]. Based on these findings clinical paratuberculosis in ruminants was declared a notifiable disease in Austria in April 2006. A survey of the current situation in Austria, the most important parts of the new compulsory measures and their practical implementation and impacts are presented in this short communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Khol
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria.
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Dreier S, Khol JL, Stein B, Fuchs K, Gütler S, Baumgartner W. Serological, Bacteriological and Molecularbiological Survey of Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease) in Austrian Cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:477-81. [PMID: 17123426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic infectious disease of ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Because of its long incubation period, high economic losses, difficulties in diagnosis and possible links to Morbus Crohn in humans, paratuberculosis is one of the most important diseases of ruminants today. An abattoir-based nationwide survey on the occurrence of MAP in the Austrian cattle population was performed using serology (SVANOVIR-ELISA) as well as culture, ZN-stain and IS900-PCR on faeces and lymph node samples. A total of 756 Austrian slaughter cattle were serologically, bacteriologically and molecularbiologically tested for the occurrence of MAP and specific antibodies respectively. Samples were collected following a statistical plan to obtain balanced specimens from the whole country. Nineteen per cent of the animals tested were serological positive, 10.1% gave an inconclusive result and 70.9% showed no specific antibodies against MAP. Only in four individuals MAP could be detected by stain, bacteriology or Polymerase Chain Reaction. The calculated prevalence of 19.0% positive cattle, each representing one farm, showing specific antibodies against MAP is rather high in terms of animal-level but low in herd level prevalence compared with other countries. When this study is compared with a similar study performed in Austria 1999, a significant increase of positive cattle and farms could be seen in Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dreier
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Khol JL, Franz S, Klein D, Lexer D, Waiblinger S, Luger K, Baumgartner W. Influence of milking technique and lactation on the bovine teat by means of ultrasonographic examination. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2006; 119:68-73. [PMID: 16450712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The teats of Brown Swiss and Austrian Simmental cows, divided into two groups, one milked by means of an automatic milking system, the other using a conventional milking parlour, were examined monthly by ultrasonography. Aim of the study was to compare the effects of two different milking machines upon the structures of the bovine teat canal and wall by ultrasonography and thereby evaluate ultrasonography as a research tool for visualisation of different influences on the bovine teat. Length and thickness of the teat canal and teat wall thickness were measured and analysed. During lactation, teat canal length and thickness increased in both groups, teat canal length decreased in conventional milked cows at the end of lactation. Shorter and narrower teat canals were observed in automatic milked cows. Differences between the groups in teat canal length and thickness were determined in early lactation. During lactation teat wall thickness showed a slight increase. Automatic milked cows displayed thinner teat walls than cows milked in the milking parlour. Teat morphology was influenced by the number and duration of lactations, milk yield, quarter of the udder and time and date of examination. It was concluded that the effect of the two different milking machines caused significant differences in bovine teat morphology and that ultrasonography proved to be an appropriate method for visualising influences of the milking technique on the bovine teat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes L Khol
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Herd Management, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna.
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