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Nkwetta DL, Fuen BR, Yenban NF, Mbiatong N, Nchanji GT, Bonekeh J, Ndzeshang BL, Gandjui NVT, Fombad FF, Klarmann-Schulz U, Esum ME, Njouendou AJ, Cho JF, Hoerauf A, Ritter M, Wanji S. Phenotypical characterization, and antibiotics susceptibility patterns of skin bacteria found in podoconiosis patients in the North West Region of Cameroon. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:189. [PMID: 37460950 PMCID: PMC10351198 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podoconiosis, a non-infectious disease originating from long-term exposure of bare feet to irritant red clay soil is a lifelong, disabling disease with no specific diagnostic tool, classified into 5 stages based on the severity of leg swelling (lymphoedema). Secondary bacterial infections have been suggested to cause acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) attacks and drive disease progression. Although the North West Region of Cameroon has a proven history of podoconiosis endemicity, the bacterial composition of lymphoedema due to this condition has not been studied. Thus, this study investigated the leg bacterial diversity of patients who suffered from the lymphoedema and their susceptibility pattern to selected antibiotics. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in which podoconiosis affected and non-lymphoedema individuals living in the same community were purposively selected. Samples were collected by swabbing the skin between the toes and around the anklebone, then cultured and sub-cultured on nutrient agar to obtain pure isolates. The cultured isolates were then morphologically and biochemically classified using microscopy and analytic profile index test kits, respectively. The disk diffusion technique was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility. RESULTS Thirty-three participants were recruited, and 249 bacterial isolates were characterized into 29 genera, 60 species; with 30 (50%) being gram positive rods, 19 (31.7%) gram positive cocci, and 11 (18.3%) gram negative rods. Thirteen gram positive rods, fifteen gram positive cocci, and eight gram negative rods of bacterial species were found only in podoconiosis individuals among which Cellulomonas spp / Microbacterium spp. (2.8%), Staphylococcus lentus (3.3%), and Burkholderia cepacia (4.0%) dominated. 90% (90%) of the bacterial isolates were sensitive to doxycycline, whereas ampicillin had a high level of intermediate resistance, and penicillin G had the greatest resistant profile. CONCLUSION Our findings show that 94 (37.8%) out of 249 described bacterial isolates were exclusively found in the legs of podoconiosis individuals, and their susceptibility pattern to antibiotics was similar to that of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick Lekealem Nkwetta
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Bangsi Rose Fuen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Njodzeka Flora Yenban
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Nancielle Mbiatong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Gordon Takop Nchanji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - John Bonekeh
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Bertrand Lontum Ndzeshang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Narcisse Victor Tchamatchoua Gandjui
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Ute Klarmann-Schulz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Neglected Tropical Disease, partner site, Bonn- Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathias Eyong Esum
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Abdel Jelil Njouendou
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jerome Fru Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site, Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.
- Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon.
- The Peoples' Hope Medical Care Centre (PHOMECC), Bamenda, Cameroon.
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Ndzeshang BL, Mbiakop RT, Nchanji GT, Kien CA, Amambo GN, Abong RA, Yuyun T, Beng AA, Bonekeh J, Ritter M, Esum ME, Cho JF, Njouendou AJ, Ndifor IN, Deribe K, Fombad FF, Enyong P, Klarmann-Schulz U, Hoerauf A, Wanji S. Clinical, haematological and biochemical profiling of podoconiosis lymphoedema patients prior to their involvement in a clinical trial in the Northwest Region of Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:954-961. [PMID: 33258944 PMCID: PMC7738657 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior to carrying out clinical trials, it is important to assess the health status of the study participants to be able to interpret subsequent changes that may be related to the effects of the treatments during the follow-up of patients. This study presents the clinical, haematological and biochemical profiles of podoconiosis patients prior to their involvement in the PodoLEDoxy clinical trial. METHODS All lower limb lymphoedema patients visiting the centre were screened and a podoconiosis diagnosis was based on clinical manifestation and detailed medical history. Patients who satisfied the eligibility criteria were enrolled in the study and their demographic data, vital signs and medical history were collected followed by biochemical and haematological examinations. RESULTS Of the 222 participants enrolled in the study, 55.4% and 41.4% had either stage 3 or 2 podoconiosis as their highest stages, respectively. On physical examination, gastritis (46%) and poor vision (2.7%) were the most prevalent health issues identified. The majority of haematological and biochemical values were within the normal range except for mean platelet volume (47.7%), plateletcrit (58.1%), platelet distribution width (66.2%), mean corpuscular volume (67.6%) and red cell distribution width-standard deviation (79.3%), where >40% of the study participants had values out of the normal. CONCLUSION The clinical, haematological and biochemical profiles of the study participants were largely within the normal range except for certain haematological parameters that might be worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Lontum Ndzeshang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Randy Tchachoua Mbiakop
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Gordon Takop Nchanji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Chi Anizette Kien
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Glory Ngongeh Amambo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Raphael Awah Abong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Timothy Yuyun
- Regional Hospital Bamenda, P.O. Box 818, Bamenda Cameroon
| | - Amuam Andrew Beng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - John Bonekeh
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathias Eyong Esum
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jerome Fru Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Abdel Jelil Njouendou
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Kebede Deribe
- Global Health and Infection Department, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK.,School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Fanny Fri Fombad
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Peter Enyong
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Ute Klarmann-Schulz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner-site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner-site Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, P.O. Box 474, Buea, Cameroon
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