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Caron AJ, Ali IJ, Delgado MJ, Johnson D, Reeks JM, Strzhemechny YM, McGillivray SM. Zinc oxide nanoparticles mediate bacterial toxicity in Mueller-Hinton Broth via Zn 2. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1394078. [PMID: 38711974 PMCID: PMC11070567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1394078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
As antibiotic resistance increases and antibiotic development dwindles, new antimicrobial agents are needed. Recent advances in nanoscale engineering have increased interest in metal oxide nanoparticles, particularly zinc oxide nanoparticles, as antimicrobial agents. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are promising due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and low production cost. Despite many studies demonstrating the effectiveness of zinc oxide nanoparticles, the antibacterial mechanism is still unknown. Previous work has implicated the role of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide, physical damage of the cell envelope, and/or release of toxic Zn2+ ions as possible mechanisms of action. To evaluate the role of these proposed methods, we assessed the susceptibility of S. aureus mutant strains, ΔkatA and ΔmprF, to zinc oxide nanoparticles of approximately 50 nm in size. These assays demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide and electrostatic interactions are not crucial for mediating zinc oxide nanoparticle toxicity. Instead, we found that Zn2+ accumulates in Mueller-Hinton Broth over time and that removal of Zn2+ through chelation reverses this toxicity. Furthermore, we found that the physical separation of zinc oxide nanoparticles and bacterial cells using a semi-permeable membrane still allows for growth inhibition. We concluded that soluble Zn2+ is the primary mechanism by which zinc oxide nanoparticles mediate toxicity in Mueller-Hinton Broth. Future work investigating how factors such as particle morphology (e.g., size, polarity, surface defects) and media contribute to Zn2+ dissolution could allow for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles that possess chemical and morphological properties best suited for antibacterial efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Caron
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Iman J. Ali
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Michael J. Delgado
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Dustin Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - John M. Reeks
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Yuri M. Strzhemechny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Johnson DA, Reeks JM, Caron AJ, McGillivray SM, Wiglusz RJ, Strzhemechny YM. Surface Photovoltage Response of ZnO to Phosphate-Buffered Saline Solution with and without Presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13101652. [PMID: 37242068 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microscale zinc oxide (ZnO) exhibits significant potential as a novel antibacterial agent in biomedical applications. However, the uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms of the observed antimicrobial action inhibits the realization of this potential. Particularly, the nature of interactions at the free crystalline surface and the influence of the local bacterial environment remains unclear. In this investigation, we utilize ZnO particles synthesized via tunable hydrothermal growth method as a platform to elucidate the effects of interactions with phosphate-rich environments and differentiate them from those with bacteria. This is achieved using the time- and energy-dependent surface photovoltage (SPV) to monitor modifications of the surface electronic structure and surface charge dynamics of the ZnO particles due to these interactions. It is found that there exists a dramatic change in the SPV transients after exposure to phosphate-rich environments. It also presents differences in the sub-bandgap surface electronic structure after these exposures. It can be suggested that these phenomena are a consequence of phosphate adsorption at surface traps corresponding to zinc deficiency defects. This effect is shown to be suppressed in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Our results support the previously proposed model of the competitive nature of interactions between S. aureus and aqueous phosphates with the free surface of ZnO and bring greater clarity to the effects of phosphate-rich environments on bacterial growth inhibition of ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Johnson
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - John M Reeks
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alexander J Caron
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | | | - Rafal J Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yuri M Strzhemechny
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
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Nowak N, Czekanowska D, Reeks JM, Wiglusz RJ. Structural, Spectroscopic, and Biological Characterization of Novel Rubidium(I) and Europium(III) Co-Doped Nano-Hydroxyapatite Materials and Their Potential Use in Regenerative Medicine. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4475. [PMID: 36558328 PMCID: PMC9784849 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates hydrothermally synthesized hydroxyapatite nanoparticles doped with rubidium(I) and europium(III) ions. Investigation focused on establishing the influence of co-doped Eu3+ and Rb+ ions on hydroxyapatite lattice. Therefore, structural, and morphological properties were characterized via using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Furthermore, this investigation evaluates the impact of various Rb+ ion doping concentrations on the distinct red emission of co-doped Eu3+ ions. Hence, luminescence properties of the obtained materials were evaluated by measuring emission excitation, emission spectra, and luminescence decays. As established by numerous studies, synthetic hydroxyapatite has excellent application in biomedical field, as it is fully biocompatible. Its biocompatible makes it highly useful in the biomedical field as a bone fracture filler or hydroxyapatite coated dental implant. By the incorporation of Eu3+ ions and Rb+ ions we established the impact these co-doped ions have on the biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite powders. Therefore, biocompatibility toward a ram's red blood cells was evaluated to exclude potential cytotoxic features of the synthesized compounds. Additionally, experimental in vitro bioactive properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles doped with Rb+ and Eu3+ ions were established using a mouse osteoblast model. These properties are discussed in detail as they contribute to a novel method in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nowak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Animal Biostructure and Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Czekanowska
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - John M. Reeks
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal J. Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
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Wujczyk M, Targonska S, Boutinaud P, Reeks JM, Watras A, Wiglusz RJ. Emission Enhancement and Energy Transfers in YV 0.5P 0.5O 4 Nanoparticles Codoped with Eu 3+ and Bi 3+ Ions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12237-12248. [PMID: 35900272 PMCID: PMC9364412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, solid-state solutions of yttrium orthovanadate-phosphate with varying concentrations of codopants (Eu3+, Bi3+) have been obtained via coprecipitation. An ionic radii mismatch between V5+ and P5+ substituents is manifested in broad XRD lines. The sharpening of the XRD lines is observed with increasing bismuth ions concentration in the Eu3+ codoped YV0.5P0.5O4 matrix. The difference in the number of the Stark components for the 5D0 → 7FJ transitions indicates changes in the lattice and a number of possible Eu3+ sites. A thorough, systematic spectroscopic analysis of YV0.5P0.5O4: x mol % Eu3+, y mol % Bi3+ was conducted at room temperature and 5 K. Metal-to-metal energy transfers occurring between Eu3+, V5+, and Bi3+ optically active ions have been investigated. Additionally, efficiency of the Bi3+-Eu3+ energy transfer (ET) was calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wujczyk
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAS, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sara Targonska
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAS, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Philippe Boutinaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICFC, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - John M Reeks
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAS, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Watras
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAS, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal J Wiglusz
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, PAS, Okolna 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland
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Chavez JL, Ceresa L, Reeks JM, Strzhemechny Y, Kimball J, Kitchner E, Gryczynski Z, Gryczynski I. Direct Excitation of Tryptophan Phosphorescence. A New Method for Triplet States Investigation. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35042210 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac4c9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We studied room temperature phosphorescence of tryptophan (TRP) embedded in poly (vinyl alcohol) films. With UV (285 nm) excitation, the phosphorescence spectrum of tryptophan appears at about 460 nm. We also observed the TRP phosphorescence with blue light excitation at 410 nm, well outside of the S0→S1 absorption. This excitation reaches the triplet state of tryptophan directly without the involvement of the singlet excited state. The phosphorescence lifetime of tryptophan is in the sub-millisecond range. The long-wavelength direct excitation to the triplet state results in high phosphorescence anisotropy which can be useful in macromolecule dynamics study via time-resolved phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Chavez
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, 2995 S. University Dr., Fort Worth, 76129, UNITED STATES
| | - Luca Ceresa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, 2995 S. University Dr., Fort Worth, Texas, 76129, UNITED STATES
| | - John M Reeks
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, 2995 S. University Dr., Fort Worth, 76129, UNITED STATES
| | - Yuri Strzhemechny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, College of Science & Engineering, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA, Fort Worth, Texas, 76129, UNITED STATES
| | - Joe Kimball
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, 2995 S. University Dr., Fort Worth, Texas, 76129, UNITED STATES
| | - Emma Kitchner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, 2995 S. University Dr., Fort Worth, Texas, 76129, UNITED STATES
| | - Zygmunt Gryczynski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, 2995 S. University Dr., Fort Worth, Texas, 76129, UNITED STATES
| | - Ignacy Gryczynski
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, 2995 S. University Dr., Fort Worth, 76129, UNITED STATES
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