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Brody E, Gold L, Mehan M, Ostroff R, Rohloff J, Walker J, Zichi D. Life's simple measures: unlocking the proteome. J Mol Biol 2012; 422:595-606. [PMID: 22721953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Using modified nucleotides and selecting for slow off-rates in the SELEX procedure, we have evolved a special class of aptamers, called SOMAmers (slow off-rate modified aptamers), which bind tightly and specifically to proteins in body fluids. We use these in a novel assay that yields 1:1 complexes of the SOMAmers with their cognate proteins in body fluids. Measuring the SOMAmer concentrations of the resultant complexes reflects the concentration of the proteins in the fluids. This is simply done by hybridization to complementary sequences on solid supports, but it can also be done by any other DNA quantification technology (including NexGen sequencing). We use measurements of over 1000 proteins in under 100 μL of serum or plasma to answer important medical questions, two of which are reviewed here. A number of bioinformatics methods have guided our discoveries, including principal component analysis. We use various methods to evaluate sample handling procedures in our clinical samples and can identify many parameters that corrupt proteomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Brody
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
| | - Larry Gold
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Mike Mehan
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Rachel Ostroff
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - John Rohloff
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Jeff Walker
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Dom Zichi
- SomaLogic, Inc., 2945 Wilderness Place, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
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Gold L, Ayers D, Bertino J, Bock C, Bock A, Brody EN, Carter J, Dalby AB, Eaton BE, Fitzwater T, Flather D, Forbes A, Foreman T, Fowler C, Gawande B, Goss M, Gunn M, Gupta S, Halladay D, Heil J, Heilig J, Hicke B, Husar G, Janjic N, Jarvis T, Jennings S, Katilius E, Keeney TR, Kim N, Koch TH, Kraemer S, Kroiss L, Le N, Levine D, Lindsey W, Lollo B, Mayfield W, Mehan M, Mehler R, Nelson SK, Nelson M, Nieuwlandt D, Nikrad M, Ochsner U, Ostroff RM, Otis M, Parker T, Pietrasiewicz S, Resnicow DI, Rohloff J, Sanders G, Sattin S, Schneider D, Singer B, Stanton M, Sterkel A, Stewart A, Stratford S, Vaught JD, Vrkljan M, Walker JJ, Watrobka M, Waugh S, Weiss A, Wilcox SK, Wolfson A, Wolk SK, Zhang C, Zichi D. Aptamer-based multiplexed proteomic technology for biomarker discovery. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15004. [PMID: 21165148 PMCID: PMC3000457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1032] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interrogation of proteomes ("proteomics") in a highly multiplexed and efficient manner remains a coveted and challenging goal in biology and medicine. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We present a new aptamer-based proteomic technology for biomarker discovery capable of simultaneously measuring thousands of proteins from small sample volumes (15 µL of serum or plasma). Our current assay measures 813 proteins with low limits of detection (1 pM median), 7 logs of overall dynamic range (~100 fM-1 µM), and 5% median coefficient of variation. This technology is enabled by a new generation of aptamers that contain chemically modified nucleotides, which greatly expand the physicochemical diversity of the large randomized nucleic acid libraries from which the aptamers are selected. Proteins in complex matrices such as plasma are measured with a process that transforms a signature of protein concentrations into a corresponding signature of DNA aptamer concentrations, which is quantified on a DNA microarray. Our assay takes advantage of the dual nature of aptamers as both folded protein-binding entities with defined shapes and unique nucleotide sequences recognizable by specific hybridization probes. To demonstrate the utility of our proteomics biomarker discovery technology, we applied it to a clinical study of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We identified two well known CKD biomarkers as well as an additional 58 potential CKD biomarkers. These results demonstrate the potential utility of our technology to rapidly discover unique protein signatures characteristic of various disease states. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We describe a versatile and powerful tool that allows large-scale comparison of proteome profiles among discrete populations. This unbiased and highly multiplexed search engine will enable the discovery of novel biomarkers in a manner that is unencumbered by our incomplete knowledge of biology, thereby helping to advance the next generation of evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Gold
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LG); (JJW)
| | - Deborah Ayers
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | | | - Ashley Bock
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Jeff Carter
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Bruce E. Eaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tim Fitzwater
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dylan Flather
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ashley Forbes
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Trudi Foreman
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cate Fowler
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Meredith Goss
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Magda Gunn
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shashi Gupta
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Jim Heil
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joe Heilig
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian Hicke
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gregory Husar
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Thale Jarvis
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Kim
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tad H. Koch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Luke Kroiss
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ngan Le
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel Levine
- The Rogosin Institute and the Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wes Lindsey
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Bridget Lollo
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Wes Mayfield
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mike Mehan
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert Mehler
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Malti Nikrad
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Urs Ochsner
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Matt Otis
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Parker
- The Rogosin Institute and the Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - John Rohloff
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Glenn Sanders
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah Sattin
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Britta Singer
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Alana Sterkel
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alex Stewart
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | | | - Mike Vrkljan
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Walker
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LG); (JJW)
| | - Mike Watrobka
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sheela Waugh
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Allison Weiss
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Chi Zhang
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dom Zichi
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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Gold L, Ayers D, Bertino J, Bock C, Bock A, Brody E, Carter J, Cunningham V, Dalby A, Eaton B, Fitzwater T, Flather D, Forbes A, Foreman T, Fowler C, Gawande B, Goss M, Gunn M, Gupta S, Halladay D, Heil J, Heilig J, Hicke B, Husar G, Janjic N, Jarvis T, Jennings S, Katilius E, Keeney T, Kim N, Kaske T, Koch T, Kraemer S, Kroiss L, Le N, Levine D, Lindsey W, Lollo B, Mayfield W, Mehan M, Mehler R, Nelson M, Nelson S, Nieuwlandt D, Nikrad M, Ochsner U, Ostroff R, Otis M, Parker T, Pietrasiewicz S, Resnicow D, Rohloff J, Sanders G, Sattin S, Schneider D, Singer B, Stanton M, Sterkel A, Stewart A, Stratford S, Vaught J, Vrkljan M, Walker J, Watrobka M, Waugh S, Weiss A, Wilcox S, Wolfson A, Wolk S, Zhang C, Zichi D. Aptamer-based multiplexed proteomic technology for biomarker discovery. Nat Prec 2010. [PMCID: PMC9482674 DOI: 10.1038/npre.2010.4538.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interrogation of the human proteome in a highly multiplexed and efficient manner remains a coveted and challenging goal in biology. We present a new aptamer-based proteomic technology for biomarker discovery capable of simultaneously measuring thousands of proteins from small sample volumes (15 [mu]L of serum or plasma). Our current assay allows us to measure ~800 proteins with very low limits of detection (1 pM average), 7 logs of overall dynamic range, and 5% average coefficient of variation. This technology is enabled by a new generation of aptamers that contain chemically modified nucleotides, which greatly expand the physicochemical diversity of the large randomized nucleic acid libraries from which the aptamers are selected. Proteins in complex matrices such as plasma are measured with a process that transforms a signature of protein concentrations into a corresponding DNA aptamer concentration signature, which is then quantified with a DNA microarray. In essence, our assay takes advantage of the dual nature of aptamers as both folded binding entities with defined shapes and unique sequences recognizable by specific hybridization probes. To demonstrate the utility of our proteomics biomarker discovery technology, we applied it to a clinical study of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We identified two well known CKD biomarkers as well as an additional 58 potential CKD biomarkers. These results demonstrate the potential utility of our technology to discover unique protein signatures characteristic of various disease states. More generally, we describe a versatile and powerful tool that allows large-scale comparison of proteome profiles among discrete populations. This unbiased and highly multiplexed search engine will enable the discovery of novel biomarkers in a manner that is unencumbered by our incomplete knowledge of biology, thereby helping to advance the next generation of evidence-based medicine.
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