Reconnaissance of Surface Water Estrogenicity and the Prevalence of Intersex in Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus Dolomieu) Inhabiting New Jersey

The observation of testicular oocytes in male fishes has been utilized as a biomarker of estrogenic endocrine disruption. A reconnaissance project led in the Northeastern United States (US) during the period of 2008–2010 identified a high prevalence of intersex smallmouth bass on or near US Fish & Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuges that included the observation of 100% prevalence in smallmouth bass males collected from the Wallkill River, NJ, USA. To better assess the prevalence of intersex smallmouth bass across the state of New Jersey, a tiered reconnaissance approach was initiated during the fall of 2016. Surface water samples were collected from 101 (85 river, 16 lake/reservoir) sites across the state at base-flow conditions for estrogenicity bioassay screening. Detectable estrogenicity was observed at 90% of the sites and 64% were above the US Environmental Protection Agency trigger level of 1 ng/L. Median surface water estrogenicity was 1.8 ng/L and a maximum of 6.9 ng/L E2Eq_BLYES was observed. Adult smallmouth bass were collected from nine sites, pre-spawn during the spring of 2017. Intersex was identified in fish at all sites, and the composite intersex prevalence was 93.8%. Prevalence across sites ranged from 70.6% to 100%. In addition to intersex, there was detectable plasma vitellogenin in males at all sites. Total estrogenicity in surface water was determined at these fish collection sites, and notable change over time was observed. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive correlations between land use (altered land; urban + agriculture) and surface water estrogenicity. There were no clear associations between land use and organismal metrics of estrogenic endocrine disruption (intersex or vitellogenin). This work establishes a baseline prevalence of intersex in male smallmouth bass in the state of New Jersey at a limited number of locations and identifies a number of waterbodies with estrogenic activity above an effects-based threshold.

Oral nimodipine reduces prostaglandin and thromboxane production by arteries chronically exposed to a periarterial haematoma and the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid

The calcium antagonist nimodipine blocks the effects of many vasoconstrictors of cerebrovascular smooth muscle and may reduce the incidence of delayed cerebral ischaemia following subarachnoid haemorrhage though not necessarily by inhibiting the development of angiographic cerebral vasospasm. Post-haemorrhagic CSF contains abnormally large quantities of various eicosanoids that partly reflect enhanced production by cerebral arteries. Does nimodipine affect this process? The extra-arterial and intra-arterial production of PG6 keto-F1 alpha, PGE2, PGF2 alpha and TXB2 were measured in perfused common carotid arteries taken from rabbits in which the arteries had been ensheathed by blood clot in vivo for 7 days. All rabbits were given the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid to retard resolution of the clot, and half were given oral nimodipine (2 mg/kg/day) for 10 days. Nimodipine significantly reduced the extra-arterial production of TXB2 during the third and fourth hours of perfusion and, less consistently, the production of PGF2 alpha, PGE2 and PG6 keto-F1 alpha. Lutrol, the solvent for nimodipine, had no such effect.