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Chai C, Cox B, Yaish D, Gross D, Rosenberg N, Amblard F, Shemuelian Z, Gefen M, Korach A, Tirosh O, Lanton T, Link H, Tam J, Permyakova A, Ozhan G, Citrin J, Liao H, Tannous M, Hahn M, Axelrod J, Arretxe E, Alonso C, Martinez-Arranz I, Betés PO, Safadi R, Salhab A, Amer J, Tber Z, Mengshetti S, Giladi H, Schinazi RF, Galun E. Agonist of RORA Attenuates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Progression in Mice via Up-regulation of MicroRNA 122. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:999-1014.e9. [PMID: 32450149 PMCID: PMC7722250 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with reductions in hepatic microRNA122 (MIR122); the RAR related orphan receptor A (RORA) promotes expression of MIR122. Increasing expression of RORA in livers of mice increases expression of MIR122 and reduces lipotoxicity. We investigated the effects of a RORA agonist in mouse models of NASH. METHODS We screened a chemical library to identify agonists of RORA and tested their effects on a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh7). C57BL/6 mice were fed a chow or high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks to induce fatty liver. Mice were given hydrodynamic tail vein injections of a MIR122 antagonist (antagomiR-122) or a control antagomiR once each week for 3 weeks while still on the HFD or chow diet, or intraperitoneal injections of the RORA agonist RS-2982 or vehicle, twice each week for 3 weeks. Livers, gonad white adipose, and skeletal muscle were collected and analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, histology, and immunohistochemistry. A separate group of mice were fed an atherogenic diet, with or without injections of RS-2982 for 3 weeks; livers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and plasma was analyzed for levels of aminotransferases. We analyzed data from liver tissues from patients with NASH included in the RNA-sequencing databases GSE33814 and GSE89632. RESULTS Injection of mice with antagomiR-122 significantly reduced levels of MIR122 in plasma, liver, and white adipose tissue; in mice on an HFD, antagomiR-122 injections increased fat droplets and total triglyceride content in liver and reduced β-oxidation and energy expenditure, resulting in significantly more weight gain than in mice given the control microRNA. We identified RS-2982 as an agonist of RORA and found it to increase expression of MIR122 promoter activity in Huh7 cells. In mice fed an HFD or atherogenic diet, injections of RS-2982 increased hepatic levels of MIR122 precursors and reduced hepatic synthesis of triglycerides by reducing expression of biosynthesis enzymes. In these mice, RS-2982 significantly reduced hepatic lipotoxicity, reduced liver fibrosis, increased insulin resistance, and reduced body weight compared with mice injected with vehicle. Patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery had increased levels of plasma MIR122 compared to its levels before surgery; increased expression of plasma MIR122 was associated with increased levels of plasma free fatty acids and levels of RORA. CONCLUSIONS We identified the compound RS-2982 as an agonist of RORA that increases expression of MIR122 in cell lines and livers of mice. Mice fed an HFD or atherogenic diet given injections of RS-2982 had reduced hepatic lipotoxicity, liver fibrosis, and body weight compared with mice given the vehicle. Agonists of RORA might be developed for treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chofit Chai
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bryan Cox
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dayana Yaish
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Devora Gross
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nofar Rosenberg
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Franck Amblard
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zohar Shemuelian
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maytal Gefen
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amit Korach
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Tirosh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Lanton
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Henrike Link
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Center for Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna Permyakova
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Center for Cannabinoid Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Jonathan Citrin
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Haixing Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mirna Tannous
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Hahn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Axelrod
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Enara Arretxe
- OWL Metabolomics, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Rifaat Safadi
- Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ahmad Salhab
- Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Johnny Amer
- Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zahira Tber
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Seema Mengshetti
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hilla Giladi
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology Emory University, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eithan Galun
- Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Pueschel MJ, Faber BJ, Citrin J, Hegna CC, Terry PW, Hatch DR. Stellarator Turbulence: Subdominant Eigenmodes and Quasilinear Modeling. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:085001. [PMID: 26967418 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.085001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Owing to complex geometry, gyrokinetic simulations in stellarator geometry produce large numbers of subdominant unstable and stable, near-orthogonal eigenmodes. Here, results based on the full eigenmode spectrum in stellarator geometry are presented for the first time. In the nonlinear state of a low-magnetic-shear ion-temperature-gradient-driven case, a multitude of these modes are active and imprint the system. Turbulent frequency spectra are broadband as a consequence, in addition to a nonlinear, narrow signature at electron frequencies. It is shown that successful quasilinear, mixing-length transport modeling is possible in stellarators, where it is essential to account for all subdominant unstable modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pueschel
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Faber
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Citrin
- FOM Institute DIFFER, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - C C Hegna
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P W Terry
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D R Hatch
- Institute for Fusion Studies, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Citrin J, Jenko F, Mantica P, Told D, Bourdelle C, Garcia J, Haverkort JW, Hogeweij GMD, Johnson T, Pueschel MJ. Nonlinear stabilization of tokamak microturbulence by fast ions. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:155001. [PMID: 24160605 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.155001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear electromagnetic stabilization by suprathermal pressure gradients found in specific regimes is shown to be a key factor in reducing tokamak microturbulence, augmenting significantly the thermal pressure electromagnetic stabilization. Based on nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations investigating a set of ion heat transport experiments on the JET tokamak, described by Mantica et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 135004 (2011)], this result explains the experimentally observed ion heat flux and stiffness reduction. These findings are expected to improve the extrapolation of advanced tokamak scenarios to reactor relevant regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Citrin
- FOM Institute DIFFER-Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Association EURATOM-FOM, Trilateral Euregio Cluster, PO Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands and CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
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