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Cañeda-Guzmán IC, de Oca-Aguilar ACM, Miranda-Caballero CI, Grostieta E, Correa-Morales F, Romero-Pérez R, Romero-Contreras FE, Rodríguez-Atanacio JA, Ruiz-Tovar K, Huerta H, Mis-Avila PC, Quintanilla-Cedillo MR, Lammoglia-Villagómez MA, Blum-Domínguez S, Tamay-Segovia P, Rojas-Ronquillo R, Sánchez-Montes S, Becker I. Entomological Survey and Leishmania ( Leishmania) mexicana Prevalence in Sand Fly Species during an Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Quintana Roo State, Mexico. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:465. [PMID: 37888593 PMCID: PMC10610947 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne disease that has become a serious public health problem in the Yucatan Peninsula. Although more than 60% of cases originate from the state of Quintana Roo, it is one of the least explored areas in terms of incriminating vectors of the Leishmania parasite. Additionally, cases of leishmaniasis have increased substantially in that region in recent years. For this reason, we explored and provided primary evidence of Leishmania DNA in sand fly species from four localities during outbreaks of leishmaniasis in Quintana Roo. We also contributed information on the regional genetic diversity of Leishmania parasites. (2) Methods: Sand flies were collected during several periods from November 2022 to April 2023 using Mosquito Light Circle and Shannon traps, as well as an active entomological search in refuges. For Leishmania detection, we amplified a fragment of 300-350 bp of the internal transcribed spacer subunit 1 (ITS-1). (3) Results: Of the 242 females collected, we detected Leishmania DNA in 25 specimens represented by Bichromomyia olmeca (1), Psathyromyia shannoni (17), Lutzomyia cruciata (4), Psathyromyia undulata (2), and Dampfomyia deleoni (1). The detection of Leishmania in these last two species represents new records for the Yucatan Peninsula and for Mexico. Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana was the only species detected in the Phlebotominae species, with prevalence values that ranked between 7.41% and 33.33% from specimens collected in the sylvatic areas of Cozumel Island and Petcacab. (4) Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence of infection of Da. deleoni and Pa. undulata by L. (L.) Mexicana. In addition, the presence of three dominant haplotypes in all the evaluated localities was evidenced using the analysis of genetic diversity, and the locality of Petcacab was the one with the circulation of two new haplotypes not previously described in Mexico or neighboring countries. These results highlight the importance of intensive epidemiological surveillance due to the dynamics of transmission of Leishmania between different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C. Cañeda-Guzmán
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (I.C.C.-G.); (C.I.M.-C.); (E.G.)
| | - Ana C. Montes de Oca-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán 97000, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Carlos I. Miranda-Caballero
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (I.C.C.-G.); (C.I.M.-C.); (E.G.)
| | - Estefania Grostieta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (I.C.C.-G.); (C.I.M.-C.); (E.G.)
| | - Fabián Correa-Morales
- Programa de Enfermedades Transmitidas Por Vectores, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 11800, Mexico; (F.C.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (F.E.R.-C.); (J.A.R.-A.)
| | - Raquel Romero-Pérez
- Programa de Enfermedades Transmitidas Por Vectores, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 11800, Mexico; (F.C.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (F.E.R.-C.); (J.A.R.-A.)
| | - Francisco E. Romero-Contreras
- Programa de Enfermedades Transmitidas Por Vectores, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 11800, Mexico; (F.C.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (F.E.R.-C.); (J.A.R.-A.)
| | - José A. Rodríguez-Atanacio
- Programa de Enfermedades Transmitidas Por Vectores, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 11800, Mexico; (F.C.-M.); (R.R.-P.); (F.E.R.-C.); (J.A.R.-A.)
| | - Karina Ruiz-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos ‘Dr, Manuel Martínez Báez’, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 01480, Mexico; (K.R.-T.); (H.H.)
| | - Herón Huerta
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos ‘Dr, Manuel Martínez Báez’, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 01480, Mexico; (K.R.-T.); (H.H.)
| | - Pedro. C Mis-Avila
- Departamento de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector y Zoonosis, Servicios Estatales de Salud de Quintana Roo, Chetumal Quintana Roo 77000, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel A. Lammoglia-Villagómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano, Veracruz 92870, Mexico; (M.A.L.-V.); (R.R.-R.)
| | - Selene Blum-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Tropicales, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche 24039, Mexico;
| | - Paulino Tamay-Segovia
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores y Zoonosis, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche 24039, Mexico;
| | - Rebeca Rojas-Ronquillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano, Veracruz 92870, Mexico; (M.A.L.-V.); (R.R.-R.)
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (I.C.C.-G.); (C.I.M.-C.); (E.G.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano, Veracruz 92870, Mexico; (M.A.L.-V.); (R.R.-R.)
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (I.C.C.-G.); (C.I.M.-C.); (E.G.)
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Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Fernández-Santos NA, Orozco-Algarra ME, Rodríguez-Atanacio JA, Domínguez-Vázquez A, Rodríguez-Morales KB, Real-Najarro O, Prado-Velasco FG, Cupp EW, Richards FO, Hassan HK, González-Roldán JF, Kuri-Morales PA, Unnasch TR. Elimination of Onchocerciasis from Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003922. [PMID: 26161558 PMCID: PMC4498594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico is one of the six countries formerly endemic for onchocerciasis in Latin America. Transmission has been interrupted in the three endemic foci of that country and mass drug distribution has ceased. Three years after mass drug distribution ended, post-treatment surveillance (PTS) surveys were undertaken which employed entomological indicators to check for transmission recrudescence. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In-depth entomologic assessments were performed in 18 communities in the three endemic foci of Mexico. None of the 108,212 Simulium ochraceum s.l. collected from the three foci were found to contain parasite DNA when tested by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PCR-ELISA), resulting in a maximum upper bound of the 95% confidence interval (95%-ULCI) of the infective rate in the vectors of 0.035/2,000 flies examined. This is an order of magnitude below the threshold of a 95%-ULCI of less than one infective fly per 2,000 flies tested, the current entomological criterion for interruption of transmission developed by the international community. The point estimate of seasonal transmission potential (STP) was zero, and the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval for the STP ranged from 1.2 to 1.7 L3/person/season in the different foci. This value is below all previous estimates for the minimum transmission potential required to maintain the parasite population. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results from the in-depth entomological post treatment surveillance surveys strongly suggest that transmission has not resumed in the three foci of Mexico during the three years since the last distribution of ivermectin occurred; it was concluded that transmission remains undetectable without intervention, and Onchocerca volvulus has been eliminated from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia A. Fernández-Santos
- Dirección General de Programas Preventivos, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - María E. Orozco-Algarra
- Dirección General de Programas Preventivos, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - José A. Rodríguez-Atanacio
- Dirección General de Programas Preventivos, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | | | | | | | - Francisco G. Prado-Velasco
- Programa de Eliminación de la Oncocercosis en Chiapas, Departamento de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Secretaría de Salud Unidad Administrativa, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México
| | - Eddie W. Cupp
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Frank O. Richards
- River Blindness Program, Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hassan K. Hassan
- Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health,University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jesús F. González-Roldán
- Dirección General de Programas Preventivos, Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, México
| | - Pablo A. Kuri-Morales
- Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Colonia Juárez, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, México, D.F., México
| | - Thomas R. Unnasch
- Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health,University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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