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Blees MK, Barnard AW, Rose PA, Roberts SP, McGill KL, Huang PY, Ruyack AR, Kevek JW, Kobrin B, Muller DA, McEuen PL. Graphene kirigami. Nature 2015. [PMID: 26222025 DOI: 10.1038/naturel4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, practitioners of origami ('ori', fold; 'kami', paper) and kirigami ('kiru', cut) have fashioned sheets of paper into beautiful and complex three-dimensional structures. Both techniques are scalable, and scientists and engineers are adapting them to different two-dimensional starting materials to create structures from the macro- to the microscale. Here we show that graphene is well suited for kirigami, allowing us to build robust microscale structures with tunable mechanical properties. The material parameter crucial for kirigami is the Föppl-von Kármán number γ: an indication of the ratio between in-plane stiffness and out-of-plane bending stiffness, with high numbers corresponding to membranes that more easily bend and crumple than they stretch and shear. To determine γ, we measure the bending stiffness of graphene monolayers that are 10-100 micrometres in size and obtain a value that is thousands of times higher than the predicted atomic-scale bending stiffness. Interferometric imaging attributes this finding to ripples in the membrane that stiffen the graphene sheets considerably, to the extent that γ is comparable to that of a standard piece of paper. We may therefore apply ideas from kirigami to graphene sheets to build mechanical metamaterials such as stretchable electrodes, springs, and hinges. These results establish graphene kirigami as a simple yet powerful and customizable approach for fashioning one-atom-thick graphene sheets into resilient and movable parts with microscale dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina K Blees
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Arthur W Barnard
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Peter A Rose
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Samantha P Roberts
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Kathryn L McGill
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Pinshane Y Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Alexander R Ruyack
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Joshua W Kevek
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Bryce Kobrin
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - David A Muller
- 1] School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA [2] Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Paul L McEuen
- 1] Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA [2] Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Sharf T, Wang NP, Kevek JW, Brown MA, Wilson H, Heinze S, Minot ED. Single electron charge sensitivity of liquid-gated carbon nanotube transistors. Nano Lett 2014; 14:4925-30. [PMID: 25160798 DOI: 10.1021/nl403983u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Random telegraph signals corresponding to activated charge traps were observed with liquid-gated CNT FETs. The high signal-to-noise ratio that we observe demonstrates that single electron charge sensing is possible with CNT FETs in liquids at room temperature. We have characterized the gate-voltage dependence of the random telegraph signals and compared to theoretical predictions. The gate-voltage dependence clearly identifies the sign of the activated trapped charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Sharf
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6507, United States
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Deborde T, Aspitarte L, Sharf T, Kevek JW, Minot ED. Photothermoelectric effect in suspended semiconducting carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 2014; 8:216-221. [PMID: 24354300 DOI: 10.1021/nn403137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have performed scanning photocurrent microscopy measurements of field-effect transistors (FETs) made from individual ultraclean suspended carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We investigate the spatial-dependence, polarization-dependence, and gate-dependence of photocurrent and photovoltage in this system. While previous studies of surface-bound CNT FET devices have identified the photovoltaic effect as the primary mechanism of photocurrent generation, our measurements show that photothermoelectric phenomena play a critical role in the optoelectronic properties of suspended CNT FETs. We have quantified the photothermoelectric mechanisms and identified regimes where they overwhelm the photovoltaic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Deborde
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Brennan LD, Roland T, Morton DG, Fellman SM, Chung S, Soltani M, Kevek JW, McEuen PM, Kemphues KJ, Wang MD. Small molecule injection into single-cell C. elegans embryos via carbon-reinforced nanopipettes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75712. [PMID: 24086620 PMCID: PMC3784451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of chemical inhibitors into living cells at specific times in development is a useful method for investigating the roles of specific proteins or cytoskeletal components in developmental processes. Some embryos, such as those of Caenorhabditis elegans, however, possess a tough eggshell that makes introducing drugs and other molecules into embryonic cells challenging. We have developed a procedure using carbon-reinforced nanopipettes (CRNPs) to deliver molecules into C. elegans embryos with high temporal control. The use of CRNPs allows for cellular manipulation to occur just subsequent to meiosis II with minimal damage to the embryo. We have used our technique to replicate classical experiments using latrunculin A to inhibit microfilaments and assess its effects on early polarity establishment. Our injections of latrunculin A confirm the necessity of microfilaments in establishing anterior-posterior polarity at this early stage, even when microtubules remain intact. Further, we find that latrunculin A treatment does not prevent association of PAR-2 or PAR-6 with the cell cortex. Our experiments demonstrate the application of carbon-reinforced nanopipettes to the study of one temporally-confined developmental event. The use of CRNPs to introduce molecules into the embryo should be applicable to investigations at later developmental stages as well as other cells with tough outer coverings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy D. Brennan
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Thibault Roland
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Morton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Shanna M. Fellman
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - SueYeon Chung
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua W. Kevek
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul M. McEuen
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Kemphues
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDW); (KJK)
| | - Michelle D. Wang
- Department of Physics - Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDW); (KJK)
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Havener RW, Kim CJ, Brown L, Kevek JW, Sleppy JD, McEuen PL, Park J. Hyperspectral imaging of structure and composition in atomically thin heterostructures. Nano Lett 2013; 13:3942-3946. [PMID: 23841492 DOI: 10.1021/nl402062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Precise vertical stacking and lateral stitching of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), can be used to create ultrathin heterostructures with complex functionalities, but this diversity of behaviors also makes these new materials difficult to characterize. We report a DUV-vis-NIR hyperspectral microscope that provides imaging and spectroscopy at energies of up to 6.2 eV, allowing comprehensive, all-optical mapping of chemical composition in graphene/h-BN lateral heterojunctions and interlayer rotations in twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG). With the addition of transmission electron microscopy, we obtain quantitative structure-property relationships, confirming the formation of interfaces in graphene/h-BN lateral heterojunctions that are abrupt on a micrometer scale, and a one-to-one relationship between twist angle and interlayer optical resonances in tBLG. Furthermore, we perform similar hyperspectral imaging of samples that are supported on a nontransparent silicon/SiO2 substrate, enabling facile fabrication of atomically thin heterostructure devices with known composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W Havener
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Sharf T, Kevek JW, Deborde T, Wardini JL, Minot ED. Origins of charge noise in carbon nanotube field-effect transistor biosensors. Nano Lett 2012; 12:6380-6384. [PMID: 23171196 DOI: 10.1021/nl303651t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Determining the major noise sources in nanoscale field-effect transistor (nanoFET) biosensors is critical for improving bioelectronic interfaces. We use the carbon nanotube (CNT) FET biosensor platform to examine the noise generated by substrate interactions and surface adsorbates, both of which are present in current nanoFET biosensors. The charge noise model is used as a quantitative framework to show that insulating substrates and surface adsorbates are both significant contributors to the noise floor of CNT FET biosensors. Removing substrate interactions and surface adsorbates reduces the power spectral density of background voltage fluctuations by 19-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Sharf
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6507, United States
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Thanh QN, Jeong H, Kim J, Kevek JW, Ahn YH, Lee S, Minot ED, Park JY. Transfer-printing of as-fabricated carbon nanotube devices onto various substrates. Adv Mater 2012; 24:4499-504. [PMID: 22740115 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exact replicas of carbon nanotube devices as fabricated on SiO(2) /Si substrates are prepared on various non-conventional substrates such as nonplanar or soft substrates by a simple, yet versatile, transfer-printing "cut-and-paste" method. In this way, harsh growth and fabrication processes can be minimized on the target substrates. The electrical characteristics of transfer-printed devices are compared to those of original devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy Nguyen Thanh
- Department of Physics and Division of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
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Almaqwashi AA, Kevek JW, Burton RM, DeBorde T, Minot ED. Variable-force microscopy for advanced characterization of horizontally aligned carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2011; 22:275717. [PMID: 21613731 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/27/275717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) performed with variable-force imaging was recently demonstrated to be an accurate method of determining the diameter and number of sidewalls of a carbon nanotube (CNT). This AFM technique provides an alternative to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) when TEM imaging is not possible due to substrate thickness. We have used variable-force AFM to characterize horizontally aligned CNTs grown on ST-cut quartz. Our measurements reveal new aspects of horizontally aligned growth that are essential for enhancing the performance of CNT-based devices as well as understanding the growth mechanism. First, previously reported optimal growth conditions produce a large spread in CNT diameters and a significant fraction of double-walled CNTs. Second, monodispersity is significantly improved when growth temperature is reduced. Third, CNTs with diameters up to 5 nm align to the substrate, suggesting the interaction between CNTs and the quartz lattice is more robust than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Almaqwashi
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Tomaino JL, Jameson AD, Kevek JW, Paul MJ, van der Zande AM, Barton RA, McEuen PL, Minot ED, Lee YS. Terahertz imaging and spectroscopy of large-area single-layer graphene. Opt Express 2011; 19:141-146. [PMID: 21263550 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate terahertz (THz) imaging and spectroscopy of a 15 × 15-mm2 single-layer graphene film on Si using broadband THz pulses. The THz images clearly map out the THz carrier dynamics of the graphene-on-Si sample, allowing us to measure sheet conductivity with sub-mm resolution without fabricating electrodes. The THz carrier dynamics are dominated by intraband transitions and the THz-induced electron motion is characterized by a flat spectral response. A theoretical analysis based on the Fresnel coefficients for a metallic thin film shows that the local sheet conductivity varies across the sample from σ(s) = 1.7 × 10(-3) to 2.4 × 10(-3) Ω(-1) (sheet resistance, ρ(s) = 420 - 590 Ω/sq).
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Tomaino
- Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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