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Salar FJ, Díaz-Morcillo A, Fayos-Fernández J, Monzó-Cabrera J, Sánchez-Bravo P, Domínguez-Perles R, Fernández PS, García-Viguera C, Periago PM. Microwave Treatment vs. Conventional Pasteurization: The Effect on Phytochemical and Microbiological Quality for Citrus-Maqui Beverages. Foods 2023; 13:101. [PMID: 38201129 PMCID: PMC10778303 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study uncovered the impacts of microwave (MW) treatments compared to conventional pasteurization (TP) on the quality of functional citrus-maqui beverages, with added sucrose or stevia. The influence of these thermal treatments on the microbiological burden and phytochemical composition was determined by processing under two MW power levels (600 W and 800 W) and TP at 85 °C for 15 s for 60 days at room temperature (20 °C). The results indicated that, beyond the microbiological quality achieved in the juices treated by both MW and TP technology, there were no differences among the treatments regarding the stability of vitamin C, anthocyanin, and flavanone concentrations. However, anthocyanins were more stable in those beverages with sucrose added, rendering a better red color. Besides, all treatments ensured microbiological stability throughout the entire storage time. In conclusion, MW treatment could be considered as an alternative to TP, which ensures microbial safety, protecting functional compounds associated with health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Salar
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Alimentos Saludables (LabFAS), Department Food Science and Technology, CSIC, CEBAS, Campus Universitario-25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (F.J.S.); (P.S.-B.); (R.D.-P.)
| | - Alejandro Díaz-Morcillo
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (A.D.-M.); (J.F.-F.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - José Fayos-Fernández
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (A.D.-M.); (J.F.-F.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Juan Monzó-Cabrera
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (A.D.-M.); (J.F.-F.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Paola Sánchez-Bravo
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Alimentos Saludables (LabFAS), Department Food Science and Technology, CSIC, CEBAS, Campus Universitario-25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (F.J.S.); (P.S.-B.); (R.D.-P.)
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Carretera de Beniel km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez-Perles
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Alimentos Saludables (LabFAS), Department Food Science and Technology, CSIC, CEBAS, Campus Universitario-25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (F.J.S.); (P.S.-B.); (R.D.-P.)
- Unidad Asociada de Calidad y Evaluación de Riesgos de Alimentos, CEBAS (CSIC)-UPCT, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.F.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Pablo S. Fernández
- Unidad Asociada de Calidad y Evaluación de Riesgos de Alimentos, CEBAS (CSIC)-UPCT, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.F.); (P.M.P.)
- Agronomic Engineering Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Viguera
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Alimentos Saludables (LabFAS), Department Food Science and Technology, CSIC, CEBAS, Campus Universitario-25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (F.J.S.); (P.S.-B.); (R.D.-P.)
- Unidad Asociada de Calidad y Evaluación de Riesgos de Alimentos, CEBAS (CSIC)-UPCT, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.F.); (P.M.P.)
| | - Paula M. Periago
- Unidad Asociada de Calidad y Evaluación de Riesgos de Alimentos, CEBAS (CSIC)-UPCT, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (P.S.F.); (P.M.P.)
- Agronomic Engineering Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
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Pérez-Campos R, Monzó-Cabrera J, Fayos-Fernández J, Díaz-Morcillo A, Martínez-González A, Lozano-Guerrero AJ, Pedreño-Molina JL, García-Gambín JA. Dielectric Characterization of Fabric Aggregates around the 2.45 GHz ISM Band under Various Humidity, Density, and Temperature Conditions. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4428. [PMID: 37374612 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Fabric permittivity is critical for the manufacturing of wearable sensors and antennas as well as predicting how fabrics interact with electromagnetic fields. Engineers should also understand how permittivity changes under different temperatures, densities, and moisture content values, or when several fabrics are mixed in aggregates, when designing future applications such as microwave dryers. The permittivity of cotton, polyester, and polyamide fabric aggregates is investigated in this paper for a wide range of compositions, moisture content levels, density values, and temperature conditions around the 2.45 GHz ISM band using a bi-reentrant resonant cavity. The obtained results show extremely comparable responses for all characteristics investigated for single and binary fabric aggregates. Permittivity always increases as temperature, density, or moisture content levels rise. Moisture content is the most influential characteristic, causing enormous variations in the permittivity of aggregates. Fitting equations are supplied for all data, with exponential functions used to accurately model variation in temperature and polynomial functions employed to precisely model density and moisture content variations with low error levels. The temperature permittivity dependence of single fabrics without the influence of air gaps is also extracted from fabric and air aggregates by using complex refractive index equations for two-phase mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pérez-Campos
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Juan Monzó-Cabrera
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - José Fayos-Fernández
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alejandro Díaz-Morcillo
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-González
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Antonio José Lozano-Guerrero
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Pedreño-Molina
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio García-Gambín
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
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Pérez-Campos R, Fayos-Fernández J, Monzó-Cabrera J. Permittivity measurements for raw and boiled quinoa seeds versus temperature, bulk density, and moisture content. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100528. [PMID: 37333500 PMCID: PMC10272315 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa is a nutrient-rich pseudocereal that is gaining popularity in European countries since it is gluten-free and an interesting source of fat, proteins, minerals, and amino acids. However, up to date, the electric permittivity of quinoa seeds has not been measured and, therefore, this hampers the possibility of designing optimized recipes for its microwave processing. In this work, the permittivity of both raw and boiled quinoa seeds is measured around 2.45 GHz at several conditions for temperature, moisture content, and bulk density. The grain kernel permittivity is also estimated from the Complex Refractive Index (CRI) mixture equation and different bulk density measurements. The obtained results show different temperature behaviours for raw and boiled seeds, whereas the permittivity of quinoa seeds versus moisture content and bulk density was as expected: the permittivity (both the dielectric constant and loss factor) levels increased as the observed variables did. From the measured data, it can be concluded that both raw and boiled quinoa can be processed with microwave technology, although care must be taken with raw quinoa grain kernels since the permittivity increases significantly with temperature, and a thermal runaway may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pérez-Campos
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202, Cartagena, Spain
| | - José Fayos-Fernández
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Juan Monzó-Cabrera
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202, Cartagena, Spain
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Martínez-González A, Monzó-Cabrera J, Martínez-Sáez AJ, Lozano-Guerrero AJ. Minimization of measuring points for the electric field exposure map generation in indoor environments by means of Kriging interpolation and selective sampling. Environ Res 2022; 212:113577. [PMID: 35636463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a world with increasing systems accessing to radio spectrum, the concern for exposure to electromagnetic fields is growing and therefore it is necessary to check limits in those areas where electromagnetic sources are working. Therefore, radio and exposure maps are continuously being generated, mainly in outdoor areas, by using many interpolation techniques. In this work, Surfer software and Kriging interpolation have been used for the first time to generate an indoor exposure map. A regular measuring mesh has been generated. Elimination of Less Significant Points (ELSP) and Geometrical Elimination of Neighbors (GEN) strategies to reduce the measuring points have been presented and evaluated. Both strategies have been compared to the map generated with all the measurements by calculating the root mean square and mean absolute errors. Results indicate that ELSP method can reduce up to 70% of the mesh measuring points while producing similar exposure maps to the one generated with all the measuring points. GEN, however, produces distorted maps and much higher error indicators even for 50% of eliminated measuring points. As a conclusion, a procedure for reducing the measuring points to generate radio and exposure maps is proposed based on the ELSP method and the Kriging interpolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez-González
- Electromagnetics and Matter Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla, Cartagena, E-30202, Spain.
| | - J Monzó-Cabrera
- Electromagnetics and Matter Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla, Cartagena, E-30202, Spain
| | - A J Martínez-Sáez
- Electromagnetics and Matter Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla, Cartagena, E-30202, Spain
| | - A J Lozano-Guerrero
- Electromagnetics and Matter Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla, Cartagena, E-30202, Spain
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Pérez-Campos R, Fayos-Fernández J, Monzó-Cabrera J, Martín Salamanca F, López Valentín J, Catalá-Civera JM, Plaza-González P, Sánchez-Marín JR. Dynamic Permittivity Measurement of Ground-Tire Rubber (GTR) during Microwave-Assisted Devulcanization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173543. [PMID: 36080618 PMCID: PMC9460287 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many efforts are being made to find innovative ways of recycling rubber from end-of-life tires (ELTs), also called ground tire Rubber (GTR). Recycling through devulcanization allows the reintroduction of rubber back into the manufacturing industry. Such a process requires providing enough energy to break the sulfur links, while preventing damage to the polymeric chain. Microwave heating is controllable, efficient, and it does not rely on conventional heating mechanisms (conduction, convection) which may involve high heating losses, but rather on direct dielectric heating. However, to adequately control the microwave-assisted devulcanization performance, a thorough knowledge of the GTR permittivity versus temperature is required. In this work, GTR permittivity was monitored during its devulcanization. A resonant technique based on a dual-mode cylindrical cavity was used to simultaneously heat rubber and measure its permittivity at around 2 GHz. The results show sharp changes in the GTR permittivity at 160 and 190 °C. After the GTR cooled down, a shifted permittivity evidences a change in the GTR structure caused by the devulcanization process. Microwave-assisted devulcanization effectiveness is proven through time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements, by verifying the decrease in the cross-link density of processed GTR samples compared to the original sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pérez-Campos
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - José Fayos-Fernández
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), 30202 Cartagena, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968-326-595
| | - Juan Monzó-Cabrera
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín Salamanca
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan López Valentín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Catalá-Civera
- Instituto de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Plaza-González
- Instituto de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Rafael Sánchez-Marín
- Instituto de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Álvarez A, Fayos-Fernández J, Monzó-Cabrera J, Cocero MJ, Mato RB. Measurement and correlation of the dielectric properties of a grape pomace extraction media. Effect of temperature and composition. J FOOD ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pedreño-Molina JL, Monzó-Cabrera J, Lozano-Guerrero A, Toledo-Moreo A. Design and Validation of a Ten-Port Waveguide Reflectometer Sensor: Application to Efficiency Measurement and Optimization of Microwave-Heating Ovens. Sensors (Basel) 2008; 8:7833-7849. [PMID: 27873961 PMCID: PMC3790992 DOI: 10.3390/s8127833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the design, manufacturing process, calibration and validation of a new microwave ten-port waveguide reflectometer based on the use of neural networks. This low-cost novel device solves some of the shortcomings of previous reflectometers such as non-linear behavior of power sensors, noise presence and the complexity of the calibration procedure, which is often based on complex mathematical equations. These problems, which imply the reduction of the reflection coefficient measurement accuracy, have been overcome by using a higher number of probes than usual six-port configurations and by means of the use of Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks in order to reduce the influence of noise and non-linear processes over the measurements. Additionally, this sensor can be reconfigured whenever some of the eight coaxial power detectors fail, still providing accurate values in real time. The ten-port performance has been compared against a high-cost measurement instrument such as a vector network analyzer and applied to the measurement and optimization of energy efficiency of microwave ovens, with good results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Pedreño-Molina
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena / Campus Muralla del Mar s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan Monzó-Cabrera
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena / Campus Muralla del Mar s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Lozano-Guerrero
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena / Campus Muralla del Mar s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ana Toledo-Moreo
- Departamento de Tecnología Electrónica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena / Campus Muralla del Mar s/n, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
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Romera-Fernández J, Monzó-Cabrera J, Requena-Pérez ME, Vila-Marín MP, Martínez-González A. Development of a new procedure for the application of microwave energy during marble slab production. J Microw Power Electromagn Energy 2007; 40:198-210. [PMID: 17847674 DOI: 10.1080/08327823.2005.11688547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work a new microwave-heating procedure is presented as a viable alternative for both the conventional and ultraviolet (UV) curing systems used in the natural stone industry. Both thermal simulations and experimental tests demonstrate that microwave energy highly reduces curing and storing times while maintaining the product's final quality. Several polymer mixtures have been obtained from commercial products and fillers for maximum microwave absorption and their complex permittivity has been properly measured. A continuous industrial microwave oven has been built specifically for this purpose and tested on Crema-Sierra Puerta marble samples and commercial epoxy and polyester resins.
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Pedreño-Molina J, Pinzolas M, Monzó-Cabrera J. A new methodology for in situ calibration of a neural network-based software sensor for S-parameter prediction in six-port reflectometers. Neurocomputing 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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