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Ventura Fernandes BH, Feitosa NM, Barbosa AP, Bomfim CG, Garnique AMB, Rosa IF, Rodrigues MS, Doretto LB, Costa DF, Camargo-Dos-Santos B, Franco GA, Neto JF, Lunardi JS, Bellot MS, Alves NPC, Costa CC, Aracati MF, Rodrigues LF, Costa CC, Cirilo RH, Colagrande RM, Gomes FIF, Nakajima RT, Belo MAA, Giaquinto PC, de Oliveira SL, Eto SF, Fernandes DC, Manrique WG, Conde G, Rosales RRC, Todeschini I, Rivero I, Llontop E, Sgro GG, Oka GU, Bueno NF, Ferraris FK, de Magalhães MTQ, Medeiros RJ, Mendonça-Gomes JM, Junqueira MS, Conceição K, Pontes LGD, Condino-Neto A, Perez AC, Barcellos LJG, Júnior JDC, Dorlass EG, Camara NOS, Durigon EL, Cunha FQ, Nóbrega RH, Machado-Santelli GM, Farah CS, Veras FP, Galindo-Villegas J, Costa-Lotufo LV, Cunha TM, Chammas R, Carvalho LR, Guzzo CR, Malafaia G, Charlie-Silva I. Toxicity of spike fragments SARS-CoV-2 S protein for zebrafish: A tool to study its hazardous for human health? Sci Total Environ 2022; 813:152345. [PMID: 34942250 PMCID: PMC8688160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant increase in the generation of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated domestic and hospital wastewater, little is known about the ecotoxicological effects of the virus or its structural components in freshwater vertebrates. In this context, this study evaluated the deleterious effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on the health of Danio rerio, zebrafish. We demonstrated, for the first time, that zebrafish injected with fragment 16 to 165 (rSpike), which corresponds to the N-terminal portion of the protein, presented mortalities and adverse effects on liver, kidney, ovary and brain tissues. The conserved genetic homology between zebrafish and humans might be one of the reasons for the intense toxic effects followed inflammatory reaction from the immune system of zebrafish to rSpike which provoked damage to organs in a similar pattern as happen in severe cases of COVID-19 in humans, and, resulted in 78,6% of survival rate in female adults during the first seven days. The application of spike protein in zebrafish was highly toxic that is suitable for future studies to gather valuable information about ecotoxicological impacts, as well as vaccine responses and therapeutic approaches in human medicine. Therefore, besides representing an important tool to assess the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the aquatic environment, we present the zebrafish as an animal model for translational COVID-19 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca H Ventura Fernandes
- Laboratório de Controle Genético e Sanitário, Diretoria Técnica de Apoio ao Ensino e Pesquisa, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Martins Feitosa
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais (LIBT), Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Gasque Bomfim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anali M B Garnique
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivana F Rosa
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maira S Rodrigues
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Doretto
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel F Costa
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Camargo-Dos-Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabrielli A Franco
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - João Favero Neto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sartori Lunardi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Sanson Bellot
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Nina Pacheco Capelini Alves
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila C Costa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Mayumi F Aracati
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Rodrigues
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Camila C Costa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Hemily Cirilo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Raul Marcelino Colagrande
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco I F Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael T Nakajima
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Percília Cardoso Giaquinto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Instituto de Biociências - Departamento de Fisiologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silas Fernandes Eto
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson G Manrique
- Aquaculture Health Research and Extension Group, GRUPESA, Aquaculture Health Laboratory, LABSA, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia, Rolim de Moura campus, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Conde
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Roberta R C Rosales
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Iris Todeschini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ilo Rivero
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edgar Llontop
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Germán G Sgro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Umaji Oka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fausto K Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana T Q de Magalhães
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renata J Medeiros
- Laboratory of Physiology, INCQS/Fiocruz Zebrafish Facility, Departament of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Brasil
| | - Juliana M Mendonça-Gomes
- Transplantation Immunobiology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara Souza Junqueira
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of Sao Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia Conceição
- Laboratory of Peptide Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Gomes de Pontes
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department Immunology, Institute Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department Immunology, Institute Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea C Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J G Barcellos
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil; Laboratory of Fish Physiology, Graduate Program of Bioexperimentation and of Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - José Dias Correa Júnior
- Laboratório do Estudo da Interação Químico Biológica e da Reprodução Animal, LIQBRA, Bloco O3,174, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erick Gustavo Dorlass
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Camara
- Transplantation Immunobiology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael H Nóbrega
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucia M Machado-Santelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chuck S Farah
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio P Veras
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia V Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciani R Carvalho
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia do Departamento de Clinica Medica e Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM 42, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R Guzzo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Brazil.
| | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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