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Rashwan R, Varano della Vergiliana JF, Lansley SM, Cheah HM, Popowicz N, Paton JC, Waterer GW, Townsend T, Kay I, Brown JS, Lee YCG. Streptococcus pneumoniae potently induces cell death in mesothelial cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201530. [PMID: 30059559 PMCID: PMC6066251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleural infection/empyema is common and its incidence continues to rise. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the commonest bacterial cause of empyema in children and among the commonest in adults. The mesothelium represents the first line of defense against invading microorganisms, but mesothelial cell responses to common empyema pathogens, including S. pneumoniae, have seldom been studied. We assessed mesothelial cell viability in vitro following exposure to common empyema pathogens. Clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae from 25 patients with invasive pneumococcal disease and three reference strains were tested. All potently induced death of cultured mesothelial cells (MeT-5A) in a dose- and time-dependent manner (>90% at 107 CFU/mL after 24 hours). No significant mesothelial cell killing was observed when cells were co-cultured with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus milleri group bacteria. S. pneumoniae induced mesothelial cell death via secretory product(s) as cytotoxicity could be: i) reproduced using conditioned media derived from S. pneumoniae and ii) in transwell studies when the bacteria and mesothelial cells were separated. No excess cell death was seen when heat-killed S. pneumoniae were used. Pneumolysin, a cytolytic S. pneumoniae toxin, induced cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner. S. pneumoniae lacking the pneumolysin gene (D39 ΔPLY strain) failed to kill mesothelial cells compared to wild type (D39) controls, confirming the necessity of pneumolysin in D39-induced mesothelial cell death. However, pneumolysin gene mutation in other S. pneumoniae strains (TIGR4, ST3 and ST23F) only partly abolished their cytotoxic effects, suggesting different strains may induce cell death via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Rashwan
- Centre for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Julius F. Varano della Vergiliana
- Centre for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sally M. Lansley
- Centre for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hui Min Cheah
- Centre for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natalia Popowicz
- Centre for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James C. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Grant W. Waterer
- Respiratory Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tiffany Townsend
- Dept of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Kay
- Dept of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremy S. Brown
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Y. C. Gary Lee
- Centre for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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McGuire AL, Bennett SC, Lansley SM, Popowicz ND, Varano della Vergiliana JF, Wong D, Lee YCG, Chakera A. Preclinical assessment of adjunctive tPA and DNase for peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119238. [PMID: 25742006 PMCID: PMC4351066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major complication of peritoneal dialysis is the development of peritonitis, which is associated with reduced technique and patient survival. The inflammatory response elicited by infection results in a fibrin and debris-rich environment within the peritoneal cavity, which may reduce the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents and predispose to recurrence or relapse of infection. Strategies to enhance responses to antimicrobial agents therefore have the potential to improve patient outcomes. This study presents pre-clinical data describing the compatibility of tPA and DNase in combination with antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of PD peritonitis. tPA and DNase were stable in standard dialysate solution and in the presence of antimicrobial agents, and were safe when given intraperitoneally in a mouse model with no evidence of local or systemic toxicity. Adjunctive tPA and DNase may have a role in the management of patients presenting with PD peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. McGuire
- Translational Renal Research Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Australia
- University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia
| | - Sophia C. Bennett
- Translational Renal Research Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Australia
- University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia
| | - Sally M. Lansley
- Pleural Disease Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy Respiratory Research, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia
| | - Natalia D. Popowicz
- Pleural Disease Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy Respiratory Research, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia
| | - Julius F. Varano della Vergiliana
- Pleural Disease Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy Respiratory Research, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel Wong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Y. C. Gary Lee
- Pleural Disease Unit, Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy Respiratory Research, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia
- Respiratory Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Aron Chakera
- Translational Renal Research Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Australia
- University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia
- Renal Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Activation of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) plays a major inflammatory role in the lung, but the contribution of the plasma KKS remains unclear. Plasma KKS involves assembly and activation of high molecular weight kininogen (HK) and plasma prekallikrein (PPK) on cell surfaces, resulting in the liberation of the inflammatory peptide, bradykinin (BK), from HK by plasma kallikrein (PK). To this end, we determined the possible contribution of plasma KKS in BK formation using airway epithelium. The HK binding proteins, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, cytokeratin 1 and gC1qR, were expressed on transformed A549 and BEAS-2B cell lines, as well as on normal lung tissue, but Mac-1 was absent. A549 cells bound FITC-labelled HK, which was only partially inhibited by a combination of antibodies to the HK binding proteins. HK-PPK complex activation on the transformed epithelial cell lines, as well as primary epithelial cells, resulted in PK formation and liberation of BK. HK-PPK activation was inhibited by cysteine, BK and protamine, and by novobiocin, a heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor. In summary, lung epithelial cells support the assembly and activation of the plasma KKS by a mechanism dependent on HSP90, and could contribute to KKS-mediated inflammation in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius F Varano della Vergiliana
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
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Varano della Vergiliana JF, Lansley S, Tan AL, Creaney J, Lee YG, Stewart GA. Mesothelial cells activate the plasma kallikrein-kinin system during pleural inflammation. Biol Chem 2011; 392:633-42. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPleural inflammation underlies the formation of most exudative pleural effusions and the plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is known to contribute. Mesothelial cells are the predominant cell type in the pleural cavity, but their potential role in plasma KKS activation and BK production has not been studied. Bradykinin concentrations were higher in pleural fluids than the corresponding serum samples in patients with a variety of diseases. Bradykinin concentrations did not correlate with disease diagnosis, but were elevated in exudative effusions. It was demonstrated, using a range of primary and transformed mesothelial and mesothelioma cell lines, that cells assembled high molecular weight kininogen and plasma prekallikrein to liberate bradykinin, a process inhibited by novobiocin, a heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor, cysteine, bradykinin and protamine sulphate. Of the common plasma prekallikrein activators, mesothelial cells expressed HSP90, but not prolylcarboxypeptidase or Factor XII. Calcium mobilisation was induced in some mesothelium-derived cell lines by bradykinin. Des-Arg9-bradykinin was inactive, indicating that mesothelial cells are responsive to bradykinin, mediated via the bradykinin receptor subtype 2. In summary, pleural mesothelial cells support the assembly and activation of the plasma KKS by a mechanism dependent on HSP90, and may contribute to KKS-mediated inflammation in pleural disease.
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