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Sousa JPAD, Sousa JMSD, Rodrigues RRL, Nunes TADL, Machado YAA, Araujo ACD, da Silva IGM, Barros-Cordeiro KB, Báo SN, Alves MMDM, Mendonça-Junior FJB, Rodrigues KADF. Antileishmanial activity of 2-amino-thiophene derivative SB-200. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110750. [PMID: 37536181 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, presenting the highest number of cases worldwide is one of the most serious Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Clinical manifestations are intrinsically related to the host's immune response making immunomodulatory substances the target of numerous studies on antileishmanial activity. The currently available drugs used for treatment present various problems including high toxicity, low efficacy, and associated drug resistance. The search for therapeutic alternatives is urgent, and in this context, thiophene derivatives appear to be a promising therapeutic alternative (many have shown promising anti-leishmanial activity). The objective of this study was to investigate the antileishmanial activity of the 2-amino-thiophenic derivative SB-200. The thiophenic derivative was effective in inhibiting the growth of Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania major, and Leishmania infantum promastigotes, obtaining respective IC50 values of 4.25 μM, 4.65 μM, and 3.96 μM. For L. infantum, it was demonstrated that the antipromastigote effect of SB-200 is associated with cell membrane integrity losses, and with morphological changes observed during scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity was performed for J774.A1 macrophages and VERO cells, to obtain a CC50 of 42.52 μM and a SI of 10.74 for macrophages and a CC50 of 39.2 μM and an SI of 9.89 for VERO cells. The anti-amastigote activity of SB-200 revealed an IC50 of 2.85 μM and an SI of 14.97 against macrophages and SI of 13.8 for VERO cells. The anti-amastigote activity of SB-200 is associated with in vitro immunomodulation. For acute toxicity, SB-200 against Zophobas morio larvae permitted 100% survival. We conclude that the 2-amino-thiophenic derivative SB-200 is a promising candidate for in vivo anti-leishmania drug tests to evaluate its activity, efficacy, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Araujo de Sousa
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brasil
| | - Julyanne Maria Saraiva de Sousa
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brasil
| | - Raiza Raianne Luz Rodrigues
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brasil
| | - Thais Amanda de Lima Nunes
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brasil
| | - Yasmim Alves Aires Machado
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Carvalho de Araujo
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University of Parnaíba Delta, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brasil
| | - Ingrid Gracielle Martins da Silva
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Karine Brenda Barros-Cordeiro
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sônia Nair Báo
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Michel Muálem de Moraes Alves
- Laboratory of Antileishmania Activity, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
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de Sousa JMS, Nunes TADL, Rodrigues RRL, de Sousa JPA, Val MDCA, Coelho FADR, dos Santos ALS, Maciel NB, de Souza VMR, Machado YAA, Sousa PSDA, de Araújo AR, Rocha JA, de Sousa DP, da Silva MV, Arcanjo DDR, Rodrigues KADF. Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Effects of the Monoterpene β-Ocimene. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:183. [PMID: 37259336 PMCID: PMC9960243 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious-parasitic diseases with high mortality rates, and endemic in many regions of the globe. The currently available drugs present serious problems such as high toxicity, costs, and the emergence of drug resistance. This has stimulated research into new antileishmania drugs based on natural products and their derivatives. β-Ocimene is a monoterpene found naturally in the essential oils of many plant species which presents antileishmanial activity, and which has not yet been evaluated for its potential to inhibit the etiological agent of leishmaniasis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the activity of β-ocimene against Leishmania amazonensis, its cytotoxicity, and potential mechanisms of action. β-Ocimene presented direct activity against the parasite, with excellent growth inhibition of promastigotes (IC50 = 2.78 μM) and axenic amastigotes (EC50 = 1.12 μM) at concentrations non-toxic to RAW 264.7 macrophages (CC50 = 114.5 µM). The effect is related to changes in membrane permeability and resulting abnormalities in the parasitic cell shape. These were, respectively, observed in membrane integrity and atomic force microscopy assays. β-Ocimene was also shown to act indirectly, with greater activity against intra-macrophagic amastigotes (EC50 = 0.89 μM), increasing TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), with lysosomal effects, as well as promoting decreases in IL-10 and IL-6. Against intra-macrophagic amastigote forms the selectivity index was higher than the reference drugs, being 469.52 times more selective than meglumine antimoniate, and 42.88 times more selective than amphotericin B. Our results suggest that β-ocimene possesses promising in vitro antileishmania activity and is a potential candidate for investigation in in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyanne Maria Saraiva de Sousa
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | - Thaís Amanda de Lima Nunes
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | - Raiza Raianne Luz Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Araújo de Sousa
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Alex da Rocha Coelho
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | - Airton Lucas Sousa dos Santos
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Barreira Maciel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Maria Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | - Yasmim Alves Aires Machado
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio de Araújo Sousa
- Research Group on Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Bernardo 65550-000, MA, Brazil
| | - Alyne Rodrigues de Araújo
- Research Center in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Almeida Rocha
- Research Group on Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Bernardo 65550-000, MA, Brazil
- Research Center in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba Delta Federal University, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus I, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, MG, Brazil
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Nunes TADL, Santos MM, de Oliveira MS, de Sousa JMS, Rodrigues RRL, Sousa PSDA, de Araújo AR, Pereira ACTDC, Ferreira GP, Rocha JA, Rodrigues Junior V, da Silva MV, Rodrigues KADF. Curzerene antileishmania activity: Effects on Leishmania amazonensis and possible action mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108130. [PMID: 34500286 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a set of infectious diseases with high rates of morbidity and mortality, it affects millions of people around the world. Treatment, mainly with pentavalent antimonials, presents significant toxicity and many cases of resistance. In previous works we have demonstrated the effective and selective antileishmanial activity of Eugenia uniflora L. essential oil, being constituted (47.3%) by the sesquiterpene curzerene. Considering the high rate of parasite inhibition demonstrated for E. uniflora essential oil, and the significant presence of curzerene in the oil, this study aimed to evaluate its antileishmania activity and possible mechanisms of action. Curzerene was effective in inhibiting the growth of promastigotes (IC50 3.09 ± 0.14 µM) and axenic amastigotes (EC50 2.56 ± 0.12 µM), with low cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 macrophages (CC50 83.87 ± 4.63 µM). It was observed that curzerene has direct effects on the parasite, inducing cell death by apoptosis with secondary necrotic effects (producing pores in the plasma membrane). Curzerene proved to be even more effective against intra-macrophage amastigote forms, with an EC50 of 0.46 ± 0.02 µM. The selectivity index demonstrated by curzerene on these parasite forms was 182.32, being respectively 44.15 and 8.47 times more selective than meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B. The antiamastigote activity of curzerene was associated with immunomodulatory activity, as it increased TNF-α, IL-12, and NO levels, and lysosomal activity, and decreased IL-10 and IL-6 cytokine levels detected in macrophages infected and treated. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that curzerene is an effective and selective antileishmanial agent, a candidate for in vivo investigation in models of antileishmanial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Amanda de Lima Nunes
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Malu Mateus Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, 38025-180 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, 38025-180 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Julyanne Maria Saraiva de Sousa
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Raiza Raianne Luz Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio de Araujo Sousa
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Alyne Rodrigues de Araújo
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Portela Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Microrganismos, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Almeida Rocha
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Química Medicinal e Biotecnologia, QUIMEBIO, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, UFMA, São Bernardo, MA, Brazil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues Junior
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, 38025-180 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, 38025-180 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Klinger Antonio da Franca Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, 64202-020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil.
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