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Gimenez G, Belaunzarán ML, Magalhães KG, Poncini CV, Lammel EM, González Cappa SM, Bozza PT, Isola ELD. Involvement of TLR6 in the induction of COX-2, PGE2 and IL-10 in macrophages by lipids from virulent S2P and attenuated R1A Babesia bovis strains. Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:127-32. [PMID: 27198789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the modulation of diverse host genes expression through a complex network of signalling events that allow for an appropriate response to a microbial pathogen. In the present work we used TLR6KO mice in order to study the role of TLR6 in the immune discrimination of lipids from two Babesia bovis strains, attenuated R1A (LA) and virulent S2P (LV), and the consequent macrophage activation. We demonstrated that TLR6 is required for lipid body induction in murine peritoneal macrophages by both LA and LV. Interestingly, as regards IL-10 and COX-2/PGE2 pathway induction by LA and LV, we observed differences in the biological effects produced by these lipid extracts. Our results indicate a role of TLR6 in the down-modulation of these immunoregulators only in the case of LA, whereas this receptor was not implicated in pro-inflammatory TNFα, IL-6 and KC release induced by LA. Remarkably, LV did not exert the down-modulatory effect observed for LA, supporting the notion that LA and LV possess different lipid composition that could correlate with the polar pathogenic effect of both B. bovis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gimenez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, UBA, CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 piso 13, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M L Belaunzarán
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, UBA, CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 piso 13, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K G Magalhães
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Inflamação, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - C V Poncini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, UBA, CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 piso 13, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E M Lammel
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, UBA, CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 piso 13, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S M González Cappa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, UBA, CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 piso 13, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E L D Isola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, UBA, CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Paraguay 2155 piso 13, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gimenez G, Magalhães KG, Belaunzarán ML, Poncini CV, Lammel EM, Gonzalez Cappa SM, Bozza PT, Isola ELD. Lipids from attenuated and virulent Babesia bovis strains induce differential TLR2-mediated macrophage activation. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:747-55. [PMID: 19910051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Babesia bovis is an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoa of cattle that causes an acute infection with parasite persistence. Babesiosis limitation depends on macrophages, essential effector cells of the host innate defense, which generate inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Herein, we report quantitative differences in the lipid composition of merozoites from two B. bovis strains with polar behaviour: attenuated R1A and virulent S2P. Accordingly, we observed a distinct inflammatory response induced by the total lipids of R1A (L(A)) and S2P (L(V)) in murine peritoneal macrophages. L(A) and particularly its fractions phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine+phosphatidylinositol (PS+PI), produced a strong activation of these cells with lipid body formation, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and pro-inflammatory TNFalpha, IL-6 and KC secretion. Although L(V) did not activate these cells, the corresponding PS+PI fraction induced TNFalpha, IL-6 and KC release. Therefore, these facts might be suggesting the presence of an inhibitor in L(V). Furthermore, the employment of wild type and toll like receptor 2 knockout (TLR2KO) mice allowed us to demonstrate that macrophage activation by the stimulating lipid fractions was mediated through TLR2. Interestingly, only L(A) activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Inhibitory studies employing UO126, indicated that the ERK pathway was required for TNFalpha, IL-6 and KC release. In conclusion, the absence of inflammatory response observed with the lipids of S2P virulent strain could constitute an evasion mechanism of the innate immune response enabling parasite establishment in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gimenez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Taha MO, Simões MJ, Mendonça MV, Lugo FRC, Carmo-Filho R, Lazarini JL, Bessa MZ, Marconi TD, Magalhães KG, Soares JH, Tersariol ILS, Monteiro HP, Oliveira-Júnior IS, Oliveira I, Jurkiewicz A, Caricati-Neto A. Role of purines on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion lesions in rabbit. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:807-11. [PMID: 19376358 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we evaluate the effects of adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) on hepatic lesions caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in liver rabbit. Rabbits were pretreated with ATP (15 mg/kg IV) or saline solution 0.9% (SS), before the hepatic I/R procedure. We evaluated the effects of ATP on hepatic injury before and after I/R. The warm hepatic I/R procedure caused profound acute liver injury, as indicated by elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactic dehydrogenase levels, as well as a high apoptotic cell count. All these changes were attenuate by ATP treatment before the hepatic I/R procedure. These results suggested that ATP exerted protective effects on hepatic I/R lesions in the rabbit. This ATP effect may be related to improved energy metabolism during reperfusion in ischemic livers protecting against functional damage of cellular and subcellular membranes during lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Taha
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Taha MO, Gonçalves PFZRA, Vidigal ROG, Sacchi GPS, Pinheiro FG, Brandão LSG, Feguri S, Moraes-Filho AM, Ghadie MM, Magalhães KG, Simões MJ, Tersariol ILS, Monteiro HP, Oliveira-Júnior IS, Oliveira I, Jurkiewicz A, Caricati-Neto A. Protective effects of heparin on hepatic ischemia and reperfusion lesions in rabbits. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:812-5. [PMID: 19376359 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Because the role of heparin (HEP) in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is still not fully understood, we investigated the effects of treatment with HEP on hepatic I/R injury in rabbits. For I/R procedures, the portal vein and hepatic artery were occluded by a metallic clamp to promote ischemia. The clamp was removed after 30 minutes to allow reperfusion. Rabbits undergoing the I/R procedure were treated with HEP (100 U/kg) or saline solution 0.9% (SS). When compared with levels before I/R, the serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, levels were increased by the hepatic I/R procedure, among rabbits treated with SS or HEP. However, the increase in these enzymes was lower among rabbits treated with HEP. Histologic analysis of hepatic tissue of rabbits undergoing I/R and treated with SS showed marked lesions in the central lobule with significant inflammatory infiltration. In contrast, a significant reduction in lesions caused by I/R was observed in the livers of rabbits treated with HEP. After starting reperfusion, we visualized apoptotic cells with nuclear staining among rabbits submitted to I/R and treated with SS, but not those treated with HEP. These results suggested that HEP was able to attenuate hepatic lesions caused by I/R in the livers of rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Taha
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Vidigal THDA, Magalhães KG, Kissinger JC, Caldeira RL, Simpson AJG, Carvalho OS. A Multiplex-PCR approach to identification of the Brazilian intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 97 Suppl 1:95-7. [PMID: 12426601 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000900019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to difficulties concerning morphological identification of planorbid snails of the genus Biomphalaria, and given a high variation of characters and in the organs with muscular tissue, we designed specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for Brazilian snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni from available sequences of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA gene. From the previous sequencing of the ITS2 region, one primer was designed to anchor in the 5.8S conserved region and three other species-specific primers in the 28S region, flanking the ITS2 region. These four primers were simultaneously used in the same reaction (Multiplex-PCR), under high stringency conditions. Amplification of the ITS2 region of Biomphalaria snails produced distinct profiles (between 280 and 350 bp) for B. glabrata, B. tenagophila and B. straminea. The present study demonstrates that Multiplex-PCR of ITS2-DNAr showed to be a promising auxiliary tool for the morphological identification of Biomphalaria snails, the intermediate hosts of S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H D A Vidigal
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Abstract
The intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, Lymnaea columella, collected in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, was reared in our laboratory. The aim of the current study was to standardize a rearing and maintenance technique. Two kinds of diet were tested: fresh lettuce (A) and rodent ration + 10% CaCO3 plus fresh lettuce (B). The age for the beginning of oviposition ranged from 27 to 57 days. Ten days after oviposition at 24.7 degrees C, 100% eclosion occurred. The complete life cycle varied from 37 to 67 days. The average numbers of eggs per egg mass were 26.3 and 31.1 with diets (A) and (B), respectively. The lettuce and ration fed snails presented a increased growth although the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The mortality rate varied from 40 to 64% after 90 days. The maximum longevity was 183 days, 21.5 mm length and 11 mm wide. The methodology to mass breed and maintain these snails was found to be suitable in the laboratory
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pereira de Souza
- Laboratório de Malacologia, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brasil.
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