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Fedotov AV, Altinbas Z, Belomestnykh S, Ben-Zvi I, Blaskiewicz M, Brennan M, Bruno D, Brutus C, Costanzo M, Drees A, Fischer W, Fite J, Gaowei M, Gassner D, Gu X, Halinski J, Hamdi K, Hammons L, Harvey M, Hayes T, Hulsart R, Inacker P, Jamilkowski J, Jing Y, Kewisch J, Kankiya P, Kayran D, Lehn R, Liaw CJ, Litvinenko V, Liu C, Ma J, Mahler G, Mapes M, Marusic A, Mernick K, Mi C, Michnoff R, Miller T, Minty M, Narayan G, Nayak S, Nguyen L, Paniccia M, Pinayev I, Polizzo S, Ptitsyn V, Rao T, Robert-Demolaize G, Roser T, Sandberg J, Schoefer V, Schultheiss C, Seletskiy S, Severino F, Shrey T, Smart L, Smith K, Song H, Sukhanov A, Than R, Thieberger P, Trabocchi S, Tuozzolo J, Wanderer P, Wang E, Wang G, Weiss D, Xiao B, Xin T, Xu W, Zaltsman A, Zhao H, Zhao Z. Experimental Demonstration of Hadron Beam Cooling Using Radio-Frequency Accelerated Electron Bunches. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:084801. [PMID: 32167359 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.084801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cooling of beams of gold ions using electron bunches accelerated with radio-frequency systems was recently experimentally demonstrated in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Such an approach is new and opens the possibility of using this technique at higher energies than possible with electrostatic acceleration of electron beams. The challenges of this approach include generation of electron beams suitable for cooling, delivery of electron bunches of the required quality to the cooling sections without degradation of beam angular divergence and energy spread, achieving the required small angles between electron and ion trajectories in the cooling sections, precise velocity matching between the two beams, high-current operation of the electron accelerator, as well as several physics effects related to bunched-beam cooling. Here we report on the first demonstration of cooling hadron beams using this new approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Fedotov
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Z Altinbas
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - S Belomestnykh
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - I Ben-Zvi
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Blaskiewicz
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Brennan
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - D Bruno
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - C Brutus
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Costanzo
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - A Drees
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - W Fischer
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Fite
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Gaowei
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - D Gassner
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - X Gu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Halinski
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - K Hamdi
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - L Hammons
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Harvey
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - T Hayes
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - R Hulsart
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - P Inacker
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Jamilkowski
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Y Jing
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Kewisch
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - P Kankiya
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - D Kayran
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - R Lehn
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - C J Liaw
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - V Litvinenko
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - C Liu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Ma
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - G Mahler
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Mapes
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - A Marusic
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - K Mernick
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - C Mi
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - R Michnoff
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - T Miller
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Minty
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - G Narayan
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - S Nayak
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - L Nguyen
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Paniccia
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - I Pinayev
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - S Polizzo
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - V Ptitsyn
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - T Rao
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | | | - T Roser
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Sandberg
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - V Schoefer
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - C Schultheiss
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - S Seletskiy
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - F Severino
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - T Shrey
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - L Smart
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - K Smith
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - H Song
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - A Sukhanov
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - R Than
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - P Thieberger
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - S Trabocchi
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Tuozzolo
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - P Wanderer
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - E Wang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - G Wang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - D Weiss
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - B Xiao
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - T Xin
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - W Xu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - A Zaltsman
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - H Zhao
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Z Zhao
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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Navali N, Gassemzadeh A, Farzadi L, Abdollahi S, Nouri M, Hamdi K, Mallah F, Jalilvand F. Intrauterine administration of hCG immediately after oocyte retrieval and the outcome of ICSI: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:2520-2526. [PMID: 27680029 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does the intrauterine administration of hCG immediately after oocyte retrieval in antagonist cycles with ICSI and fresh embryo transfer (ET) influence the implantation rate or chemical and clinical pregnancy rates? SUMMARY ANSWER The intrauterine administration of hCG after oocyte retrieval increases the implantation rate and chemical and clinical pregnancy rates. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Over half of IVF/ICSI cycles fail due to implantation failure. Intrauterine administration of hCG, a few minutes before ET, increased the implantation and pregnancy rates in most but not in all studies. The effect of intrauterine administration of hCG, after oocyte retrieval, has not yet been studied. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The study was a parallel, triple-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) performed from September 2015 to February 2016, in a university hospital. We recruited women undergoing antagonist ovarian stimulation, ICSI and ET. For an effect size of 0.2, power of 80% at a significance level of 0.05, we needed 150 participants. Accounting for a 7% dropout rate, a total of 160 women was considered appropriate. A computer-generated randomization list with a block size of 4, with 1:1 allocation was used. The treatment allocation was placed in a sealed, opaque, envelope and picked up consecutively. Immediately after oocyte retrieval, patients in the intervention and control groups were treated with intrauterine injection of hCG and saline, respectively. Participants underwent ET on Day 3. A beta-hCG test was done at 2 weeks. If positive, three transvaginal-ultrasonographies (TVSs) were done at 3, 4 and 10 weeks after ET. The participants were called up thereafter and questioned about the continuity of their pregnancy. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD Of 1990 women attending the infertility clinic of our university hospital, 508 were IVF/ICSI candidates during the study period, and 245 of the patients on an antagonist cycle met the criteria to be invited into our trial. Inclusion criteria were normal ovarian reserve, age ≤41, undergoing ICSI, and fresh ET and normal TSH and prolactin. Uncontrolled chronic disease, severe hydrosalpinx, severe endometriosis, morphologic embryo deficiencies, non-obstructive azospermia and high risk of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome were criteria for exclusion. After taking an informed consent, a total of 158 participants were recruited, of which 80 were randomly allocated to receive intrauterine 500 IU hCG in up to 0.5 ml normal saline and 78 to receive intrauterine 0.5 ml normal saline immediately after oocyte retrieval, during general anaesthesia. ICSI was performed conventionally. The 4-8 cell embryos were transferred on the third day after oocyte retrieval. Implantation rate, chemical and clinical pregnancy rates were analysed and compared between the two groups. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Patients' demographic and baseline characteristics were comparable. The clinical results showed statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding the biochemical pregnancy rate (59.2 versus 31.3%; P = 0.001; odds ratio (OR) = 1.88; 95% CI, 1.26-2.82; risk difference (RD) = 27.8; 95% CI, 11.2-42.3), implantation rate (37 versus 17%; P = 0.012; OR = 2.29; 95% CI, 1.02-5.14; RD = 20.2; 95% CI, 5.4-33.8), clinical pregnancy rate (50.7 versus 16.4%; P < 0.001; OR = 3.08; 95% CI, 1.71-5.55; RD = 34.3; 95% CI, 18.7-47.6) and ongoing pregnancy rate (40.1 versus 13.4%; P = 0.001; OR = 3.04; 95% CI, 1.55-5.93; RD = 27.4; 95% CI, 12.7-40.6). The abortion and ectopic pregnancy rates were not statistically different between the two groups. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The insertion of an intrauterine insemination catheter and the injection of a small amount of saline into the uterine cavity (without hCG) may also have some impact on implantation. This effect could be studied by comparing this intervention with another study group without any intrauterine injection.There are no specific side effects mentioned in the literature for the intrauterine administration of hCG, neither were any observed in our study, but it is best to be cautious about probable side effects, because this type of intervention is relatively new and experimental, and deserves more studies before being entered into routine clinical practice. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Intrauterine administration of hCG immediately after oocyte pick up increases its effectiveness; however, further investigations are required before this procedure can be recommended for clinical practice. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was supported by the Women's Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. No external funds were used. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER IRCT201206165485N4. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE 2 September 2015. DATE OF FIRST PATIENT'S ENROLMENT 2 September 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Navali
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran .,Reproductive Medical Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran
| | - A Gassemzadeh
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran.,Reproductive Medical Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran
| | - L Farzadi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran.,Reproductive Medical Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran
| | - S Abdollahi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran.,Reproductive Medical Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran
| | - M Nouri
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran.,Reproductive Medical Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran
| | - K Hamdi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran.,Reproductive Medical Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran
| | - F Mallah
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran.,Reproductive Medical Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran
| | - F Jalilvand
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Alzahra University Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Artesh Road, Tabriz 5138665793, Iran
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