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Lu PL, Koppen IJN, Orsagh-Yentis DK, Leonhart K, Ambeba EJ, Deans KJ, Minneci PC, Teich S, Diefenbach KA, Alpert SA, Benninga MA, Yacob D, Di Lorenzo C. Sacral nerve stimulation for constipation and fecal incontinence in children: Long-term outcomes, patient benefit, and parent satisfaction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28799195 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the long-term efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) in children with constipation and describe patient benefit and parent satisfaction. METHODS Using a prospective patient registry, we identified patients <21 years old with constipation treated with SNS for >2 years. We compared symptoms, medical treatment, PedsQL Gastrointestinal Symptom Scale (GSS), Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale (FIQL), and Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) before SNS and at follow-up. We contacted parents to administer the Glasgow Children's Benefit Inventory (GCBI) and a parent satisfaction questionnaire. KEY RESULTS We included 25 children (52% male, median age 10 years): 16 had functional constipation, six anorectal malformation, two tethered spinal cord, and one Hirschsprung's disease. Defecation frequency did not change after SNS but patients reporting fecal incontinence decreased from 72% to 20% (P<.01) and urinary incontinence decreased from 56% to 28% (P=.04). Patients using laxatives decreased from 64% to 44% (ns) and patients using antegrade enemas decreased from 48% to 20% (P=.03). GSS, most FIQL domains, and FISI were improved at follow-up. Six (24%) patients had complications requiring further surgery. Of the 16 parents contacted, 15 (94%) parents indicated positive health-related benefit and all would recommend SNS to other families. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Sacral nerve stimulation is a promising and durable treatment for children with refractory constipation, and appears particularly effective in decreasing fecal incontinence. Although a quarter of patients experienced complications requiring additional surgery, nearly all parents reported health-related benefit. Future studies to identify predictors of treatment response and complications are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Lu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - I J N Koppen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D K Orsagh-Yentis
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - K Leonhart
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - E J Ambeba
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - K J Deans
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - P C Minneci
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S Teich
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Levine Children's Hospital, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - K A Diefenbach
- Department of Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S A Alpert
- Division of Urology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M A Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Yacob
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C Di Lorenzo
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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Cote GJ, Palmer WN, Leonhart K, Leong SS, Gagel RF. The regulation of somatostatin production in human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells by dexamethasone. J Biol Chem 1986; 261:12930-5. [PMID: 2875992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been few studies of physiological importance on the regulation of somatostatin by hormones. We have studied the effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone on somatostatin production in the human medullary thyroid carcinoma TT cell line, a model for somatostatin production by the parafollicular cell. Dexamethasone inhibited somatostatin production in a dose-related manner with a maximal effect at a concentration of 10(-6) M. TT cells treated with dexamethasone (10(-6) M) showed an almost complete inhibition of somatostatin peptide production by 48 h of treatment. Molecular sizing chromatography demonstrated a decrease in both the probable somatostatin precursor (13,000 dalton) and the fully processed peptide. Analysis of mRNA content by hybridization revealed that dexamethasone also caused a decrease in detectable somatostatin mRNA. The hybridizable somatostatin mRNA decreased to approximately 50% of basal levels within 12 h of treatment. Northern blot hybridization showed a decrease in a single RNA species representing mature somatostatin mRNA. Dose-response experiments revealed inhibition of both peptide and mRNA at concentrations from 1 X 10(-8) to 1 X 10(-5) M dexamethasone. Four days after withdrawal from dexamethasone treatment, peptide and mRNA levels were higher than dexamethasone-treated controls. The sex steroid estradiol had no inhibitory effect on somatostatin production. These results suggest a potential regulator of somatostatin production and provide a system for the study of somatostatin gene regulation.
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Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF, SRIF-14) is a known product of the normal and malignant parafollicular cell of the thyroid. In this report we characterize SRIF production by the TT cells, a line of transformed calcitonin-producing cells derived from a human medullary thyroid carcinoma. The cells were found to contain (5-12 ng/10(6) cells) and secrete (3-10 ng/10(6) cells X 48 h) immunoreactive SRIF. Molecular sieve chromatography of cell extracts under denaturing conditions showed a major peak with a mol wt slightly larger than 12,700, probably representing pro-SRIF and a second peak which coeluted with SRIF; in one gel chromatogram a very small peak was also noted which coeluted with SRIF-28, but represented less than 0.4% of the total immunoreactive SRIF. Short term secretion of calcitonin and SRIF was stimulated by calcium in vitro (0.5-4 mM) in a dose-related manner. mRNA isolated from the TT cells hybridized to a specific bovine fetal pancreatic SRIF DNA (BFPS-2); there was no hybridization to identical amounts of mRNA from the atT-20/D16, 3T3, or RINC5F cell lines. In vitro translation of the TT cell mRNA followed by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the product revealed a single protein band of approximately 13,000 daltons. It was completely abolished when the immunoprecipitation was performed in the presence of excess unlabeled SRIF. Northern transfer of TT cell cytoplasmic RNA and hybridization with FBPS-2 cDNA showed a single hybridizing band with an apparent size of approximately 750 nucleotides. Our observations demonstrate the production of SRIF by a continuous line of human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells and provide a model for studying the biosynthesis and secretion of SRIF in the parafollicular cell.
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