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Jorgensen AN, Rashdan NA, Rao KNS, Delgadillo LF, Kolluru GK, Krzywanski DM, Pattillo CB, Kevil CG, Nam HW. Neurogranin expression regulates mitochondrial function and redox balance in endothelial cells. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103085. [PMID: 38359746 PMCID: PMC10878108 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and endothelial activation are common early events in vascular diseases and can arise from mitochondrial dysfunction. Neurogranin (Ng) is a 17kD protein well known to regulate intracellular Ca2+-calmodulin (CaM) complex signaling, and its dysfunction is significantly implicated in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. We found that Ng is also expressed in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), and depleting Ng promotes Ca2+-CaM complex-dependent endothelial activation and redox imbalances. Endothelial-specific Ng knockout (Cre-CDH5-Ngf/f) mice demonstrate a significant delay in the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) response. Therefore, it is critical to characterize how endothelial Ng expression regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and affects cardiovascular disease. Label-free quantification proteomics identified that mitochondrial dysfunction and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway are significantly changed in the aorta of Cre-CDH5-Ngf/f mice. We found that a significant amount of Ng is expressed in the mitochondrial fraction of HAECs using western blotting and colocalized with the mitochondrial marker, COX IV, using immunofluorescence staining. Seahorse assay demonstrated that a lack of Ng decreases mitochondrial respiration. Treatment with MitoEbselen significantly restores the oxygen consumption rate in Ng knockdown cells. With the RoGFP-Orp1 approach, we identified that Ng knockdown increases mitochondrial-specific hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and MitoEbselen treatment significantly reduced mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) levels in Ng knockdown cells. These results suggest that Ng plays a significant role in mtROS production. We discovered that MitoEbselen treatment also rescues decreased eNOS expression and nitric oxide (NO) levels in Ng knockdown cells, which implicates the critical role of Ng in mtROS-NO balance in the endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton N Jorgensen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Nabil A Rashdan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - K N Shashanka Rao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Luisa F Delgadillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - David M Krzywanski
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Christopher B Pattillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Hyung W Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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Beg MA, Huang M, Vick L, Rao KNS, Zhang J, Chen Y. Targeting mitochondrial dynamics and redox regulation in cardiovascular diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:290-303. [PMID: 38458847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence highlights the pivotal role of mitochondria in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial for developing targeted therapeutics. Recent years have seen substantial advancements in unraveling mitochondrial regulatory pathways in both normal and pathological states and the development of potent drugs. However, specific delivery of drugs into the mitochondria is still a challenge. We present recent findings on regulators of mitochondrial dynamics and reactive oxygen species (ROS), critical factors influencing mitochondrial function in CVDs. We also discuss advancements in drug delivery strategies aimed at overcoming the technical barrier in targeting mitochondria for CVD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minqi Huang
- HD Biosciences Inc. a WuXi AppTec company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lance Vick
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - K N Shashanka Rao
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin & Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jue Zhang
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Chen PY, Wu CYC, Clemons GA, Citadin CT, Couto E Silva A, Possoit HE, Azizbayeva R, Forren NE, Liu CH, Rao KNS, Krzywanski DM, Lee RHC, Neumann JT, Lin HW. Stearic acid methyl ester affords neuroprotection and improves functional outcomes after cardiac arrest. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 159:102138. [PMID: 32663656 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrest causes neuronal damage and functional impairments that can result in learning/memory dysfunction after ischemia. We previously identified a saturated fatty acid (stearic acid methyl ester, SAME) that was released from the superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic ganglion). The function of stearic acid methyl ester is currently unknown. Here, we show that SAME can inhibit the detrimental effects of global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest). Treatment with SAME in the presence of asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA) revived learning and working memory deficits. Similarly, SAME-treated hippocampal slices after oxygen-glucose deprivation inhibited neuronal cell death. Moreover, SAME afforded neuroprotection against ACA in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, reduced ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 expression and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, with restoration in mitochondria respiration. Altogether, we describe a unique and uncharted role of saturated fatty acids in the brain that may have important implications against cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yi Chen
- Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; PhD. Programs in Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Celeste Yin-Chieh Wu
- Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Garrett A Clemons
- Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Cristiane T Citadin
- Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Alexandre Couto E Silva
- Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Harlee E Possoit
- Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Rinata Azizbayeva
- Department of Biomedical Science, West Virginia University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV
| | - Nathan E Forren
- Department of Biomedical Science, West Virginia University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV
| | - Chin-Hung Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; PhD. Programs in Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - K N Shashanka Rao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - David M Krzywanski
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Reggie Hui-Chao Lee
- Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Jake T Neumann
- Department of Biomedical Science, West Virginia University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV
| | - Hung Wen Lin
- Center for Brain Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA.
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Rao KNS, Shen X, Pardue S, Krzywanski DM. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) regulates mitochondrial ROS and endothelial dysfunction in response to angiotensin II. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101650. [PMID: 32763515 PMCID: PMC7408723 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a critical, initiating step in the development of hypertension (HTN) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important contributors to endothelial dysfunction. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene that are associated with endothelial dysfunction and increased risk for HTN. NNT is emerging as an important enzyme that regulates mitochondrial NADPH levels and mitochondrial redox balance by supporting the thiol dependent peroxidase systems in the mitochondria. We have previously shown that the absence of NNT in C57Bl/6J animals promotes a more severe hypertensive phenotype through reductions in •NO and endothelial dependent vessel dilation. However, the impact of NNT on human endothelial cell function remains unclear. We utilized NNT directed shRNA in human aortic endothelial cells to test the hypothesis that NNT critically regulates mitochondrial redox balance and endothelial function in response to angiotensin II (Ang II). We demonstrate that NNT expression and activity are elevated in response to the mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress associated with Ang II treatment. Knockdown of NNT led to a significant elevation of mitochondrial ROS production and impaired glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities associated with a reduction in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio. Loss of NNT also promoted mitochondrial dysfunction, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and impaired ATP production in response to Ang II. Finally, we observed that, while the loss of NNT augmented eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177, neither eNOS activity nor nitric oxide production were similarly increased. The results from these studies clearly demonstrate that NNT is critical for the maintenance of mitochondrial redox balance and mitochondrial function. Loss of NNT and disruption of redox balance leads to oxidative stress that compromises eNOS activity that could have a profound effect on the endothelium dependent regulation of vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Shashanka Rao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, United States
| | - Xinggui Shen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, United States
| | - Sibile Pardue
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, United States
| | - David M Krzywanski
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, United States.
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Sonti R, Rao KNS, Chidanand S, Gowd KH, Raghothama S, Balaram P. Conformational Analysis of a 20-Membered Cyclic Peptide Disulfide fromConus virgowith a WPW Segment: Evidence for an Aromatic-Proline Sandwich. Chemistry 2014; 20:5075-86. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sonti R, Gowd KH, Rao KNS, Ragothama S, Rodriguez A, Perez JJ, Balaram P. Conformational Diversity in Contryphans fromConusVenom:cis-transIsomerisation and Aromatic/Proline Interactions in the 23-Membered Ring of a 7-Residue Peptide Disulfide Loop. Chemistry 2013; 19:15175-89. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Beena S, Rao KNS, Pai MRSM. Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety profile of three anti-tuberculous regimens in Mangalore. Indian J Med Sci 2002; 56:315-20. [PMID: 12645166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the therapeutic efficacy & safety profile of three different antituberculous regimens for pulmonary tuberculosis. The study sample size included 90 newly diagnosed, sputum positive patients of pulmonary. tuberculosis. 30 each from different groups. The parameters studied were, therapeutic efficacy included weight gain, cough, sputum examination and safety profile: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, gastritis, hepatitis, jaundice diarrhoea, rashes, dizziness, tingling & numbness, flu like symptoms & joint aches. Group-I showed statistically significant weight gain when compared to Group-II. Improvement in cough and conversion to smear negative were seen in 100% of patients in Group-I, 83.3% of patients in Group-II and 93.3% of patients in Group-III. Therapeutic efficacy was highest with Group I regimen, followed by Group III and Group II which was least efficacious. Group II also registered; the maximum cost and highest incidence of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beena
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore-575 001
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