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Wasson K, Adams WH, Berkowitz K, Danis M, Derse AR, Kuczewski M, McCarthy M, Parsi K, Tarzian A. What Is the Minimal Competency for a Clinical Ethics Consult Simulation? Setting a Standard for Use of the Assessing Clinical Ethics Skills (ACES) Tool. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2019; 10:164-172. [PMID: 31295060 PMCID: PMC6921700 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2019.1634653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: The field of clinical ethics is examining ways of determining competency. The Assessing Clinical Ethics Skills (ACES) tool offers a new approach that identifies a range of skills necessary in the conduct of clinical ethics consultation and provides a consistent framework for evaluating these skills. Through a training website, users learn to apply the ACES tool to clinical ethics consultants (CECs) in simulated ethics consultation videos. The aim is to recognize competent and incompetent clinical ethics consultation skills by watching and evaluating a videotaped CEC performance. We report how we set a criterion cut score (i.e., minimally acceptable score) for judging the ability of users of the ACES tool to evaluate simulated CEC performances. Methods: A modified Angoff standard-setting procedure was used to establish the cut score for an end-of-life case included on the ACES training website. The standard-setting committee viewed the Futility Case and estimated the probability that a minimally competent CEC would correctly answer each item on the ACES tool. The committee further adjusted these estimates by reviewing data from 31 pilot users of the Futility Case before determining the cut score. Results: Averaging over all 31 items, the proposed proportion correct score for minimal competency was 80%, corresponding to a cut score that is between 24 and 25 points out of 31 possible points. The standard-setting committee subsequently set the minimal competency cut score to 24 points. Conclusions: The cut score for the ACES tool identifies the number of correct responses a user of the ACES tool training website must attain to "pass" and reach minimal competency in recognizing competent and incompetent skills of the CECs in the simulated ethics consultation videos. The application of the cut score to live training of CECs and other areas of practice requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wasson
- Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics and Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Bldg 120, Room 284, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - WH Adams
- Medical Education and Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, 2160 S. 1st Ave. CTRE Room 253, Maywood, IL 60153
| | | | | | - AR Derse
- Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities, Julia and David Uihlein Professor of Medical Humanities and Professor of Bioethics and Emergency Medicine, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509
| | - M Kuczewski
- The Fr. Michael I. English, SJ, Professor of Medical Ethics, Chair, Dept. of Medical Education, Director, Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Bldg 120, Room 285, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - M McCarthy
- Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics and Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave., Bldg 120, Room 286, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - K Parsi
- Bioethics, Graduate Program Director, Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics and Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Avenue, Bldg. 120, Room 283, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - A Tarzian
- Maryland Health Care Ethics Committee Network (MHECN), Law & Health Care Program, Maryland Carey Law,University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655 W. Lombard St., Suite 552, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Cooley-Andrade O, Goh W, Connor D, Ma D, Parsi K. Detergent Sclerosants Stimulate Leukocyte Apoptosis and Oncosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2016; 51:846-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee BB, Antignani PL, Baraldini V, Baumgartner I, Berlien P, Blei F, Carrafiello GP, Grantzow R, Ianniello A, Laredo J, Loose D, Lopez Gutierrez JC, Markovic J, Mattassi R, Parsi K, Rabe E, Roztocil K, Shortell C, Vaghi M. ISVI-IUA consensus document diagnostic guidelines of vascular anomalies: vascular malformations and hemangiomas. INT ANGIOL 2015; 34:333-374. [PMID: 25284469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B B Lee
- Center for Vein, Lymphatics, and Vascular Malformation, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
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Mosti G, De Maeseneer M, Cavezzi A, Parsi K, Morrison N, Nelzen O, Rabe E, Partsch H, Caggiati A, Simka M, Obermayer A, Malouf M, Flour M, Maleti O, Perrin M, Reina L, Kalodiki E, Mannello F, Rerkasem K, Cornu-Thenard A, Chi YW, Soloviy M, Bottini O, Mendyk N, Tessari L, Varghese R, Etcheverry R, Pannier F, Lugli M, Carvallo Lantz AJ, Zamboni P, Zuolo M, Godoy MF, Godoy JM, Link DP, Junger M, Scuderi A. Society for Vascular Surgery and American Venous Forum Guidelines on the management of venous leg ulcers: the point of view of the International Union of Phlebology. INT ANGIOL 2015; 34:202-218. [PMID: 25896614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Mosti
- Department of Angiology, Barbantini Clinic, Lucca, Italy
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Lee BB, Baumgartner I, Berlien P, Bianchini G, Burrows P, Gloviczki P, Huang Y, Laredo J, Loose DA, Markovic J, Mattassi R, Parsi K, Rabe E, Rosenblatt M, Shortell C, Stillo F, Vaghi M, Villavicencio L, Zamboni P. Diagnosis and Treatment of Venous Malformations. Consensus Document of the International Union of Phlebology (IUP): updated 2013. INT ANGIOL 2015; 34:97-149. [PMID: 24566499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Venous malformations (VMs) are the most common vascular developmental anomalies (birth defects) . These defects are caused by developmental arrest of the venous system during various stages of embryogenesis. VMs remain a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to the wide range of clinical presentations, unpredictable clinical course, erratic response to the treatment with high recurrence/ persistence rates, high morbidity following non-specific conventional treatment, and confusing terminology. The Consensus Panel reviewed the recent scientific literature up to the year 2013 to update a previous IUP Consensus (2009) on the same subject. ISSVA Classification with special merits for the differentiation between the congenital vascular malformation (CVM) and vascular tumors was reinforced with an additional review on syndrome-based classification. A "modified" Hamburg classification was adopted to emphasize the importance of extratruncular vs. truncular sub-types of VMs. This incorporated the embryological ongm, morphological differences, unique characteristics, prognosis and recurrence rates of VMs based on this embryological classification. The definition and classification of VMs were strengthened with the addition of angiographic data that determines the hemodynamic characteristics, the anatomical pattern of draining veins and hence the risk of complication following sclerotherapy. The hemolymphatic malformations, a combined condition incorporating LMs and other CVMs, were illustrated as a separate topic to differentiate from isolated VMs and to rectify the existing confusion with name-based eponyms such as Klippei-Trenaunay syndrome. Contemporary concepts on VMs were updated with new data including genetic findings linked to the etiology of CVMs and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Besides, newly established information on coagulopathy including the role of D-Dimer was thoroughly reviewed to provide guidelines on investigations and anticoagulation therapy in the management of VMs. Congenital vascular bone syndrome resulting in angio-osteo-hyper/hypotrophy and (lateral) marginal vein was separately reviewed. Background data on arterio-venous malformations was included to differentiate this anomaly from syndromebased VMs. For the treatment, a new section on laser therapy and also a practical guideline for follow up assessment were added to strengthen the management principle of the multidisciplinary approach. All other therapeutic modalities were thoroughly updated to accommodate a changing concept through the years.
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Cooley-Andrade O, Connor DE, Ma DDF, Weisel JW, Parsi K. Morphological changes in vascular and circulating blood cells following exposure to detergent sclerosants. Phlebology 2015; 31:177-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0268355515573686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate morphological changes in vascular and circulating blood cells following exposure to detergent sclerosants sodium tetradecyl sulfate and polidocanol. Methods Samples of whole blood, isolated leukocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts were incubated with varying concentrations of sclerosants. Whole blood smears were stained with Giemsa and examined by light and bright field microscopy. Phalloidin and Hoechst stains were used to analyze cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology by fluorescence microscopy. Endothelial cell and fibroblasts were analyzed by live cell imaging. Results Higher concentrations of sclerosants induced cell lysis. Morphological changes in intact cells were observed at sublytic concentrations of detergents. Low concentration sodium tetradecyl sulfate induced erythrocyte acanthocytosis and macrocytosis, while polidocanol induced Rouleaux formation and increased the population of target cells and stomatocytes. Leukocytes showed swelling, blebbing, vacuolation, and nuclear degradation following exposure to sodium tetradecyl sulfate, while polidocanol induced pseudopodia formation, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation. Platelets exhibited pseudopodia with sodium tetradecyl sulfate and a “fried egg” appearance with polidocanol. Exposure to sodium tetradecyl sulfate resulted in size shrinkage in both endothelial cell and fibroblasts, while endothelial cell developed distinct spindle morphology. Polidocanol induced cytoplasmic microfilament bundles in both endothelial cell and fibroblasts. Patchy chromatin condensation was observed following exposure of fibroblasts to either agent. Conclusion Detergent sclerosants are biologically active at sublytic concentrations. The observed morphological changes are consistent with cell activation, apoptosis, and oncosis. The cellular response is concentration dependent, cell-specific, and sclerosant specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cooley-Andrade
- Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - DE Connor
- Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - DDF Ma
- Haematology Research Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - JW Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Parsi
- Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Stewart–Bluefarb syndrome is a rare angioproliferative disorder characterised by acroangiodermatitis associated with an underlying arteriovenous shunt. This condition should be differentiated from acroangiodermatitis of Mali classically described in association with chronic venous insufficiency. Patients with Stewart–Bluefarb syndrome typically present with lower leg pigmented macules, papules and plaques that can coalesce to form larger confluent patches of pigmentation. Recognition of Stewart–Bluefarb syndrome may be difficult or delayed as the cutaneous manifestations may resemble a variety of other dermatological conditions. Most commonly, acroangiodermatitis may be confused with Kaposi’s sarcoma and the condition is often referred to as ‘Pseudo-Kaposi’s sarcoma’. Acroangiodermatitis may also resemble or coexist with pigmentation of chronic venous insufficiency. As seen in this report, acroangiodermatitis may also be clinically confused with the ‘cavernous’ form of a capillary malformation. Here, we describe five patients with Stewart–Bluefarb syndrome. In one female and two male patients the diagnosis was delayed as the acroangiodermatitis closely resembled other conditions. All underlying arterio-venous communications were initially diagnosed on duplex ultrasound and confirmed with magnetic resonance angiography. Four patients were found to have a congenital arterio-venous malformation while one was diagnosed with a post-thrombotic arterio-venous fistula. Management included observation and intervention using a variety of techniques including percutaneous or trans-catheter embolisation, endovenous laser, radiofrequency ablation and foam ultrasound guided sclerotherapy. This case series highlights the challenges involved in the diagnosis and management of Stewart–Bluefarb syndrome. Given the local and systemic sequelae of high flow shunts, correct diagnosis and early detection of the underlying arterio-venous abnormality is crucial in the long-term management of these patients and in preventing the associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Parsi
- Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Skin and Vein Clinic, Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - AA O’Connor
- Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Bester
- Sydney Skin and Vein Clinic, Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Abstract
Ultrasound guided sclerotherapy may be complicated by intra-arterial injections resulting in significant tissue necrosis. Here, we present a 69-year-old man with a history of right small saphenous vein “stripping”, presenting for the treatment of symptomatic lower limb varicose veins. Duplex ultrasound of the right lower limb outlined the pathway of venous incompetence. Despite the history of “stripping”, the small saphenous vein was present but the sapheno-popliteal junction was ligated at the level of the knee crease. No other unusual findings were reported at the time. During ultrasound guided sclerotherapy, subcutaneous vessels of the right posterior calf were noted to be pulsatile on B-mode ultrasound. Treatment was interrupted. Subsequent angiography and sonography showed absence of the right distal popliteal artery. A cluster of subcutaneous vessels of the right medial and posterior calf were found to be arterial collaterals masquerading as varicose veins. Injection sclerotherapy of these vessels would have resulted in significant tissue loss. This case highlights the importance of vigilance at the time of treatment and the invaluable role of ultrasound in guiding endovenous interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jones
- Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Parsi
- Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research (AMR), St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Phlebology Vascular Laboratory, Sydney Skin and Vein Clinic, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Lee BB, Baumgartner I, Berlien P, Bianchini G, Burrows P, Gloviczki P, Huang Y, Laredo J, Loose DA, Markovic J, Mattassi R, Parsi K, Rabe E, Rosenblatt M, Shortell C, Stillo F, Vaghi M, Villavicencio L, Zamboni P. Guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of venous malformations. consensus document of the international union of phlebology (iup): updated-2013. INT ANGIOL 2014:R34Y9999N00A140020. [PMID: 24961611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Venous malformations (VMs) are the most common vascular developmental anomalies (birth defects). These defects are caused by developmental arrest of the venous system during various stages of embryogenesis. VMs remain a difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to the wide range of clinical presentations, unpredictable clinical course, erratic response to the treatment with high recurrence/persistence rates, high morbidity following nonspecific conventional treatment, and confusing terminology. The Consensus Panel reviewed the recent scientific literature up to the year 2013 to update a previous IUP Consensus (2009) on the same subject. ISSVA Classification with special merits for the differentiation between the congenital vascular malformation (CVM) and vascular tumors was reinforced with an additional review on syndrome-based classification. A "modified" Hamburg classification was adopted to emphasize the importance of extratruncular vs. truncular subtypes of VMs. This incorporated the embryological origin, morphological differences, unique characteristics, prognosis and recurrence rates of VMs based on this embryological classification. The definition and classification of VMs were strengthened with the addition of angiographic data that determines the hemodynamic characteristics, the anatomical pattern of draining veins and hence the risk of complication following sclerotherapy. The hemolymphatic malformations, a combined condition incorporating LMs and other CVMs, were illustratedas a separate topic to differentiate from isolated VMs and to rectify the existing confusion with namebased eponyms such as Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Contemporary concepts on VMs were updated with new data including genetic findings linked to the etiology of CVMs and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Besides, newly established information on coagulopathy including the role of D-Dimer was thoroughly reviewed to provide guidelines on investigations and anticoagulation therapy in the management of VMs. Congenital vascular bone syndrome resulting in angio-osteo-hyper/hypotrophy and (lateral) marginal vein was separately reviewed. Background data on arterio-venous malformations was included to differentiate this anomaly from syndrome-based VMs. For the treatment, a new section on laser therapy and also a practical guideline for follow up assessment were added to strengthen the management principle of the multidisciplinary approach. All other therapeutic modalities were thoroughly updated to accommodate a changing concept through the years.
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Valenzuela G, Wong K, Connor D, Behnia M, Parsi K. Foam Sclerosants are More Stable at Lower Temperatures. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013; 46:593-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Connor DE, Joseph JE, Exner T, Ma DDF, Parsi K. Infusion of foam sclerosants results in a distance-dependent procoagulant activity, haemoconcentration and elevation of D-dimer levels. Phlebology 2013; 29:677-87. [DOI: 10.1177/0268355513502333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the biological effects of foam sclerotherapy in vivo. Materials and methods Ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy was performed using a 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate or polidocanol. A total of 15 mL of foam was injected. Samples were collected from antecubital veins, target saphenous veins and the adjoining deep veins before, immediately after and 1 hour after the procedure. Saphenous vein samples were also taken sequentially at set 15 cm intervals. Clotting times, D-dimer, cell counts and biochemical parameters were measured. D-dimer levels were repeated one week later. Results Forty procedures were performed. Systemic clotting times were not affected by the procedure. Injection of 0.5 mL of foam 5 cm away from the relevant junctions resulted in procoagulant activity in the adjoining deep veins (sodium tetradecyl sulphate) and the target saphenous veins (sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol). The procoagulant effect in the target veins reached a peak at 15 cm but normalised at 45 cm. D-dimer levels were significantly increased 1 hour after treatment with either agent and remained elevated one week later. Sodium tetradecyl sulphate and to a lesser degree polidocanol induced biochemical changes consistent with haemoconcentration. Conclusion Infusion of foam sclerosants results in a distance-dependent procoagulant activity in the exposed vessels. Foam sclerotherapy results in haemoconcentration and elevation of D-dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- DE Connor
- Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Haematology Research Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - JE Joseph
- Haematology Research Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - T Exner
- Haematex Research, Hornsby, Australia
| | - DDF Ma
- Haematology Research Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - K Parsi
- Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Haematology Research Laboratory, St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Lee BB, Baumgartner I, Berlien HP, Bianchini G, Burrows P, Do YS, Ivancev K, Kool LS, Laredo J, Loose DA, Lopez-Gutierrez JC, Mattassi R, Parsi K, Rimon U, Rosenblatt M, Shortell C, Simkin R, Stillo F, Villavicencio L, Yakes W. Consensus Document of the International Union of Angiology (IUA)-2013. Current concept on the management of arterio-venous management. INT ANGIOL 2013; 32:9-36. [PMID: 23435389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Arterio-venous malformations (AVMs) are congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) that result from birth defects involving the vessels of both arterial and venous origins, resulting in direct communications between the different size vessels or a meshwork of primitive reticular networks of dysplastic minute vessels which have failed to mature to become 'capillary' vessels termed "nidus". These lesions are defined by shunting of high velocity, low resistance flow from the arterial vasculature into the venous system in a variety of fistulous conditions. A systematic classification system developed by various groups of experts (Hamburg classification, ISSVA classification, Schobinger classification, angiographic classification of AVMs,) has resulted in a better understanding of the biology and natural history of these lesions and improved management of CVMs and AVMs. The Hamburg classification, based on the embryological differentiation between extratruncular and truncular type of lesions, allows the determination of the potential of progression and recurrence of these lesions. The majority of all AVMs are extra-truncular lesions with persistent proliferative potential, whereas truncular AVM lesions are exceedingly rare. Regardless of the type, AV shunting may ultimately result in significant anatomical, pathophysiological and hemodynamic consequences. Therefore, despite their relative rarity (10-20% of all CVMs), AVMs remain the most challenging and potentially limb or life-threatening form of vascular anomalies. The initial diagnosis and assessment may be facilitated by non- to minimally invasive investigations such as duplex ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MR angiography (MRA), computerized tomography (CT) and CT angiography (CTA). Arteriography remains the diagnostic gold standard, and is required for planning subsequent treatment. A multidisciplinary team approach should be utilized to integrate surgical and non-surgical interventions for optimum care. Currently available treatments are associated with significant risk of complications and morbidity. However, an early aggressive approach to elimiate the nidus (if present) may be undertaken if the benefits exceed the risks. Trans-arterial coil embolization or ligation of feeding arteries where the nidus is left intact, are incorrect approaches and may result in proliferation of the lesion. Furthermore, such procedures would prevent future endovascular access to the lesions via the arterial route. Surgically inaccessible, infiltrating, extra-truncular AVMs can be treated with endovascular therapy as an independent modality. Among various embolo-sclerotherapy agents, ethanol sclerotherapy produces the best long term outcomes with minimum recurrence. However, this procedure requires extensive training and sufficient experience to minimize complications and associated morbidity. For the surgically accessible lesions, surgical resection may be the treatment of choice with a chance of optimal control. Preoperative sclerotherapy or embolization may supplement the subsequent surgical excision by reducing the morbidity (e.g. operative bleeding) and defining the lesion borders. Such a combined approach may provide an excellent potential for a curative result. Conclusion. AVMs are high flow congenital vascular malformations that may occur in any part of the body. The clinical presentation depends on the extent and size of the lesion and can range from an asymptomatic birthmark to congestive heart failure. Detailed investigations including duplex ultrasound, MRI/MRA and CT/CTA are required to develop an appropriate treatment plan. Appropriate management is best achieved via a multi-disciplinary approach and interventions should be undertaken by appropriately trained physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Lee
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Vascular Malformation and Lymphedema, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washingto DC 20037, USA.
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Christou E, Parsi K. Non-involuting congenital haemangioma of the eyelid: successful treatment with fluroscopic ultrasound guided sclerotherapy and surgical excision. Phlebology 2012. [PMID: 23188816 DOI: 10.1258/phleb.2012.012116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of non-involuting congenital haemangioma (NICH) of the right eyelid which was present at birth as a purpuric macule but increased in size to cause significant obstruction of vision. At four years of age the lesion was treated with fluroscopic ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy using 0.5% sodium tetradecyl suphate foam and surgically debulked 16 days later. Histopathology was negative for glucose transporter-1 stain confirming the diagnosis. The residual segments were subsequently treated in three further sessions of sclerotherapy in the ensuing three years. This treatment approach resulted in a good cosmetic and functional outcome with no associated complications. To our knowledge, this is the first published case of a histologically confirmed NICH treated primarily with sclerotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christou
- Department of Dermatology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Abstract
Foam sclerotherapy may result in drug and/or gas-related complications of a generalized or localized nature. Significant complications include anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions (very rare), deep vein thrombosis (1–3%), stroke (0.01%), superficial venous thrombosis (4.4%), tissue necrosis (variable frequency), oedema (0.5%) and nerve damage (0.2%). Cosmetic complications include telangiectatic matting (15–24%) and pigmentation (10–30%). Patent foramen ovale and other cardiopulmonary right-to-left shunts seem to play a role in the systemic gas-related complications. In conclusion, foam sclerotherapy is characterized by an overall high degree of safety, though special attention should be given to the embolic and thrombotic complications. Good technique, adequate imaging, general precautions and compliance with post-treatment instructions may help avoid some of the adverse events and an appropriate early intervention may minimize possible sequelae. Higher volumes of sclerosant foam have been attributed to local and distant thrombotic complications and should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cavezzi
- Vascular Unit, Poliambulatorio Hippocrates
- Clinica Stella Maris, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - K Parsi
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Sclerotherapy has been associated with 13 published cases of stroke since 1994. Four earlier reports implicated liquid sclerosants while nine recent cases have followed foam sclerotherapy. This adverse event represents a very rare complication of a very popular procedure. Ten of the 13 reported patients recovered completely with no long-term sequelae. A right-to-left shunt and in particular a patent foramen ovale (PFO) was the most consistent risk factor. Paradoxical gas emboli were observed in the brain-supplying or the intra-cranial arteries of five patients with an immediate onset of stroke after foam sclerotherapy. Paradoxical clot embolism was suspected in three patients with a delayed onset of stroke and concurrent venous thrombosis. In the remaining five cases, which included two cases with an immediate onset after liquid sclerotherapy, no specific cause was identified. Patients with a past history of cryptogenic stroke or a long life history of recurrent classic migraine attacks (with aura) have a higher risk of neurological adverse events and may benefit from preoperative screening and percutaneous closure of PFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Parsi
- Phlebology Research Laboratory, Sydney Skin and Vein Clinic; University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
We report three cases of stroke in association with peripheral venous interventions that each included foam ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy (UGS). All three female patients experienced a right middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke causing dysphasia and left hemiparesis. A patent foramen ovale was found in each patient. The first incident occurred two days after foam UGS to treat small tributaries of a great saphenous vein (GSV). Paradoxical clot embolism was presumed in this case where concurrent deep vein thrombosis with non-occlusive thrombus in a medial gastrocnemius vein extending to the popliteal vein was detected on ultrasound. The second case occurred immediately at the completion of foam UGS and ambulatory phlebectomy to treat GSV tributaries. Paradoxical gas embolism was demonstrated in this patient confirmed by visualization of bubbles in the right MCA on CT angiography. The third case occurred one day after endovenous laser ablation (1470 nm) and foam UGS to treat both great and small saphenous veins. No specific cause could be confirmed in this patient. Sodium tetradecyl sulphate foam was used in all three cases (3%, 16 mL; 1.5%, 4 mL and 3%, 25 mL, respectively). All three patients recovered completely within a few days.
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Parsi K, Exner T, Low J, Fung Ma D, Joseph J. In Vitro Effects of Detergent Sclerosants on Clot Formation and Fibrinolysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 41:267-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Parsi K, Zimmet S, Allegra C, Bergan J, Gasparis AP, Labropoulos N, Lee BB, Malouf GM, Partsch H, Rabe E, Ramelet AA, Schadeck M, Vin F. Phlebology training curriculum. A consensus document of the International Union of Phlebology (UIP)-2010. INT ANGIOL 2010; 29:533-559. [PMID: 21173735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Parsi
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology and Vascular Birthmarks Unit, Sydney Children's Hospital, Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2022, Australia.
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Abstract
Objective To investigate the effectiveness of methods proposed to prevent venous gas embolism during foam sclerotherapy. Methods Transthoracic echocardiography was performed concurrent with ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy (UGS) of great or small saphenous veins. A volume of 2.5 mL of 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate foam was prepared following the Tessari method and injected slowly 5–10 cm away from saphenous junctions. The procedure was repeated with modifications including using a 5 µm filter to generate microfoam, carbon dioxide as the foaming gas, leg elevation before or after the injection and immobility post-treatment. Results Bubbles entered the right heart in less than 60 seconds and continued for up to 50 minutes despite all treatment modifications. None of the patients had a patent foramen ovale and none developed any neurological or cardiac symptoms. Conclusion Bubble emboli entered the heart during foam UGS of saphenous veins despite all treatment modifications and low volumes of foam used.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Parsi
- Sydney Skin and Vein Clinic, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent's Hospital; Department of Dermatology and Vascular Birthmarks Unit, Sydney Children's Hospital, University of NSW (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
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Lee BB, Bergan J, Gloviczki P, Laredo J, Loose DA, Mattassi R, Parsi K, Villavicencio JL, Zamboni P. Diagnosis and treatment of venous malformations. Consensus document of the International Union of Phlebology (IUP)-2009. INT ANGIOL 2009; 28:434-451. [PMID: 20087280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B B Lee
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Vein, Lymphatics, and Vascular Malformation, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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Abstract
Background Catheter directed sclerotherapy (CDS) involves the use of a long catheter to deliver a sclerosing agent into a target vessel (saphenous trunks or venous malformations) under ultrasound guidance. Aims and Methods This article reviews the history, current techniques and devices and the evidence as it relates to these procedures. Results CDS was developed to increase the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy (UGS). With the advent of foam sclerosants and tumescent anaesthesia, the procedure has enjoyed a higher primary success rate. CDS has a better safety profile when compared with UGS with virtually no risk of intra-arterial injection or sclerosant extravasation. Compared with endovenous laser (EVLA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), CDS is a quicker procedure with less associated pain. Some balloon catheters, however, have been found to force the sclerosant down the perforators causing femoral vein occlusion. Based on the current level of evidence, no firm conclusion regarding the efficacy of CDS techniques can be drawn in comparison with EVLA or RFA, but the primary success rate is probably higher than the standard UGS. Conclusion CDS ensures a safe intraluminal delivery of the sclerosing agent into the trunk of the saphenous veins using a single access point. This procedure preceded EVLA and RFA, and remains a safe alternative for the treatment of saphenous incompetence and venous malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Parsi
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney; Vascular Birthmark Unit, Sydney Children's Hospital, Australia
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Parsi K, Exner T, Connor D, Herbert A, Ma D, Joseph J. The Lytic Effects of Detergent Sclerosants on Erythrocytes, Platelets, Endothelial Cells and Microparticles are Attenuated by Albumin and other Plasma Components in Vitro. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008; 36:216-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Parsi K, Exner T, Connor D, Ma D, Joseph J. In Vitro Effects of Detergent Sclerosants on Coagulation, Platelets and Microparticles. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 34:731-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Parsi K. Metaphorical imagination: the moral and legal status of fetuses and embryos. DePaul J Health Care Law 2003; 2:703-85. [PMID: 12465641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Parsi
- American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, USA
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Parsi K. Doctors in black and white on the big and small screens. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.12.ebyt1-0112. [PMID: 23272777 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.12.ebyt1-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K, Taub S. Feeding health disparities. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.11.puhl1-0111. [PMID: 23272748 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.11.puhl1-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Taub S, Parsi K. The trend toward casual dress and address in the medical profession. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.10.ebyt1-0110. [PMID: 23272713 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.10.ebyt1-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Arfvidsson B, Eklof B, Kistner RL, Ogawa T, Parsi K. A prospective evaluation of the risk for venous leg thrombosis associated with prolonged air travel: a pilot study. Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 9:455-7. [PMID: 11489648 DOI: 10.1016/s0967-2109(00)00120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Arfvidsson
- Straub Foundation and John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Parsi K. Through the Patient's Eyes: Conversation with a Famous Patient. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.9.prsp3-0109. [PMID: 23273159 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.9.prsp3-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K. "Better, cheaper and faster" yeongchi wu, MD. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.8.prol1-0108. [PMID: 23273121 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.8.prol1-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K. My doctor the researcher. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.8.hlaw1-0108. [PMID: 23273117 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.8.hlaw1-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K. Through the Patient's Eyes: Once and Again. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.8.prsp1-0108. [PMID: 23273122 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.8.prsp1-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K. Is it covered or not? Health plans and experimental procedures. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.7.hlaw1-0107. [PMID: 23273056 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.7.hlaw1-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K. Cases in law and ethics: emergency treatment for patients who cannot pay. Virtual Mentor 2001:E2. [PMID: 15612161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Parsi K. Emergency treatment for patients who cannot pay. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.6.hlaw1-0106. [PMID: 23273029 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.6.hlaw1-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K, Taub S. Feeding health disparities. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.6.puhl1-0106. [PMID: 23273030 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.6.puhl1-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Taub S, Parsi K. Ethx bytes. "Hi, Bob. I'm going to be your doc." The trend toward casual address and dress in the medical profession. Virtual Mentor 2001:E5. [PMID: 15612157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Parsi K. Cases in law and ethics. Terminating a patient-physician relationship. Virtual Mentor 2001:E2. [PMID: 15612154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Taub S, Parsi K. The trend toward casual address and dress in the medical profession. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.5.ebyt1-0105. [PMID: 23273009 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.5.ebyt1-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K. Cases in law and ethics. Can a minor be an organ donor? Virtual Mentor 2001:E2. [PMID: 15612148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Parsi K. Can a minor be an organ donor? AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.4.hlaw1-0104. [PMID: 23272957 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.4.hlaw1-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K. Do what you believe in. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.4.prol1-0104. [PMID: 23272964 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.4.prol1-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K, Taub S. Think It's Information? It Could Be a Sales Pitch. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.4.ebyt1-0104. [PMID: 23272960 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.4.ebyt1-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Taub S, Parsi K. Telemedicine: assisted self-treatment at the South pole. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.3.ebyt1-0103. [PMID: 23272930 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.3.ebyt1-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Lagay F, Parsi K. Jay Sanders, MD: Telemedicine Pioneer. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.3.prol1-0103. [PMID: 23272934 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.3.prol1-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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48
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Parsi K, Kao A. Cases in law and ethics. Responsibility of a "virtual" consultant. Virtual Mentor 2001:E3. [PMID: 15612134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Parsi K, Kao A. Responsibility of a "virtual" consultant. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.3.hlaw1-0103. [PMID: 23272927 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.3.hlaw1-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Parsi K. A doctor looks at his profession in film. AMA J Ethics 2001; 3:virtualmentor.2001.3.2.ebyt1-0102. [PMID: 23272816 DOI: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2001.3.2.ebyt1-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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