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Widmann M, Gaidai R, Schubert I, Grummt M, Bensen L, Kerling A, Quermann A, Zacher J, Vollrath S, Bizjak DA, Beckendorf C, Egger F, Hasler E, Mellwig KP, Fütterer C, Wimbauer F, Vogel A, Schoenfeld J, Wüstenfeld JC, Kastner T, Barsch F, Friedmann-Bette B, Bloch W, Meyer T, Mayer F, Wolfarth B, Roecker K, Reinsberger C, Haller B, Niess AM. COVID-19 in Female and Male Athletes: Symptoms, Clinical Findings, Outcome, and Prolonged Exercise Intolerance-A Prospective, Observational, Multicenter Cohort Study (CoSmo-S). Sports Med 2024; 54:1033-1049. [PMID: 38206445 PMCID: PMC11052799 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to a variety of symptoms and complications, which can impair athletic activity. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the clinical symptom patterns, diagnostic findings, and the extent of impairment in sport practice in a large cohort of athletes infected with SARS-CoV-2, both initially after infection and at follow-up. Additionally, we investigated whether baseline factors that may contribute to reduced exercise tolerance at follow-up can be identified. METHODS In this prospective, observational, multicenter study, we recruited German COVID elite-athletes (cEAs, n = 444) and COVID non-elite athletes (cNEAs, n = 481) who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR (polymerase chain reaction test). Athletes from the federal squad with no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection served as healthy controls (EAcon, n = 501). Questionnaires were used to assess load and duration of infectious symptoms, other complaints, exercise tolerance, and duration of training interruption at baseline and at follow-up 6 months after baseline. Diagnostic tests conducted at baseline included resting and exercise electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, spirometry, and blood analyses. RESULTS Most acute and infection-related symptoms and other complaints were more prevalent in cNEA than in cEAs. Compared to cEAs, EAcon had a low symptom load. In cNEAs, female athletes had a higher prevalence of complaints such as palpitations, dizziness, chest pain, myalgia, sleeping disturbances, mood swings, and concentration problems compared to male athletes (p < 0.05). Until follow-up, leading symptoms were drop in performance, concentration problems, and dyspnea on exertion. Female athletes had significantly higher prevalence for symptoms until follow-up compared to male. Pathological findings in ECG, echocardiography, and spirometry, attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection, were rare in infected athletes. Most athletes reported a training interruption between 2 and 4 weeks (cNEAs: 52.9%, cEAs: 52.4%), while more cNEAs (27.1%) compared to cEAs (5.1%) had a training interruption lasting more than 4 weeks (p < 0.001). At follow-up, 13.8% of cNEAs and 9.9% of cEAs (p = 0.24) reported their current exercise tolerance to be under 70% compared to pre-infection state. A persistent loss of exercise tolerance at follow-up was associated with persistent complaints at baseline, female sex, a longer break in training, and age > 38 years. Periodical dichotomization of the data set showed a higher prevalence of infectious symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and coryza in the second phase of the pandemic, while a number of neuropsychiatric symptoms as well as dyspnea on exertion were less frequent in this period. CONCLUSIONS Compared to recreational athletes, elite athletes seem to be at lower risk of being or remaining symptomatic after SARS-CoV-2 infection. It remains to be determined whether persistent complaints after SARS-CoV-2 infection without evidence of accompanying organ damage may have a negative impact on further health and career in athletes. Identifying risk factors for an extended recovery period such as female sex and ongoing neuropsychological symptoms could help to identify athletes, who may require a more cautious approach to rebuilding their training regimen. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER DRKS00023717; 06.15.2021-retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Widmann
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler Str. 6, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Roman Gaidai
- Department of Sports and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Isabel Schubert
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler Str. 6, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Grummt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lieselotte Bensen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Kerling
- Clinic for Rehabilitation and sports medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Quermann
- Medical Clinic VII, Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Zacher
- Department of Preventative and Rehabilitative Sports and Performance Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shirin Vollrath
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Beckendorf
- Center of Sports Medicine, Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Florian Egger
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Erik Hasler
- Institute for Applied Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine (IfAG), Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Mellwig
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz-und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Fütterer
- School of Medicine, Institute of AI and Informatics in Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fritz Wimbauer
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, University Hospital 'Rechts Der Isar', Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Azin Vogel
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, University Hospital 'Rechts Der Isar', Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Schoenfeld
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, University Hospital 'Rechts Der Isar', Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan C Wüstenfeld
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Kastner
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Friedrich Barsch
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Exercise and Occupational Medicine, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Friedmann-Bette
- Medical Clinic VII, Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- Center of Sports Medicine, Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute for Applied Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine (IfAG), Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Claus Reinsberger
- Department of Sports and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- School of Medicine, Institute of AI and Informatics in Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, Medical University Hospital Tuebingen, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler Str. 6, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Reuter M, Rosenberger F, Barz A, Venhorst A, Blanz L, Roecker K, Meyer T. Effects on cardiorespiratory fitness of moderate-intensity training vs. energy-matched training with increasing intensity. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 5:1298877. [PMID: 38239892 PMCID: PMC10794323 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1298877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study investigated the role of training intensity in the dose-response relationship between endurance training and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The hypothesis was that beginners would benefit from an increase in training intensity after an initial training phase, even if the energy expenditure was not altered. For this purpose, 26 weeks of continuous moderate training (control group, CON) was compared to training with gradually increasing intensity (intervention group, INC) but constant energy expenditure. Methods Thirty-one healthy, untrained subjects (13 men, 18 women; 46 ± 8 years; body mass index 25.4 ± 3.3 kg m-2; maximum oxygen uptake, VO2max 34 ± 4 ml min-1 kg-1) trained for 10 weeks with moderate intensity [3 days/week for 50 min/session at 55% heart rate reserve (HRreserve)] before allocation to one of two groups. A minimization technique was used to ensure homogeneous groups. While group CON continued with moderate intensity for 16 weeks, the INC group trained at 70% HRreserve for 8 weeks and thereafter participated in a 4 × 4 training program (high-intensity interval training, HIIT) for 8 weeks. Constant energy expenditure was ensured by indirect calorimetry and corresponding adjustment of the training volume. Treadmill tests were performed at baseline and after 10, 18, and 26 weeks. Results The INC group showed improved VO2max (3.4 ± 2.7 ml kg-1 min-1) to a significantly greater degree than the CON group (0.4 ± 2.9 ml kg-1 min-1) (P = 0.020). In addition, the INC group exhibited improved Vmax (1.7 ± 0.7 km h-1) to a significantly greater degree than the CON group (1.0 ± 0.5 km h-1) (P = 0.001). The reduction of resting HR was significantly larger in the INC group (7 ± 4 bpm) than in the CON group (2 ± 6 bpm) (P = 0.001). The mean heart rate in the submaximal exercise test was reduced significantly in the CON group (5 ± 6 bpm; P = 0.007) and in the INC group (8 ± 7 bpm; P = 0.001), without a significant interaction between group and time point. Conclusion Increasing intensity leads to greater adaptations in CRF than continuing with moderate intensity, even without increased energy expenditure. After 26 weeks of training in the moderate- and higher-intensity domain, energy-matched HIIT elicited further adaptations in cardiorespiratory fitness. Thus, training intensity plays a crucial role in the dose-response relationship between endurance training and fitness in untrained but healthy individuals. Clinical Trial Registration https://www.drks.de/DRKS00031445, identifier DRKS00031445.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Reuter
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Applied Training Science, German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management (DHfPG), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Friederike Rosenberger
- Department of Applied Training Science, German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management (DHfPG), Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Barz
- Department of Applied Training Science, German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management (DHfPG), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Venhorst
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Laura Blanz
- Department of Applied Training Science, German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management (DHfPG), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute for Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine (IfAG), Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Helwig J, Diels J, Röll M, Mahler H, Gollhofer A, Roecker K, Willwacher S. Relationships between External, Wearable Sensor-Based, and Internal Parameters: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23020827. [PMID: 36679623 PMCID: PMC9864675 DOI: 10.3390/s23020827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are used to record training and match play of intermittent team sport athletes. Paired with estimates of internal responses or adaptations to exercise, practitioners gain insight into players' dose-response relationship which facilitates the prescription of the training stimuli to optimize performance, prevent injuries, and to guide rehabilitation processes. A systematic review on the relationship between external, wearable-based, and internal parameters in team sport athletes, compliant with the PRISMA guidelines, was conducted. The literature research was performed from earliest record to 1 September 2020 using the databases PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and SportDISCUS. A total of 66 full-text articles were reviewed encompassing 1541 athletes. About 109 different relationships between variables have been reviewed. The most investigated relationship across sports was found between (session) rating of perceived exertion ((session-)RPE) and PlayerLoad™ (PL) with, predominantly, moderate to strong associations (r = 0.49-0.84). Relationships between internal parameters and highly dynamic, anaerobic movements were heterogenous. Relationships between average heart rate (HR), Edward's and Banister's training impulse (TRIMP) seem to be reflected in parameters of overall activity such as PL and TD for running-intensive team sports. PL may further be suitable to estimate the overall subjective perception. To identify high fine-structured loading-relative to a certain type of sport-more specific measures and devices are needed. Individualization of parameters could be helpful to enhance practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Helwig
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Max-Planck Straße 1, 77656 Offenburg, Germany
| | - Janik Diels
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Röll
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Mahler
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
- Sport-Club Freiburg e.V., Achim-Stocker-Str. 1, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Applied Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine, Furtwangen University, 78120 Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Max-Planck Straße 1, 77656 Offenburg, Germany
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Heyde C, Nielsen A, Roecker K, Godsk Larsen R, de Zee M, Kersting U, K. Brund RB. The percentage of recreational runners that might benefit from new running shoes. A likely scenario. Footwear Science 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2095042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Nielsen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute for Applied Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine (IfAG), Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Ryan Godsk Larsen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mark de Zee
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Uwe Kersting
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - René B. K. Brund
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Ahlgrim C, Baumstark MW, Roecker K. Clarifying the link between the blood lactate concentration and cardiovascular risk. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1106-1112. [PMID: 35354203 DOI: 10.1055/a-1812-5840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The blood lactate value at rest (Lacrest) is linked to cardiovascular outcomes. It is unclear whether this association holds true in younger, healthy subjects, especially as the pathophysiological connection between Lacrest and cardiometabolic disease is not well understood. The aim of this study is clarifying the link between Lacrest and cardiovascular risk, and to study explanatory factors for the variance of Lacrest concerning metabolism and physical activity in a population of healthy patient-athletes. The distribution and intra-individual variability of Lacrest was assessed based on 9051 samples. The 10-year cardiovascular risk was then approximated using the Framingham risk score in a group of 1315 samples from patient-athletes. Cross-validated linear regression was used to analyze explanatory variables for Lacrest and 10-year cardiovascular risk. Lacrest is weakly associated with the Framingham score. This association disappears when adjusting for blood lipids. Lacrest is also linked to the predominant type of exercise with endurance athletes featuring a higher Lacrest. Lacrest does not independently predict the estimated cardiovascular risk but is associated with lipid parameters. Moreover, the intra-individual variability of Lacrest is high in a relevant number of subjects, which does not point towards the feasibility to use Lacrest as an individual risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ahlgrim
- affiliation 1 and 2, University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Exercise- and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology II, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Manfred W Baumstark
- affiliation 1, University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Exercise- and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute for Exercise- and Occupational Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Applied Public Health, Furtwangen University of Applied Sciences, Furtwangen, Germany.,affiliation 2, University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
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Niess AM, Widmann M, Gaidai R, Gölz C, Schubert I, Castillo K, Sachs JP, Bizjak D, Vollrath S, Wimbauer F, Vogel A, Keller K, Burgstahler C, Quermann A, Kerling A, Schneider G, Zacher J, Diebold K, Grummt M, Beckendorf C, Buitenhuis J, Egger F, Venhorst A, Morath O, Barsch F, Mellwig KP, Oesterschlink J, Wüstenfeld J, Predel HG, Deibert P, Friedmann-Bette B, Mayer F, Hirschmüller A, Halle M, Steinacker JM, Wolfarth B, Meyer T, Böttinger E, Flechtner-Mors M, Bloch W, Haller B, Roecker K, Reinsberger C. COVID-19 in German Competitive Sports: Protocol for a Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study (CoSmo-S). Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604414. [PMID: 35197815 PMCID: PMC8859834 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: It is unclear whether and to what extent COVID-19 infection poses health risks and a chronic impairment of performance in athletes. Identification of individual health risk is an important decision-making basis for managing the pandemic risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in sports and return to play (RTP).Methods: This study aims 1) to analyze the longitudinal rate of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in German athletes, 2) to assess health-related consequences in athletes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and 3) to reveal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in general and of a cleared SARS-CoV-2 infection on exercise performance. CoSmo-S is a prospective observational multicenter study establishing two cohorts: 1) athletes diagnosed positive for COVID-19 (cohort 1) and 2) federal squad athletes who perform their annual sports medical preparticipation screening (cohort 2). Comprehensive diagnostics including physical examination, laboratory blood analyses and blood biobanking, resting and exercise electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, spirometry and exercise testing added by questionnaires are conducted at baseline and follow-up.Results and Conclusion: We expect that the results obtained, will allow us to formulate recommendations regarding RTP on a more evidence-based level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Widmann
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Manuel Widmann,
| | - Roman Gaidai
- Department of Sports and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christian Gölz
- Department of Sports and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Isabel Schubert
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katty Castillo
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Sachs
- Hasso Plattner Institute, Digital Health Center, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Bizjak
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Shirin Vollrath
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fritz Wimbauer
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Cardiology/EAPC, School of Medicine, University Hospital “Klinikum Rechts der Isar”, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Azin Vogel
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Cardiology/EAPC, School of Medicine, University Hospital “Klinikum Rechts der Isar”, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Keller
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz (Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz), Mainz, Germany
- Medical Clinic VII, Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Burgstahler
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Quermann
- Medical Clinic VII, Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arno Kerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerald Schneider
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas Zacher
- Department I—Preventative and Rehabilitative Sports and Performance Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Diebold
- Department I—Preventative and Rehabilitative Sports and Performance Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maximilian Grummt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Beckendorf
- Center of Sports Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Florian Egger
- Institute for Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Venhorst
- Institute for Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Oliver Morath
- Institute for Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicince, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Friedrich Barsch
- Institute for Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicince, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Mellwig
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Julian Oesterschlink
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jan Wüstenfeld
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Department I—Preventative and Rehabilitative Sports and Performance Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Deibert
- Institute for Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicince, Medical Center University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Birgit Friedmann-Bette
- Medical Clinic VII, Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- Center of Sports Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anja Hirschmüller
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Halle
- Department of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Center for Sports Cardiology/EAPC, School of Medicine, University Hospital “Klinikum Rechts der Isar”, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Michael Steinacker
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Applied Training Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute for Sport and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Erwin Böttinger
- Hasso Plattner Institute, Digital Health Center, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marion Flechtner-Mors
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute for Applied Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine (IfAG), Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Claus Reinsberger
- Department of Sports and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
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Wehrle A, Waibel S, Gollhofer A, Roecker K. Power Output and Efficiency During Supine, Recumbent, and Upright Cycle Ergometry. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:667564. [PMID: 34179774 PMCID: PMC8222662 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.667564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recumbent and supine cycling are common exercise modes in rehabilitation and clinical settings but the influence of postures on work efficiency is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare metabolic and ventilatory efficiency during upright, recumbent, and supine postures. Potential differences should be assessed for suitable diagnostics and for prescriptions of training that probably is performed in alternative postures. Eighteen healthy subjects (age: 47.2 ± 18.4 years; 10 female, 8 male) participated in the study and each completed three incremental cycle ergometer tests until exhaustion in upright, recumbent (40°), and supine positions. Gas exchange, heart rate (HR), and lactate concentrations were analyzed and efficiency was calculated subsequently. Testing sessions were performed in random order within a 2-week period. Upright cycling resulted in significantly higher peak values [power output, oxygen uptake (Vo2), HR] as well as performance at lactate and ventilatory thresholds in comparison to recumbent or supine positions. Vco2/Vo2 slope and ventilatory efficiency (VE/Vco2 slope) were not affected by posture. Aerobic work efficiency (Vo2/P slope) and gross efficiency (GE) differed significantly between postures. Hereby, GE was lowest in supine cycling, particularly obvious in a mainly aerobic condition at 70 Watt [Median 11.6 (IQR 10.9-13.3) vs. recumbent: 15.9 (IQR 15.6-18.3) and upright: 17.4 (IQR 15.1-18.3)]. Peak power as well as GE and work efficiency values are influenced by cycling position, reinforcing the importance of adjusting test results for training prescriptions. Surprisingly, ventilatory efficiency was not affected in this study and therefore does not seem to falsify test results for pulmonary diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wehrle
- Institute for Exercise and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Waibel
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute for Applied Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine (IfAG), Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
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8
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Zrenner M, Heyde C, Duemler B, Dykman S, Roecker K, Eskofier BM. Retrospective Analysis of Training and Its Response in Marathon Finishers Based on Fitness App Data. Front Physiol 2021; 12:669884. [PMID: 34122141 PMCID: PMC8191845 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Finishing a marathon requires to prepare for a 42.2 km run. Current literature describes which training characteristics are related to marathon performance. However, which training is most effective in terms of a performance improvement remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of training responses during a 16 weeks training period prior to an absolved marathon. The analysis was performed on unsupervised fitness app data (Runtastic) from 6,771 marathon finishers. Differences in training volume and intensity between three response and three marathon performance groups were analyzed. Training response was quantified by the improvement of the velocity of 10 km runs Δv10 between the first and last 4 weeks of the training period. Response and marathon performance groups were classified by the 33.3rd and 66.6th percentile of Δv10 and the marathon performance time, respectively. Results: Subjects allocated in the faster marathon performance group showed systematically higher training volume and higher shares of training at low intensities. Only subjects in the moderate and high response group increased their training velocity continuously along the 16 weeks of training. Conclusion: We demonstrate that a combination of maximized training volumes at low intensities, a continuous increase in average running speed up to the aimed marathon velocity and high intensity runs ≤ 5 % of the overall training volume was accompanied by an improved 10 km performance which likely benefited the marathon performance as well. The study at hand proves that unsupervised workouts recorded with fitness apps can be a valuable data source for future studies in sport science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Zrenner
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Kai Roecker
- Institute for Applied Public Health and Exercise Medicine, Furtwangen University (HFU), Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Bjoern M Eskofier
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Roell M, Helwig J, Gollhofer A, Roecker K. Duration-Specific Peak Acceleration Demands During Professional Female Basketball Matches. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:33. [PMID: 33345025 PMCID: PMC7739610 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Describing the most intense periods of match-play is important in player monitoring and the development of specific training programs. The aim of this study was to extract maximum accelerations during basketball match-play and describe those as a function over time durations. Methods: Twelve professional female basketballers were monitored during 13 official matches to calculate acceleration profiles. Moving medians of time durations ranging from 0.3 to 1,800 s were computed to extract peak acceleration and deceleration magnitudes for the resultant (|accres|), horizontal (|acchor|), and vertical (|accvert|) planes. The relationship between peak magnitudes and time durations was modeled by an exponential function. Distinct curve characteristics can be described by the function parameters scale and decrease rate, which refer to an athlete's ability to perform maximum acceleration intensities over short-time (scale) and middle-time intervals (decrease rate). Generalized linear mixed-models were calculated to determine plane-specific differences in acceleration and deceleration capacities. Results: Function parameters differed significantly between |accres|, |acchor| and |accvert| [effect size (ES) = 0.33–1.15]. Comparisons within each movement plane revealed significant differences between positive and negative |accres| for the parameters scale (ES = 0.34) and decrease rate (ES = 0.39). All function parameters differed significantly between |accvert|+ and |decvert| (ES = 0.39–0.71). Rank analyses between players revealed significant inter-individual differences for all function parameters in all groups. Conclusions: Modeling peak acceleration magnitudes as a function over log-transformed time durations provides an opportunity to systematically quantify the most intense periods of match-play over short, middle and long time intervals (0.3–1,800 s). Detailed knowledge about these periods may positively contribute to training prescriptions, which intend to prepare players for highest intensities experienced during match-play in order to improve performance and prevent injuries. Derived function parameters allow inter-individual comparisons and provide insights into players' physical capabilities. This study further examines plane-specific intensity demands of professional female basketball, emphasizing the need for coaches to prepare players for maximum decelerations in the vertical plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Roell
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Janina Helwig
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Institute of Applied Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine (IfAG), Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
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Roell M, Roecker K, Gehring D, Mahler H, Gollhofer A. Player Monitoring in Indoor Team Sports: Concurrent Validity of Inertial Measurement Units to Quantify Average and Peak Acceleration Values. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29535641 PMCID: PMC5835232 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in assessing physical demands in team sports has led to the development of multiple sports related monitoring systems. Due to technical limitations, these systems primarily could be applied to outdoor sports, whereas an equivalent indoor locomotion analysis is not established yet. Technological development of inertial measurement units (IMU) broadens the possibilities for player monitoring and enables the quantification of locomotor movements in indoor environments. The aim of the current study was to validate an IMU measuring by determining average and peak human acceleration under indoor conditions in team sport specific movements. Data of a single wearable tracking device including an IMU (Optimeye S5, Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia) were compared to the results of a 3D motion analysis (MA) system (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK) during selected standardized movement simulations in an indoor laboratory (n = 56). A low-pass filtering method for gravity correction (LF) and two sensor fusion algorithms for orientation estimation [Complementary Filter (CF), Kalman-Filter (KF)] were implemented and compared with MA system data. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between LF and MA data but not between sensor fusion algorithms and MA. Higher precision and lower relative errors were found for CF (RMSE = 0.05; CV = 2.6%) and KF (RMSE = 0.15; CV = 3.8%) both compared to the LF method (RMSE = 1.14; CV = 47.6%) regarding the magnitude of the resulting vector and strongly emphasize the implementation of orientation estimation to accurately describe human acceleration. Comparing both sensor fusion algorithms, CF revealed slightly lower errors than KF and additionally provided valuable information about positive and negative acceleration values in all three movement planes with moderate to good validity (CV = 3.9 – 17.8%). Compared to x- and y-axis superior results were found for the z-axis. These findings demonstrate that IMU-based wearable tracking devices can successfully be applied for athlete monitoring in indoor team sports and provide potential to accurately quantify accelerations and decelerations in all three orthogonal axes with acceptable validity. An increase in accuracy taking magnetometers in account should be specifically pursued by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Roell
- Department for Sports and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Department for Sports and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Applied Public Health, Furtwangen University, Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, Germany
| | - Dominic Gehring
- Department for Sports and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hubert Mahler
- Department for Sports and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department for Sports and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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11
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Klenze H, Köhler TC, Farquharson F, Walterspacher S, Duerschmied D, Roecker K, Kabitz HJ, Walker DJ. Resting limb muscle perfusion during inspiratory muscle loading in hypoxia and normoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017. [PMID: 28625661 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatiguing of respiratory muscles reduces peripheral muscle perfusion. Further, acute hypoxia enhances respiratory muscle fatigue. This study investigated the effects of inspiratory muscle loading (IML) on resting locomotor muscle perfusion in hypoxia compared to normoxia. METHODS Ten subjects completed two study days of fatiguing IML (blinded, randomized) in normobaric hypoxia (targeted oxygen saturation 80%) and normoxia, respectively. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) of the gastrocnemius muscle and popliteal doppler ultrasonography were used to monitor muscle perfusion. Based on CEUS and monitored cardiac output, perfusion surrogate parameters (CLPaer and CLPap) were established. RESULTS Muscle perfusion declines early during IML in normoxia (CLPaer: -54±25%, p<0.01; CLPap: -58±32%, p<0.01) and hypoxia (CLPaer: -43±23%, p<0.01; CLPap: -41±20%, p<0.01). Hypoxia compared to normoxia increased cardiac output before (+23±19%, p<0.01 ANOVA) and during (+22±20%, p<0.01 ANOVA) IML, while local muscle perfusion during IML remained unchanged (CLPaer: p=0.41 ANOVA; CLPap: p=0.29 ANOVA). CONCLUSION Acute hypoxia compared to normoxia does not affect locomotor muscle perfusion during fatiguing IML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Klenze
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | - Franziska Farquharson
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stephan Walterspacher
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz, Germany; Department of Medicine/Pneumology, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen and Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Department of Applied Public Health (AGW), Furtwangen University, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Kabitz
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz, Germany
| | - David Johannes Walker
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz, Germany; Department of Medicine/Pneumology, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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12
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Leutheuser H, Heyde C, Roecker K, Gollhofer A, Eskofier BM. Reference-Free Adjustment of Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography for Measurements during Physical Exercise. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 64:2836-2846. [PMID: 28278451 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2675941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) provides an unobtrusive method for measuring breathing characteristics. Accurately adjusted RIP provides reliable measurements of ventilation during rest and exercise if data are acquired via two elastic measuring bands surrounding the rib cage (RC) and abdomen (AB). Disadvantageously, the most accurate reported adjusted model for RIP in literature-least squares regression-requires simultaneous RIP and flowmeter (FM) data acquisition. An adjustment method without simultaneous measurement (reference-free) of RIP and FM would foster usability enormously. METHODS In this paper, we develop generalizable, functional, and reference-free algorithms for RIP adjustment incorporating anthropometric data. Further, performance of only one-degree of freedom (RC or AB) instead of two (RC and AB) is investigated. We evaluate the algorithms with data from 193 healthy subjects who performed an incremental running test using three different datasets: training, reliability, and validation dataset. The regression equation is improved with machine learning techniques such as sequential forward feature selection and 10-fold cross validation. RESULTS Using the validation dataset, the best reference-free adjustment model is the combination of both bands with 84.69% breaths within 20% limits of equivalence compared to 43.63% breaths using the best comparable algorithm from literature. Using only one band, we obtain better results using the RC band alone. CONCLUSION Reference-free adjustment for RIP reveals tidal volume differences of up to 0.25 l when comparing to the best possible adjustment currently present which needs the simultaneous measurement of RIP and FM. SIGNIFICANCE This demonstrates that RIP has the potential for usage in wide applications in ambulatory settings.
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Walker DJ, Farquharson F, Klenze H, Walterspacher S, Storz L, Duerschmied D, Roecker K, Kabitz HJ. Diaphragmatic fatigue during inspiratory muscle loading in normoxia and hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 227:1-8. [PMID: 26845453 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diaphragmatic fatigue (DF) occurs during strenuous loading of respiratory muscles (e.g., heavy-intensity whole-body exercise, normocapnic hyperpnea, inspiratory resistive breathing). DF develops early on during normoxia, without further decline toward task failure; however, its progression during inspiratory muscle loading in during hypoxia remains unclear. Therefore, the present study used volume-corrected transdiaphragmatic pressures during supramaximal magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation (Pdi,twc) to investigate the effect of hypoxia on the progression of diaphragmatic fatigue during inspiratory muscle loading. METHODS Seventeen subjects completed two standardized rounds of inspiratory muscle loading (blinded, randomized) under the following conditions: (i) normoxia, and (ii) normobaric hypoxia (SpO2 80%), with Pdi,twc assessment every 45 s. RESULTS In fatiguers (i.e., Pdi,twc reduction >10%, n=10), biometric approximation during normoxia is best represented by Pdi,twc=4.06+0.83 exp(-0.19 × x), in contrast to Pdi,twc=4.38-(0.05 × x) during hypoxia. CONCLUSION Progression of diaphragmatic fatigue during inspiratory muscle loading assessed by Pdi,tw differs between normoxia and normobaric hypoxia: in the former, Pdi,tw follows an exponential decay, whereas during hypoxia, Pdi,tw follows a linear decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Johannes Walker
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz, Germany; Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Farquharson
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz, Germany; Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Klenze
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz, Germany; Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Walterspacher
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lucia Storz
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Department of Applied Public Health (AGW), Furtwangen University, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Kabitz
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz, Germany
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14
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Beurskens R, Haeger M, Kliegl R, Roecker K, Granacher U. Postural Control in Dual-Task Situations: Does Whole-Body Fatigue Matter? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147392. [PMID: 26796320 PMCID: PMC4721871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postural control is important to cope with demands of everyday life. It has been shown that both attentional demand (i.e., cognitive processing) and fatigue affect postural control in young adults. However, their combined effect is still unresolved. Therefore, we investigated the effects of fatigue on single- (ST) and dual-task (DT) postural control. Twenty young subjects (age: 23.7 ± 2.7) performed an all-out incremental treadmill protocol. After each completed stage, one-legged-stance performance on a force platform under ST (i.e., one-legged-stance only) and DT conditions (i.e., one-legged-stance while subtracting serial 3s) was registered. On a second test day, subjects conducted the same balance tasks for the control condition (i.e., non-fatigued). Results showed that heart rate, lactate, and ventilation increased following fatigue (all p < 0.001; d = 4.2–21). Postural sway and sway velocity increased during DT compared to ST (all p < 0.001; d = 1.9–2.0) and fatigued compared to non-fatigued condition (all p < 0.001; d = 3.3–4.2). In addition, postural control deteriorated with each completed stage during the treadmill protocol (all p < 0.01; d = 1.9–3.3). The addition of an attention-demanding interference task did not further impede one-legged-stance performance. Although both additional attentional demand and physical fatigue affected postural control in healthy young adults, there was no evidence for an overadditive effect (i.e., fatigue-related performance decrements in postural control were similar under ST and DT conditions). Thus, attentional resources were sufficient to cope with the DT situations in the fatigue condition of this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Beurskens
- Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Geriatric Center at the University of Heidelberg, Agaplesion Bethanien Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthias Haeger
- Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kliegl
- Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Faculty of Applied Public Health, University of Furtwangen, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Research Focus Cognition Sciences, Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Heyde C, Mahler H, Gollhofer A, Roecker K. Using Thorax Expansion to Detect a Ventilatory Inflection Point in the Field. Int J Sports Med 2015; 37:6-11. [PMID: 26528944 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1555934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Assessing an individual's physical fitness can usually be achieved through evaluating lactate or ventilatory thresholds. Unfortunately, the detection of ventilatory thresholds still requires uncomfortable mass flow sensors and a laboratory setting. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate a ventilatory inflection point (VIP) derived from thorax expansion as a useful surrogate to assess an individual's physical fitness under field conditions. 348 and 107 ramp tests have been selected respectively to examine validity and retest variability of VIP. The individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) determined by means of blood lactate sampling was used as reliable rationale for evaluation. Calibrated respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) was utilized to derive ventilation from thorax expansion during the ramp test. An automated software routine was applied to detect the VIP. Speed, heart rate and ventilation at the VIP correlated significantly to corresponding values at IAT (r=0.840, 0.876, 0.933). Non-systematic differences between repeated testing ranged within ±1.15 km·h(-1), ±8.74 b·min(-1) and ±12.69 l·min(-1) (±1.96 SD). The timing of VIP is not solely dependent on the aerobic capacity and might instead quantify an individual's physical fitness in terms of the efficiency of the compensative and supportive ventilatory response during increased exercise intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Heyde
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Albert Ludwigs Universtity Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Mahler
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Albert Ludwigs Universtity Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Albert Ludwigs Universtity Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Roecker
- Applied Public Health, Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany
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Heyde C, Mahler H, Roecker K, Gollhofer A. Predictive value of ventilatory inflection points determined under field conditions. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:787-93. [PMID: 26190229 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1069883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive potential provided by two ventilatory inflection points (VIP1 and VIP2) examined in field without using gas analysis systems and uncomfortable facemasks. A calibrated respiratory inductance plethysmograph (RIP) and a computerised routine were utilised, respectively, to derive ventilation and to detect VIP1 and VIP2 during a standardised field ramp test on a 400 m running track on 81 participants. In addition, average running speed of a competitive 1000 m run (S1k) was observed as criterion. The predictive value of running speed at VIP1 (SVIP1) and the speed range between VIP1 and VIP2 in relation to VIP2 (VIPSPAN) was analysed via regression analysis. VIPSPAN rather than running speed at VIP2 (SVIP2) was operationalised as a predictor to consider the covariance between SVIP1 and SVIP2. SVIP1 and VIPSPAN, respectively, provided 58.9% and 22.9% of explained variance in regard to S1k. Considering covariance, the timing of two ventilatory inflection points provides predictive value in regard to a competitive 1000 m run. This is the first study to apply computerised detection of ventilatory inflection points in a field setting independent on measurements of the respiratory gas exchange and without using any facemasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heyde
- a Department of Sport and Sport Science , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Hubert Mahler
- a Department of Sport and Sport Science , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- b Applied Public Health , Furtwangen University , Furtwangen , Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- a Department of Sport and Sport Science , Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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Heyde C, Leutheuser H, Eskofier B, Roecker K, Gollhofer A. Respiratory inductance plethysmography-a rationale for validity during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:488-95. [PMID: 24042313 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to provide a rationale for future validations of a priori calibrated respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) when used under exercise conditions. Therefore, the validity of a posteriori-adjusted gain factors and accuracy in resultant breath-by-breath RIP data recorded under resting and running conditions were examined. METHODS Healthy subjects, 98 men and 88 women (mean ± SD: height = 175.6 ± 8.9 cm, weight = 68.9 ± 11.1 kg, age = 27.1 ± 8.3 yr), underwent a standardized test protocol, including a period of standing still, an incremental running test on treadmill, and multiple periods of recovery. Least square regression was used to calculate gain factors, respectively, for complete individual data sets as well as several data subsets. In comparison with flowmeter data, the validity of RIP in breathing rate (fR) and inspiratory tidal volume (VTIN) were examined using coefficients of determination (R). Accuracy was estimated from equivalence statistics. RESULTS Calculated gains between different data subsets showed no equivalence. After gain adjustment for the complete individual data set, fR and VTIN between methods were highly correlated (R = 0.96 ± 0.04 and 0.91 ± 0.05, respectively) in all subjects. Under conditions of standing still, treadmill running, and recovery, 86%, 98%, and 94% (fR) and 78%, 97%, and 88% (VTIN), respectively, of all breaths were accurately measured within ± 20% limits of equivalence. CONCLUSION In case of the best possible gain adjustment, RIP confidentially estimates tidal volume accurately within ± 20% under exercise conditions. Our results can be used as a rationale for future validations of a priori calibration procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heyde
- 1Department of Sport and Sport Science, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, GERMANY; 2Digital Sports Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, GERMANY; and 3Applied Public Health, Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, GERMANY
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Abstract
The between-days variability in ascertained gain factors for calibration of a wearable respiratory inductance plethysmograph (RIP) and validity thereof for the repeated use during exercise were examined. Consecutive 5-min periods of standing still, slow running at 8 km·h(-1), fast running at 14 km·h(-1) (male) or 12 km·h(-1) (female) and recovery were repeated by 10 healthy subjects on 5 days. Breath-by-breath data were recorded simultaneously by flow meter and RIP. Gain factors were determined individually for each trial (CALIND) via least square regression. Reliability and variability in gain factors were quantified respectively by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and limits of agreement. Within a predefined error range of ±20% the amount of RIP-derived tidal volumes after CALIND was compared to corresponding amounts when gain factors of the first trial were applied on the following 4 trials (CALFIRST). ICC ranged within 0.96 and 0.98. The variability in gain factors (up to ± 24.06%) was reduced compensatively by their sum. Amounts of breaths within the predefined error range did not differ between CALIND and (CALFIRST) (P>0.32). The between-days variability of gain factors for a wearable RIP-device does not show impaired reliability in further derived tidal volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Heyde
- Albert Ludwigs Universtity Freiburg, Department of Sport and Sport Science, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Mahler
- Albert Ludwigs Universtity Freiburg, Department of Sport and Sport Science, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Roecker
- Furtwangen University, Applied Public Health, Furtwangen, Germany
| | - A Gollhofer
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Sport and Sport Sciences, Freiburg, Germany
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Prettin S, Roecker K, Ruehl S, Deibert P, Schumacher YO, Hirschmüller A, Dickhuth HH. Changes in blood lactate concentrations during different treadmill exercise test protocols. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2011; 51:179-184. [PMID: 21681150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to compare the blood-lactate and heart rate response of three treadmill tests and to define a conversion algorithm. METHODS Subjects included 19 long-distance runners. The first two tests had increments of 2 km/h every 3 (test3m) or 5 minutes (test5m). The third test (testFm) consisted of four consecutive 2000m-runs. The calculated individual-anaerobic-threshold (IAT) from test3m was defined as speed at the third step of testFm, speed-increments between the four steps were 0.25 m/s. RESULTS Lactate threshold (LT) did not show significant differences. Speed at IAT in test3m (15.09|*plusmn*|2.29 km/h) was significantly higher than in test5m (14.74|*plusmn*|2.22 km/h), heart rates were nearly identical. Speed and heart rate at 2 mmol/L showed no significant differences. At lactate concentrations of 3 and 4 mmol/L, running-speeds in test3m were significantly higher than in test5m and testFm. Heart rate were the same in test3m and test5m but significantly higher in testFm. CONCLUSION Taking test3m as basis for determining endurance-performance, an adjustment of test5m can be made by adding 1.8 mmol/l instead of 1.5 mmol/l to the LT to derive the IAT. TestFm shows similar results as test5m, however, standardization is difficult due to variable increment durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prettin
- Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Walker DJ, Walterspacher S, Schlager D, Ertl T, Roecker K, Windisch W, Kabitz HJ. Characteristics of diaphragmatic fatigue during exhaustive exercise until task failure. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 176:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kabitz HJ, Walker D, Schwoerer A, Walterspacher S, Sonntag F, Schlager D, Roecker K, Windisch W. Diaphragmatic fatigue is counterbalanced during exhaustive long-term exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 172:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schumacher YO, Ruthardt S, Schmidt M, Ahlgrim C, Roecker K, Pottgiesser T. Total haemoglobin mass but not cardiac volume adapts to long-term endurance exercise in highly trained spinal cord injured athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 105:779-85. [PMID: 19125284 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen transport system is an important component in the limitation of endurance performance in able-bodied and paraplegic athletes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the total haemoglobin mass (tHb, carbon monoxide rebreathing method) and cardiac volume (HV, echocardiography) in 25 highly endurance trained male spinal cord injured (mainly paraplegic) athletes (SCI-TRAINED) and to compare the results with those of 10 untrained spinal cord injured controls (SCI-UNTRAINED) and in 25 able-bodied elite endurance athletes (TRAINED). tHb and tHb/kg were higher in SCI-TRAINED than in SCI-UNTRAINED (748 +/- 110 vs. 629 +/- 209 g (464 +/- 68 vs. 390 +/- 130 mmol) (mean +/- SD), P = 0.02 and 10.3 +/- 1.3 vs. 7.9 +/- 2.0 g/kg (6.4 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.9 +/- 1.2 mmol/kg), P < 0.0001), while HV and HV/kg showed no significant differences between the two groups (765 +/- 93 vs. 793 +/- 164 ml and 10.6 +/- 1.4 vs. 10.3 +/- 2.5 ml/kg). No difference between SCI-TRAINED and TRAINED was found for septal diameter (9.5 +/- 1.0 mm vs. 9.7 +/- 0.7 mm). However, tHb and tHb/kg in SCI-TRAINED was lower than in TRAINED [896 +/- 123 g (556 +/- 76 mmol), P = 0.0003 and 12.6 +/- 1.3 g/kg (7.8 +/- 0.8 mmol), P < 0.0001]. In spinal cord injured athletes, tHb but not HV adapts moderately to chronic endurance exercise, although tHb in spinal cord injured athletes does not reach the level of able-bodied-trained persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorck Olaf Schumacher
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Roecker K, Dickhuth HH. Answer to D. Böning's and J. M. Steinacker's Letter to the Editor “Problems with Doping in Scientific Articles?”. Int J Sports Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1038699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Kabitz HJ, Walker D, Sonntag F, Walterspacher S, Kirchberger A, Burgardt V, Roecker K, Windisch W. Post-exercise diaphragm shielding: A novel approach to exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 162:230-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Pottgiesser
- The Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Abteilung Rehabilitation, Prävention und Sportmedizin, Freiburg, Germany.
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Pottgiesser T, Specker W, Umhau M, Roecker K, Schumacher YO. Traceability Of Increased Hemoglobin Mass After Autologous Blood Transfusion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000323088.33771.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vogt S, Roecker K, Lohmueller D, Pottgiesser T, Stapelfeldt B. Estimating The Benefit Of Additional Features Of A Cycling Training Computer System. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000322227.67368.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schumacher YO, Ruthardt S, Ahlgrim C, Roecker K, Pottgiesser T. Adaptation of Blood Volume and Cardiac Dimensions to Endurance Training in Paraplegic Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000321754.84780.ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Haemoglobin mass is a main determinant of maximal oxygen uptake. Blood doping aims at increasing this variable. Limits for haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration are used as indicators of blood doping. However, these variables are measures of concentration, do not represent total haemoglobin mass and are altered by vascular volumes shifts. Direct estimation of haemoglobin mass could improve blood tests. It is unknown if physical exercise alters haemoglobin mass. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reaction of haemoglobin mass and other vascular compartments to heavy exercise in athletes. Haemoglobin mass and vascular compartments were evaluated using the optimised CO rebreathing method in 7 elite cyclists during a stage race. Simultaneously, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit were analysed. Haemoglobin mass (pre-race 958 +/- 123 g, end race 948 +/- 106 g) and red cell volume did not change significantly over the study period, while plasma volume and blood volume tended to increase. Haematocrit (pre-race 44.1 +/- 2.5 %, end race 40.9 +/- 1.59 %) and haemoglobin concentration (pre race 15.8 +/- 0.9 g/dl, end race 14.7 +/- 0.7 g/dl) decreased. During the study, a plasma volume expansion as adaptation to prolonged exercise occurred. Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit decreased accordingly, whereas haemoglobin mass remained stable. Haemoglobin mass might therefore be a suitable screening tool for blood manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y O Schumacher
- Abteilung Sportmedizin, Medizinische Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, Freiburg, Germany.
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31
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Vogt S, Altehoefer C, Bueltermann D, Pottgiesser T, Prettin S, Schmid A, Roecker K, Schmidt W, Heinicke K, Heinrich L. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine and blood volume in professional cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 102:411-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pottgiesser T, Umhau M, Ahlgrim C, Ruthardt S, Roecker K, Schumacher YO. Hb Mass Measurement Suitable to Screen for Illicit Autologous Blood Transfusions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:1748-56. [PMID: 17909402 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318123e8a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An increase of hemoglobin (Hb) mass is the key target of blood doping practices to enhance performance as it is a main determinant of maximal oxygen uptake. Although detection methods exist for doping with recombinant EPO and homologous blood transfusions, autologous transfusions remain virtually undetectable. In this context, the most sensitive parameter would be a determination of Hb mass itself. The purpose therefore was to establish whether Hb mass measurements by the optimized CO-rebreathing method allow screening for the withdrawal and reinfusion of autologous red blood cells. METHODS The optimized CO-rebreathing method was used for evaluation of Hb mass in two groups at three time points (duplicate measurements: 1) baseline, 2) after donation, and 3) after reinfusion). Group I (N = 6) was to donate and receive 1 unit of packed red cells (PRC) in contrast to two PRC in group II (N = 4). The time span between withdrawal and reinfusion was 2 d. RESULTS The mean Hb content of the blood units was 59.0 +/- 3.9 g (group I) and 108.3 +/- 1.3 g (group II). Hb mass decreased significantly after blood withdrawal (-89 +/- 16 g in group I and -120 +/- 14 g in group II) and increased significantly after reinfusion (group I: 70 +/- 16 g; group II: 90 +/- 9 g) but was lower than at baseline (group I: -19 +/- 17 g; group II: -30 +/- 14 g). The total error of measurements for the duplicate measures ranged between 0.8 and 3.1% (Hb mass: 6.4-22.1 g). CONCLUSION Hb mass determination with the optimized CO-rebreathing method has sufficient precision to detect the absolute differences in Hb mass induced by blood withdrawal and autologous reinfusion. Thus, it may be suited to screen for artificially induced alterations in Hb mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Pottgiesser
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Abteilung Rehabilitative und Präventive Sportmedizin, Freiburg, Germany.
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Vogt S, Schumacher YO, Blum A, Roecker K, Dickhuth HH, Schmid A, Heinrich L. Cycling power output produced during flat and mountain stages in the Giro d'Italia: A case study. J Sports Sci 2007; 25:1299-305. [PMID: 17786683 DOI: 10.1080/02640410601001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the physiological demands of cycling competitions were mostly reflected by the measurement of heart rate and the indirect estimation of exercise intensity. The purpose of this case study was to illustrate the varying power output of a professional cyclist during flat and mountain stages of a Grand Tour (Giro d'Italia). Nine stage recordings of a cyclist of the 2005 Giro d'Italia were monitored using a mobile power measurement device (SRM Trainingssystem, Julich, Germany), which recorded direct power output and heart rate. Stages were categorized into flat (n = 5) and mountain stages (n = 4). Data were processed electronically, and the overall mean power in flat and mountain stages and maximal mean power for various durations were calculated. Mean power output was 132 W +/- 26 (2.0 W x kg(-1) +/- 0.4) for the flat and 235 W +/- 10 (3.5 W x kg(-1) +/- 0.1) for the mountain stages. Mountain stages showed higher maximal mean power (367 W) for longer durations (1800 s) than flat stages (239 W). Flat stages are characterized by a large variability of power output with short bursts of high power and long periods with reduced intensity of exercise, whereas mountain stages mostly require submaximal, constant power output over longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vogt
- Center of Internal Medicine, Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Vogt S, Roecker K, Schumacher YO, Pottgiesser T, Dickhuth HH, Schmid A, Heinrich L. Cadence-power-relationship during decisive mountain ascents at the Tour de France. Int J Sports Med 2007; 29:244-50. [PMID: 17990203 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to report the relationship between cadence and power developed by professional cyclists during high mountain ascents of the Tour de France. From the 10 cyclists (30 +/- 4 years, 178 +/- 8 cm, 69 +/- 6 kg) involved in the study, 108 ascents were recorded and analyzed using a mobile power measurement device (SRM Training Systems, Jülich, Germany). Based on topographic characteristics, the ascents were categorized into 1st and Hors Category (HC) climbs. During the ascents of the 1st Category climbs, power output averaged 312 +/- 43 W (4.5 +/- 0.6 W/kg) with a mean cadence of 73 +/- 6 rpm and a mean duration of 37 : 41 +/- 16 : 16 min. Power output averaged 294 +/- 36 W (4.3 +/- 0.6 W/kg) at a mean cadence of 70 +/- 6 rpm during 57 : 40 +/- 10 : 32 min on HC climbs. The maximal mean power for long durations (1800 s) showed a mean power output of 327 W and 346 W for the 1st and HC climbs, respectively. The evaluation of the cadence-power output and the distance per pedaling cycle-power output relationship shows that high power outputs are mainly yielded by higher pedaling cadences and higher gears.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vogt
- Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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35
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the demands of riding a "Grand Tour" by monitoring both heart rate and power output in 15 professional cyclists. SRM power output profiles (SRM Trainingsystem, Jülich, Germany) were collected during 148 mass start stages during the 2005 Tour de France and analyzed to establish average power, heart rate (HR) and cadence produced in different terrain categories (flat [FLT]; semi-mountainous [SMT]; mountainous [MT]). The maximal mean power (MMP) for progressively longer durations was quantified. Average HR was similar between FLT (133 +/- 10 bpm) and SMT (134 +/- 8 bpm) but higher during MT (140 +/- 3 bpm). Average power output revealed a similar trend (FLT 218 +/- 21 W [3.1 +/- 0.3 W/kg], SMT 228 +/- 22 W [3.3 +/- 0.3 W/kg], and MT 234 +/- 13 W [3.3 +/- 0.2 W/kg]). Cadence during MT was approximately 6 - 7 rpm lower (81 +/- 15 rpm) compared to FLT or SMT. During MT stages, the MMP for 1800 sec. was highest (394 W vs. 342 W) but the MMP 15 was lower (836 W vs. 895 W) compared to FLT. The data document comprehensively the power output demands during the Tour de France.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vogt
- Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Kabitz HJ, Walker D, Schwoerer A, Sonntag F, Walterspacher S, Roecker K, Windisch W. Neue physiologische Aspekte der belastungsinduzierten Zwerchfell-Ermüdung. Pneumologie 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-985718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bremer HC, Kreisel W, Roecker K, Dreher M, Koenig D, Kurz-Schmieg AK, Blum HE, Roessle M, Deibert P. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors lower both portal and pulmonary pressure in portopulmonary hypertension: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2007; 1:46. [PMID: 17623085 PMCID: PMC1971060 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-1-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portopulmonary hypertension (PPHTN) is a severe complication in liver cirrhosis. PDE5 inhibitors lower pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in PPHTN. However, their effect on portal hypertension has not yet been investigated. CASE PRESENTATION A 55 year old male patient presented with PPHTN and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. 10 mg of Tadalafil, a PDE5 inhibitor with a long half-life, was administered orally under continuous monitoring of pulmonary and portal hemodynamics. For maintenance therapy the patient received Sildenafil 20 mg bid.Tadalafil lowered mean PAP from 45 to 39 mmHg within 60 minutes. Cardiac output (CO) increased from 6.8 to 7.9 l/min. Central venous pressure (CVP) remained stable at 3 mmHg. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was lowered from 167/89 to 159/86 mmHg. Pulse rate increased from 75 to 87 per min. Wedged hepatic vein pressure (WHVP) decreased from 21 to 18 mm Hg, hepatovenous pressure gradient (HVPG) decreased from 10 to 7 mmHg. Hemodynamic monitoring after 6 months of Sildenafil therapy revealed a sustained lowering of mean PAP. HVPG remained constant at 10 mmHg. Cardiac and pulmonary performance had further improved. CONCLUSION This case report shows for the first time, that phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors lower both portal and pulmonary pressure in portopulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinrich C Bremer
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreisel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Department of Rehabilitative and Preventive Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dreher
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Koenig
- Department of Rehabilitative and Preventive Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Kurz-Schmieg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hubert E Blum
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Roessle
- Gastrointestinal and Endocrinological Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Deibert
- Department of Rehabilitative and Preventive Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
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Kabitz HJ, Walker D, Schwoerer A, Sonntag F, Walterspacher S, Roecker K, Windisch W. New physiological insights into exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2007; 158:88-96. [PMID: 17560177 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Data on the dynamic process and time-point of manifestation of exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue (DF) are lacking. Therefore, this study was aimed assessing dynamic changes of diaphragmatic strength during exercise and determining the time-point of DF manifestation. Fourteen trained subjects (maximal oxygen uptake (VO2(max)) 59.3+/-5.5 ml/min/kg) performed standardized exercise protocols (maximal workload: 85% VO2(max)) followed by recovery (6 min). Ergospirometric data and twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (TwPdi) were consecutively assessed. DF was induced (TwPdi-rest: 2.34+/-0.26 versus TwPdi-end-recovery 2.01+/-0.21 kPa, p<0.01). TwPdi progressively increased during exercise (TwPdi-rest: 2.34+/-0.26 versus TwPdi-maximal-workload: 3.28+/-0.38 kPa, p<0.001). DF was detectable immediately after exercise-termination (TwPdi-maximal-workload: 3.28+/-0.38 versus TwPdi-early-recovery 2.55+/-0.34 kPa, p<0.001). TwPdi during exercise was highly correlated to workload, VO2(max) and dyspnea (r=0.96/r=0.92/r=0.97; all p<0.0001). In conclusion, diaphragmatic strength progressively increases with increasing workload, and DF manifests after - rather than during - exercise. In addition, TwPdi is highly correlated to key-measures of ergospirometry, approving the physiological thesis that muscle strength is progressively enhanced and escapes fatiguing failure during high-intensity exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Kabitz
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Pottgiesser T, Umhau M, Ahlgrim C, Ruthardt S, Roecker K, Schumacher YO. Hemoglobin Mass After Blood Withdrawal And Autologous Reinfusion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000272882.40802.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ahlgrim C, Pottgiesser T, Roecker K, Schumacher YO. The Relation between Total Haemoglobin Mass, Heart Volume and Maximal Oxygen Uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000272880.95059.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schumacher YO, Pottgiesser T, Ahlgrim C, Ruthardt S, Dickhuth HH, Roecker K. Haemoglobin Mass in Elite Cyclists during Road Cycling Competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000272884.48425.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tetzlaff K, Scholz T, Walterspacher S, Muth C, Metzger J, Eichinger M, Roecker K, Sorichter S. Lungenfunktion von Wettkampfapnoesportlern. Pneumologie 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-973298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vogt S, Heinrich L, Schoberer U, Schmid A, Roecker K, Dickhuth HH, Schumacher YO. Power Output in Professional Cyclists during the Tour de France. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200605001-01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Heinrich L, Schmid A, Vogt S, Roecker K, Schumacher YO. Longitudinal Physiological Follow-Up of a “Tour de France” Winner. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200605001-01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the power output during a multistage professional road race using direct power measurements and to compare these results with the performance measurements using competition heart rate recordings. METHODS Six professional road cyclists performed an incremental cycling test during which peak power output, power output, and heart rate at the lactate threshold (LT) and at a lactate increase of 1 mM above the LT (LT + 1) were assessed. During a six-stage road race competition, power output was measured directly (SRM crankset). To analyze the time spent at different intensities during competition, the amount of competition time spent below LT (zone 1), between the LT and LT + 1 (zone 2), and above LT + 1 (zone 3) determined during laboratory testing were calculated for power output and heart rate. RESULTS During the five mass start stages, a mean power output of 220 +/- 22 W (3.1 +/- 0.2 W x kg(-1)) with a mean heart rate of 142 +/- 5 bpm was measured. Average power output during an uphill time trial was 392 +/- 60 W (5.5 +/- 0.4 W x kg(-1)) with a mean heart rate of 169 +/- 3 bpm. For the mass start stages, the average distribution of exercise time spent in different intensities calculated for power output and heart rate was 58 versus 38% for zone 1, 14 versus 38% for zone 2, and 28 versus 24% for zone 3. CONCLUSION Most of the competition time during the mass start stages was spent at intensities near the LT. Compared with power output, heart rate measurement underestimated the time spent at intensity zones 1 and 3, and overestimated the time spent in zone 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vogt
- University of Freiburg, Center for Internal Medicine, Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
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Striegel H, Simon P, Frisch S, Roecker K, Dietz K, Dickhuth HH, Ulrich R. Anabolic ergogenic substance users in fitness-sports: a distinct group supported by the health care system. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 81:11-9. [PMID: 16009506 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic ergogenic substance use, in particular the use of anabolic androgenic steroids, is a serious problem in general. Nevertheless, it is subject to debate whether ergogenic substance users exhibit similar features as multiple substance users or whether they constitute a discrete group. METHODS One thousand eight hundred and two standardized, anonymous questionnaires were distributed among visitors of 113 fitness centers. Questions were asked concerning biometric parameters, social indicators, physical fitness, use of natural stimulants, general illicit drugs and ergogenic substances. With logistic regression analysis, multivariate odds ratios were estimated to investigate the association of anabolic ergogenic substance or general illicit drug use with other parameters. RESULTS 13.5% of all participants confessed to having used anabolic ergogenic substances at some point in time. Anabolic ergogenic substance use was positively related with cocaine use, training years, training frequency, negatively related to the level of education, alcohol intake and less frequently used by Germans than by non-Germans. General illicit drug use, however, was positively related with alcohol intake, smoking and a university degree and negatively with having children. In addition, anabolic ergogenic substance use was significantly related with the use of general illicit drugs based on the strong relation with the use of cocaine, which is an ergogenic substance itself. The health care system supplies 48.1% of the anaolic ergogenic substance users with their substances and 32.1% are even monitored by a physician. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study strengthen the notion that anabolic ergogenic substance users constitute a specific body-oriented substance user group. Uncommon for general illicit drug use, the health care system is a major sponsor of anabolic ergogenic substance users. These findings suggest the need for alternative approaches for successful prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Striegel
- Department Sports Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Silchertrasse 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Abstract
The determination of anaerobic capacity (AC) using treadmill ergometry is problematic from a methodological, as well as a technical standpoint. In this study, a procedure from Monod and Scherrer was modified to examine whether realistic magnitudes of AC could be determined using three subject groups with different levels of anaerobic training. The subject groups consisted of 10 untrained (UT), 10 aerobic-trained runners (AeT), and 10 anaerobic-trained 400-meter sprinters (AnT). In two separate test series, first the VO2max was determined and second the so-called individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) was used to determine the aerobic power for all subjects. Then all subjects completed a series of sprints with increasing speeds above the VO2max, from which the work output from each test was calculated. Through linear regression, the point of intersection of the regression line with the y-axis was defined as global AC. The results show typically higher VO2max and IAT for AeT (62.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), 14.7 km x h(-1)) compared to UT (53.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); 11.2 km x h(-1)) and AnT (56.7 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); 11.8 km x h(-1)). AC was significantly higher in AnT (4.1 +/- 0.58 kJ) compared to AeT (1.8 +/- 0.65 kJ) and UT (3.2 +/- 0.68 kJ). The determined absolute values of AC are considerably lower than of comparable examinations using bicycle ergometry. One reason for such an underestimation of AC could be that the horizontal work done during exercise on a treadmill was not taken into enough consideration. Another explanation is that the magnitude of the calculated AC values shows a dependency on the duration of each sprint test. In addition, the critical velocity for all subjects was found to be higher than for IAT, which consequently leads to an underestimation of AC. Moreover, the absolute level of the AC values appears to depend on the endurance of the comparison groups. It can then be concluded that the applied procedure allows for a differentiation amongst a variously trained collective, but does not allow a correct absolute determination of the AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Striegel
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic, Department of Sports Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
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Schumacher YO, Vogt S, Roecker K, Schmid A, Coyle EF. Scientific considerations for physiological evaluations of elite athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:1630-1; author reply 1631-2. [PMID: 16160032 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00563.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This case describes the physiological maturation from ages 21 to 28 yr of the bicyclist who has now become the six-time consecutive Grand Champion of the Tour de France, at ages 27–32 yr. Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) in the trained state remained at ∼6 l/min, lean body weight remained at ∼70 kg, and maximal heart rate declined from 207 to 200 beats/min. Blood lactate threshold was typical of competitive cyclists in that it occurred at 76–85% V̇o2max, yet maximal blood lactate concentration was remarkably low in the trained state. It appears that an 8% improvement in muscular efficiency and thus power production when cycling at a given oxygen uptake (V̇o2) is the characteristic that improved most as this athlete matured from ages 21 to 28 yr. It is noteworthy that at age 25 yr, this champion developed advanced cancer, requiring surgeries and chemotherapy. During the months leading up to each of his Tour de France victories, he reduced body weight and body fat by 4–7 kg (i.e., ∼7%). Therefore, over the 7-yr period, an improvement in muscular efficiency and reduced body fat contributed equally to a remarkable 18% improvement in his steady-state power per kilogram body weight when cycling at a given V̇o2 (e.g., 5 l/min). It is hypothesized that the improved muscular efficiency probably reflects changes in muscle myosin type stimulated from years of training intensely for 3–6 h on most days.
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Abstract
Respiratory gas analysis as an indicator for metabolic strain during exercise has a long history. First introduced in the 18th century, huge gas collectors served for the determination of oxidative energy delivery. While still being accepted as accurate, this particular method delivers data of low temporal resolution only. Further developments of gas analysis techniques therefore focused on a higher density of data. When algorithms became available for indispensable calculations, the so-called "breath-by-breath" (BBB) method was established some decades ago. Thereby, the term BBB in the narrower sense means that a particular physiologic value is determined for each of a subject's single respiratory cycles. Reliable application of this approach depends on the performance of available computer systems, the quality of the analyzing software routines, and the responsiveness of the gas analyzers. Thus, it appears that even nowadays technical progress is continuing in this area. This review describes technical aspects and prerequisites of the BBB approach and its specific areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Roecker
- University of Freiburg, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, Department of Sports Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
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Niess AM, Feherenbach E, Roecker K, Lehmann R, Opavsky L, Dickhuth HH. Individual differences in self-reported heat tolerance. Is there a link to the cardiocirculatory, thermoregulatory and hormonal response to endurance exercise in heat? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2003; 43:386-92. [PMID: 14625521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM Tolerance to exercise in heat exhibits great interindividual variability. We questioned whether individual differences in self-reported heat tolerance within a group of endurance trained athletes are linked to the cardiocirculatory, thermoregulatory and hormonal response to endurance exercise in heat. METHODS Using a rating scale to assess the individual degree of tolerance to exercise in heat we allocated 12 non-heat-acclimated trained runners into two groups of 5 highly heat tolerant (HHT) and 7 less heat tolerant (LHT) athletes. Both groups performed a 60-min treadmill run (velocity 90% of individual anaerobic threshold, room temperature and humidity 28 inverted exclamation mark C and 50%, respectively). RESULTS Sweating rate did not differ between HHT (mean +/- SEM: 0.44+/-0.02) and LHT (0.40+/-0.02 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)). Compared to LHT, exercise-induced rises in core temperature (39.3+/-0.2/40.0+/-0.2 inverted exclamation mark C), heart rate, plasma norepinephrine and cortisol were significantly lower in HHT, while epinephrine did not exhibit differences between the groups. In contrast, response of human growth hormone (hGH) was significantly more pronounced in HHT. CONCLUSION Our initial results, obtained in a small group of endurance-trained runners, show that self-reported tolerance to exercise in heat is associated with an attenuated rise in body core temperature during prolonged exercise under elevated ambient temperatures. This finding in heat tolerant athletes is paralleled by a lower stress response as reflected by lower rises in heart rate and stress hormones such as norepinephrine and cortisol. The functional significance (i.e. with respect to sweating function) of the more pronounced response of hGH in heat tolerant athletes warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Niess
- Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Germany. niess@msm/l.uki.uni.freiburg.de
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