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Ubeyratne KH, Madalagama RP, Liu X, Pathirage S, Ariyawansa S, Wong MKL, Tun HM. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella isolated from humans, aquaculture, and poultry in Sri Lanka: A retrospective study. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16 Suppl 1:203-209. [PMID: 37935606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Sri Lanka, foodborne diseases caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella are of increasing concern. We therefore aimed to characterize the dominant Salmonella serovars in humans, poultry, and aquaculture through a One Health approach. METHODS We collected isolates from different sectors, confirmed their identities using PCR, screened their antibiotic resistance profiles, and determined their antibiotic resistance genes based on whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS Of the 75 Salmonella isolates identified, the majority of serotypes were unidentified. Both Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) could be isolated from human sources and were also found prevalent in the poultry sector. ST36, ST11 and ST1541 were the dominant serotypes of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. Alarmingly, 4% (1/25) of poultry Salmonella isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, suggesting an emergence of this phenotype. Moreover, virulence genes were very diverse among S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolates. CONCLUSIONS With the diversity of unidentified serotypes found and the detection of emerging resistances, our study highlights the importance of a One Health approach to monitoring antibiotic resistance. For public health initiatives in Sri Lanka to be successful in mitigating salmonellosis, all three sectors - humans, aquaculture, and poultry - must be tackled concomitantly in a coordinated manner under the One Health approach because antibiotic resistance genes, and even specific sequence types, may be able to spread across the aforementioned sectors. We anticipate that our results will inform public health policies in Sri Lanka to tackle foodborne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalika H Ubeyratne
- Central Veterinary Investigation Center, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Roshan P Madalagama
- Bacteriology Division, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Xin Liu
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; System Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance (SMART) Lab, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sujatha Pathirage
- Enteric Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
| | - Sujeewa Ariyawansa
- National Aquatic Resources Research & Development Agency, Crow Island, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka
| | - Matthew K L Wong
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; System Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance (SMART) Lab, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hein M Tun
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; System Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance (SMART) Lab, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Ariyawansa S, Gunawardana KN, Hapudeniya MM, Manelgamage NJ, Karunarathne CR, Madalagama RP, Ubeyratne KH, Wickramasinghe D, Tun HM, Wu P, Lam TTY, Chan OSK. One Health Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance: Challenges and Successes of Implementing Surveillance Programs in Sri Lanka. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030446. [PMID: 36978313 PMCID: PMC10044479 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sri Lanka is a low-income country, as defined by the World Bank. The country suffered further economic downturn during the COVID-19 pandemic. This situation adversely affected the prioritization of policies and programs around healthcare and public health. In particular, inflation, fuel prices, and shortage of food supplies increased struggles to implement antimicrobial resistance (AMR) programs. However, in the long run, it is crucial to gather data and evidence to plan AMR policies and track interventions. (1) Aim: To establish and reiterate the importance of prioritizing AMR programs in the One Health framework, the Fleming Fellows collected and studied antimicrobial use/consumption (AMU/AMC) and resistance (AMR) in humans, food-producing animals, and the environment. (2) Methods: A systematic and cross-sectional study was conducted between 2019 and 2021. By way of coordinating an AMU/AMC and AMR prevalence study across six agencies from human health and food-producing animal sectors, the authors established a field epidemiology study, laboratory testing, and data processing at their institutions. AMU/AMC patterns were surveyed using questionnaires and interviews, while AMR samples were collected for antibiotic susceptibility tests and genomic tests. Samples were tested for phenotypic and genotypic resistance. (3) Results: In human samples, resistance was highest to beta-lactam antibiotics. In non-human samples, resistance was highest to erythromycin, a highest-priority, critically important antibiotic defined by the World Health Organization. From government records, tylosin was sold the most in the food-producing animal sector. (4) Conclusions: Sri Lanka AMU and AMR trends in human and non-human sectors can be ascertained by a One Health framework. Further coordinated, consistent, and sustainable planning is feasible, and can help implement an AMU/AMR surveillance system in Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeewa Ariyawansa
- National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Crow Island, Colombo 01500, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Nimal J. Manelgamage
- Department of Animal Production and Health, No. 13, Getambe, Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Chinthana R. Karunarathne
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Investigation Centre, Court Road, Wariyapola 60400, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | - Hein M. Tun
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peng Wu
- The School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tommy T. Y. Lam
- The School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Olivia S. K. Chan
- The School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence: or
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