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Chauhan V, Grover P, Bhardwaj M, Kumar S, Nagarajan K. Development and Validation of Fast and Sensitive RP-HPLC Stability-Indicating Method for Quantification of Piroxicam in Bulk Drug. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae021. [PMID: 38704244 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective green solvent-assisted reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic technique, coupled with a photodiode array detector, was developed and validated for the estimation of piroxicam (PRXM). The chromatographic separation was achieved by using a C-18 (250 × 4.6) mm, 5-μm stationary phase and a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% ortho-phosphoric acid in water in a ratio of (80:20) v/v at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detection was carried out at a wavelength of 254 nm with a constant injection volume of 10 μL throughout the analysis. The calibration curve was observed to be linear over the optimum concentration range of 50-300 μg mL-1, with an R2 value of 0.9995. The developed method was validated as per the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Q2 (R1) guideline. Various parameters like selectivity/specificity, accuracy/recovery, linearity, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, robustness and stability of analyte in solution were performed for the method validation. The PRXM was evaluated under stressed conditions, including acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal and photolytic, as per ICH Q1 (R2) guidelines. Significant degradation was observed in acidic and basic degradation conditions. Conversely, the drug substance showed stability when exposed to oxidative, photolytic and thermal degradation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chauhan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad 201206, India
| | - Parul Grover
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad 201206, India
| | - Monika Bhardwaj
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University Rajasthan, Jaipur Delhi Highway, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad 201206, India
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Desingu PA, Rubeni TP, Nagarajan K, Sundaresan NR. Molecular evolution of 2022 multi-country outbreak-causing monkeypox virus Clade IIb. iScience 2024; 27:108601. [PMID: 38188513 PMCID: PMC10770499 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (Mpoxv) Clade IIb viruses that caused an outbreak in 2017-18 in Nigeria and its genetically related viruses have been detected in many countries and caused multi-country outbreak in 2022. Since the pandemic-causing Mpoxv Clade IIb viruses are closely related to Clade IIa viruses which mostly cause endemic, the Clade IIb Mpoxv might have certain specific genetic variations that are still largely unknown. Here, we have systematically analyzed genetic alterations in different clades of Mpox viruses. The results suggest that the Mpoxv Clade IIb have genetic variations in terms of genomic gaps, frameshift mutations, in-frame nonsense mutations, amino acid tandem repeats, and APOBEC3 mutations. Further, we observed specific genetic variations in the multiple genes specific for Clade I and Clade IIb, and exclusive genetic variations for Clade IIa and Clade IIb. Collectively, findings shed light on the evolution and genetic variations in the outbreak of 2022 causing Mpoxv Clade IIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Arumugam Desingu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | | | - K. Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai 600007, Tamil Nadu
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS)
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Bharath J, Niti D, Chauhan S, Manoranjitha Kumari M, Sunitha VC, Nagarajan K. Fatal Infratentorial Subdural Empyema due to Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media and Mastoiditis in a Young Adult. Neurol India 2024; 72:182-185. [PMID: 38443032 DOI: 10.4103/neurol-india.neurol-india-d-23-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraman Bharath
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Dinesh Niti
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Supriya Chauhan
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Mani Manoranjitha Kumari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Vellathussery C Sunitha
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
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Desingu PA, Rubeni TP, Nagarajan K, Sundaresan NR. Sign of APOBEC editing, purifying selection, frameshift, and in-frame nonsense mutations in the microevolution of lumpy skin disease virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1214414. [PMID: 38033577 PMCID: PMC10682384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1214414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which mostly affects ruminants and causes huge-economic loss, was endemic in Africa, caused outbreaks in the Middle East, and was recently detected in Russia, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, and India. However, the role of evolutionary drivers such as codon selection, negative/purifying selection, APOBEC editing, and genetic variations such as frameshift and in-frame nonsense mutations in the LSDVs, which cause outbreaks in cattle in various countries, are still largely unknown. In the present study, a frameshift mutation in LSDV035, LSDV019, LSDV134, and LSDV144 genes and in-frame non-sense mutations in LSDV026, LSDV086, LSDV087, LSDV114, LSDV130, LSDV131, LSDV145, LSDV154, LSDV155, LSDV057, and LSDV081 genes were revealed among different clusters. Based on the available complete genome sequences, the prototype wild-type cluster-1.2.1 virus has been found in other than Africa only in India, the wild-type cluster-1.2.2 virus found in Africa were spread outside Africa, and the recombinant viruses spreading only in Asia and Russia. Although LSD viruses circulating in different countries form a specific cluster, the viruses detected in each specific country are distinguished by frameshift and in-frame nonsense mutations. Furthermore, the present study has brought to light that the selection pressure for codons usage bias is mostly exerted by purifying selection, and this process is possibly caused by APOBEC editing. Overall, the present study sheds light on microevolutions in LSDV, expected to help in future studies towards disturbed ORFs, epidemiological diagnostics, attenuation/vaccine reverts, and predicting the evolutionary direction of LSDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. P. Rubeni
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - K. Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, India
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai, India
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Rana N, Gupta P, Singh H, Nagarajan K. Role of Bioactive Compounds, Novel Drug Delivery Systems, and Polyherbal Formulations in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2023; 26:CCHTS-EPUB-134525. [PMID: 37711009 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230914103714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that generally causes joint synovial inflammation as well as gradual cartilage and degenerative changes, resulting in progressive immobility. Cartilage destruction induces synovial inflammation, including synovial cell hyperplasia, increased synovial fluid, and synovial pane development. This phenomenon causes articular cartilage damage and joint alkalosis. Traditional medicinal system exerts their effect through several cellular mechanisms, including inhibition of inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress suppression, cartilage degradation inhibition, increasing antioxidants and decreasing rheumatic biomarkers. The medicinal plants have yielded a variety of active constituents from various chemical categories, including alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, volatile oils, flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, terpenes, sesquiterpene lactones, anthocyanins, and anthraquinones. This review sheds light on the utilization of medicinal plants in the treatment of RA. It explains various phytoconstituents present in medicinal plants and their mechanism of action against RA. It also briefs about the uses of polyherbal formulations (PHF), which are currently in the market and the toxicity associated with the use of medicinal plants and PHF, along with the limitations and research gaps in the field of PHF. This review paper is an attempt to understand various mechanistic approaches employed by several medicinal plants, their possible drug delivery systems and synergistic effects for curing RA with minimum side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rana
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad- 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Piyush Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, NCR
Campus, Delhi-NCR Campus, Delhi-Meerut Road, Modinagar-201204, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hridayanand Singh
- Dr. K. N. Modi Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Modinagar-201204, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kandasamy Nagarajan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad- 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bhatt P, Kumar V, Subramaniyan V, Nagarajan K, Sekar M, Chinni SV, Ramachawolran G. Plasma Modification Techniques for Natural Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2066. [PMID: 37631280 PMCID: PMC10459779 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polymers have attracted significant attention in drug delivery applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatility. However, their surface properties often limit their use as drug delivery vehicles, as they may exhibit poor wettability, weak adhesion, and inadequate drug loading and release. Plasma treatment is a promising surface modification technique that can overcome these limitations by introducing various functional groups onto the natural polymer surface, thus enhancing its physicochemical and biological properties. This review provides a critical overview of recent advances in the plasma modification of natural polymer-based drug delivery systems, with a focus on controllable plasma treatment techniques. The review covers the fundamental principles of plasma generation, process control, and characterization of plasma-treated natural polymer surfaces. It discusses the various applications of plasma-modified natural polymer-based drug delivery systems, including improved biocompatibility, controlled drug release, and targeted drug delivery. The challenges and emerging trends in the field of plasma modification of natural polymer-based drug delivery systems are also highlighted. The review concludes with a discussion of the potential of controllable plasma treatment as a versatile and effective tool for the surface functionalization of natural polymer-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatt
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurukul Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurukul Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandasamy Nagarajan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India; (P.B.)
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suresh V. Chinni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience, and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gobinath Ramachawolran
- Department of Foundation, RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus, No. 4, Jalan Sepoy Lines, Georgetown 10450, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Nagarajan K, Ibrahim B, Bawadikji A, Khaw KY, Tong WY, Leong CR, Ramanathan S, Tan WN. Characterization of Metabolites in an Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe fraxini via NMR-based Metabolomics and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2023; 59:316-322. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683823030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
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Shishodia T, Grover P, Nagarajan K, Bhardwaj M, Chopra B. Development and Validation of Robust, Highly Sensitive and Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Deferasirox and its Degradation Products. J Chromatogr Sci 2023:7126730. [PMID: 37070383 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple and highly sensitive stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic technique, coupled with a photodiode array detector, was developed and validated for the estimation of Deferasirox (DFS). The chromatographic separation was achieved using a C-18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) stationary phase and a mobile phase composed of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection was carried out at a wavelength of 245 nm with a constant injection volume of 10 μL throughout the analysis. With an R2 value of 0.9996, the calibration curve was determined to be linear over an appropriate concentration range of 50-500 ng/mL. According to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q1 (R2) guideline, DFS was evaluated under stress conditions that included hydrolytic (acid, alkali and neutral), oxidative and thermal degradation. The findings demonstrated that significant degradation was observed in acidic degradation conditions, whereas drug substance was found to be stable when exposed to neutral, basic, oxidative and thermal degradation. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The developed method was employed successfully to estimate the amount of DFS in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Shishodia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206, India
| | - Parul Grover
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206, India
| | - Monika Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmird 180001, India
| | - Bhawna Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana 135003, India
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Desingu PA, Nagarajan K, Sundaresan NR. Unique Tandem Repeats in the Inverted Terminal Repeat Regions of Monkeypox Viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2023:e0319922. [PMID: 36975806 PMCID: PMC10101126 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03199-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity, especially in noncoding regions between clade I, clade IIa, and clade IIb monkeypox viruses (MPXVs), is still not fully understood. Here, we report that unique 16-nucleotide-length tandem repeats in MPXVs viruses are located in the noncoding regions of inverted terminal repeats (ITR), and the copy number of this repeat is different among clade I, clade IIa, and clade IIb viruses. It is noteworthy that tandem repeats containing these specific sequences (AACTAACTTATGACTT) are only present in MPXVs and are not found in other poxviruses. Also, the tandem repeats containing these specific sequences (AACTAACTTATGACTT) do not correspond to the tandem repeats present in the human and rodent (mice and rat) genomes. On the other hand, some of the reported tandem repeats in the human and rodent (mice and rat) genomes are present in the clade IIb-B.1 lineage of MPXV. In addition, it is noteworthy that the genes flanking these tandem repeats are lost and gained compared between clade I, clade IIa, and clade IIb MPXV. IMPORTANCE The different groups of MPXVs contain unique tandem repeats with different copy numbers in the ITR regions, and these repeats may be likely to play a role in the genetic diversity of the virus. Clade IIb (B) MPXV contains 38 and 32 repeats similar to the Tandem repeats reported in the human and rodent genome, respectively. However, none of these 38 (human) and 32 (rodent) tandem repeats matched the tandem repeats (AACTAACTTATGACTT) found in the present study. Finally, when developing attenuated or modified MPXV vaccine strains, these repeats in noncoding genomic regions can be exploited to incorporate foreign proteins (adjuvants/other virus proteins/racking fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein) to carry out studies such as vaccine production and virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Vepery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nagarajan K, Surumbarkuzhali N, Parimala K. Spectral analysis (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV and NMR), molecular docking, ADMET properties and computational studies: 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2023.100927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Katiyar D, Singhal S, Bansal P, Nagarajan K, Grover P. Nutraceuticals and phytotherapeutics for holistic management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:62. [PMID: 36714551 PMCID: PMC9880136 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" (ALS) is a progressive neuronal disorder that affects sensory neurons in the brain and spinal cord, causing loss of muscle control. Moreover, additional neuronal subgroups as well as glial cells such as microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are also thought to play a role in the aetiology. The disease affects upper motor neurons and lowers motor neurons and leads to that either lead to muscle weakness and wasting in the arms, legs, trunk and periventricular area. Oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, programmed cell death, altered neurofilament activity, anomalies in neurotransmission, abnormal protein processing and deterioration, increased inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction may all play a role in the progression of ALS. There are presently hardly FDA-approved drugs used to treat ALS, and they are only beneficial in slowing the progression of the disease and enhancing functions in certain individuals with ALS, not really in curing or preventing the illness. These days, researchers focus on understanding the pathogenesis of the disease by targeting several mechanisms aiming to develop successful treatments for ALS. This review discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, clinical features, pathophysiology, and disease management. The compilation focuses on alternative methods for the management of symptoms of ALS with nutraceuticals and phytotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Katiyar
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206 India
| | - Shipra Singhal
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206 India
| | - Priya Bansal
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206 India
| | - K. Nagarajan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206 India
| | - Parul Grover
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206 India
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Grover P, Mehta L, Malhotra A, Kapoor G, Nagarajan K, Kumar P, Chawla V, Chawla PA. Exploring the Multitarget Potential of Iridoids: Advances and Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2023; 23:371-388. [PMID: 36567288 DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666221222142217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Iridoids are secondary plant metabolites that are multitarget compounds active against various diseases. Iridoids are structurally classified into iridoid glycosides and non-glycosidic iridoids according to the presence or absence of intramolecular glycosidic bonds; additionally, iridoid glycosides can be further subdivided into carbocyclic iridoids and secoiridoids. These monoterpenoids belong to the cyclopentan[c]-pyran system, which has a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, anticancer, antiplasmodial, neuroprotective, anti-thrombolytic, antitrypanosomal, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, antihyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory properties. The basic chemical structure of iridoids in plants (the iridoid ring scaffold) is biosynthesized in plants by the enzyme iridoid synthase using 8-oxogeranial as a substrate. With advances in phytochemical research, many iridoid compounds with novel structure and outstanding activity have been identified in recent years. Biologically active iridoid derivatives have been found in a variety of plant families, including Plantaginaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Iridoids have the potential of modulating many biological events in various diseases. This review highlights the multitarget potential of iridoids and includes a compilation of recent publications on the pharmacology of iridoids. Several in vitro and in vivo models used, along with the results, are also included in the paper. This paper's systematic summary was created by searching for relevant iridoid material on websites such as Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, Science Direct, and others. The compilation will provide the researchers with a thorough understanding of iridoid and its congeners, which will further help in designing a large number of potential compounds with a strong impact on curing various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Grover
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
| | - Lovekesh Mehta
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Anjleena Malhotra
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
| | - Garima Kapoor
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
| | - Kandasamy Nagarajan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, India
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Mishra T, Nagarajan K, Dixit PK, Kumar V. Neuroprotective potential of ferulic acid against cyclophosphamide-induced neuroinflammation and behavioral changes. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14436. [PMID: 36166506 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, ferulic acid (FRA) has been explored for possible neuroprotective effects against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced neurotoxicity in the Swiss Albino mice. Animals were divided into five groups and treated with FRA for fourteen days and a single dose of CP was administered on the seventh day. Animals were subjected to neurobehavioral tests such as the forced swim test and Morris Water Maze test. On day fifteenth, the brain was removed and used for biochemical analysis. The outcome of the study showed that CP administration induced significant neurotoxicity in the form of depression, anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction. Cyclophosphamide administration also reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, reduced the level of neurotransmitters (i.e., dopamine, 5-HT, and BDNF), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), and increased lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Additionally, CP administration increased the level of acetylcholine esterase. Treatment with FRA significantly reversed these behavioral, and biochemical markers towards normal and mitigated CP-induced neurotoxic manifestation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ferulic acid has a variety of pharmacological activities viz. anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic effects. The results of the present study showed that FRA mitigates the neurotoxicity (i.e., alteration of neurotransmitters, inflammation, and oxidative stress) induced by CP in mice. Treatment with FRA knowingly overturned the behavioral and biochemical markers in the direction of the moderated CP-influenced neurotoxic demonstration. Thus, FRA can be useful in the prevention of anticancer drugs induced neurotoxicity. Contrariwise, supplementary in-depth studies are obligatory to bring FRA from bench to bedside that it be used as an adjuvant among chemotherapeutically treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejesvi Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, KIET Group of Institutions, KIET School of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kandasamy Nagarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET Group of Institutions, KIET School of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Dixit
- Department of Pharmacology, KIET Group of Institutions, KIET School of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, KIET Group of Institutions, KIET School of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad, India
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14
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Sumathi P, Hemalatha S, Nagarajan K, Vidhya M, Sreekumar C. Canine hepatic calodiosis with cirrhosis. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:613-616. [PMID: 36091291 PMCID: PMC9458790 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode parasite Calodium hepaticum (Capillaria hepatica) has a global distribution and is commonly reported in rodents (definitive host), dogs, cats and wild animals. Humans especially children are more susceptible to the parasitic infection. This paper documents an incidental finding of hepatic calodiosis with cirrhosis in a stray dog and discusses the zoonotic implications. A non descript dog was brought for necropsy examination to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu, India. Liver appeared dark brown, mottled with multifocal random variably sized, grey white flat firm areas. Histopathologically, liver tissue revealed multiple random encysted large collection of eggs surrounded by mild inflammation with a few lymphocytes, macrophages and fine fibrosis. The eggs had characteristic barrel shape, bipolar ends, bilayered wall, cross striations between the walls, and yolk. Periodic acid Schiff stain demonstrated the glycolic wall of ova. Marked portal to portal fibrosis was demonstrated by Masson's trichrome (for collagen) and by Warthin-Starry (for reticulin) stains. The stage of parasitic infection was diagnosed as intermediate to chronic due to fibrosis. A need to study the prevalence of the disease in rodents, human and animals is emphasized. Improper burial of carcasses of rodents and dogs may contribute to spread of infection. Pets and stray animals may transmit infection to human and pose health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Sumathi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - S. Hemalatha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - K. Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - M. Vidhya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - C. Sreekumar
- Department of WildLife Science, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
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15
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Desingu PA, Nagarajan K, Dhama K. SARS-CoV-2 gained a novel spike protein S1-N-Terminal Domain (S1-NTD). Environ Res 2022; 211:113047. [PMID: 35292244 PMCID: PMC8917877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The clue behind the SARS-CoV-2 origin is still a matter of debate. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 has gained a novel spike protein S1-N-terminal domain (S1-NTD). In our CLuster ANalysis of Sequences (CLANS) analysis, SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 S1-NTDs displayed a close relationship with OC43 and HKU1. However, in the complete and S1-NTD-free spike protein, SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 revealed closeness with MERS-CoV. Further, we have divided the S1-NTD of SARS-CoV-2 related viruses into three distinct types (Type-I to III S1-NTD) and the S1-NTD of viruses associated with SARS-CoVs into another three classes (Type-A to C S1-NTD) using CLANS and phylogenetic analyses. In particular, the results of our study indicate that SARS-CoV-2, RaTG13, and BANAL-20-52 viruses carry Type-I-S1-NTD and other SARS-CoV-2-related-bat viruses have Type-II and III. In addition, it was revealed that the Pangolin-GX and Pangolin-Guangdong lineages inherited Type-I-like and Type-II-like S1-NTD, respectively. Then our CLANS study shows the potential for evolution of Type-I and Type-III S1-NTD from SARS-CoV-related viruses Type-A and Type-B S1-NTDs, respectively. Furthermore, our analysis clarifies the possibility that Type-II S1-NTDs may have evolved from Type-A-S1-NTD of SARS-CoV-related viruses through Type-I S1-NTDs. We also observed that BANAL-20-103, BANAL-20-236, and Pangolin-Guangdong-lineage viruses containing Type-II-like S1-NTD are very close to SARS-CoV-2 in spike genetic areas other than S1-NTD. Possibly, it suggests that the common ancestor spike gene of SARS-CoV-2/RaTG13/BANAL-20-52-like virus may have evolved by recombining the Pangolin-Guangdong/BANAL-20-103/BANAL-20-236-like spike gene to Pangolin-GX-like Type-I-like-S1-NTD in the unsampled bat or undiscovered intermediate host or possibly pangolin. These may then have evolved into SARS-CoV-2, RaTG13, and BANAL-20-52 virus spike genes by host jump mediated evolution. The potential function of the novel Type-I-S1-NTD and other types of S1-NTDs needs to be studied further to understand better its importance in the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak and for future pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Vepery, Chennai, 600007, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, U.P, 243 122, India
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16
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Navab M, Nagarajan K, Nair PP, Sivasubramaniyan KM. Neuroimaging Profile of drug-resistant Epilepsy from a Tertiary Care Center in South India. J Assoc Physicians India 2022; 70:11-12. [PMID: 35833398 DOI: 10.5005/japi-11001-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is a common and important neurological problem to identify with scope for curative surgical treatment if underlying cause is delineated. There are very few prospective structured studies in our population. This study aimed to look at the neuroimaging profile of DRE presenting in a tertiary care center in South India. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients diagnosed clinically as DRE as per International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) criteria and who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over a period of 24 months were included in the study. Their clinical and MRI features were documented and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 150 patients diagnosed with DRE were included in the study. Clinically, 96 of them presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS), 36 with complex partial seizures (CPS), 14 with simple focal seizures, and two each with atonic seizures and focal seizures with secondary generalization. Magnetic resonance imaging (done in 1.5 T) was normal in 32%. In those with abnormal MRI, mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) was the commonest pathology seen in 41.3%, followed by cortical malformations (6.7%), tumors (2.6%), vascular malformations (2.7%), and other nonspecific lesions (12%). CONCLUSION The clinical and neuroimaging profile of DRE showed that DRE is more common in younger age (of less than 30 years); presents mainly with GTCS or CPS; mesial temporal sclerosis is the commonest underlying pathology which was bilateral in 8.6%; temporal lobe lesions predominate (49.3% of all DRE); and cortical malformation, low-grade tumors, and vascular lesions are other important causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Navab
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Malabar Medical College & Research Centre, Kozhikode
| | - K Nagarajan
- Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis; Corresponding Author
| | - Pradeep P Nair
- Professor, Department of Neurology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
| | - K M Sivasubramaniyan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
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17
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Desingu PA, Nagarajan K. The emergence of Omicron lineages BA.4 and BA.5, and the global spreading trend. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5077-5079. [PMID: 35770368 PMCID: PMC9349972 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Vepery, Chennai, 600007
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18
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Sathya K, Nagarajan K, Carlin Geor Malar G, Rajalakshmi S, Raja Lakshmi P. A comprehensive review on comparison among effluent treatment methods and modern methods of treatment of industrial wastewater effluent from different sources. Appl Water Sci 2022; 12:70. [PMID: 35340731 PMCID: PMC8935115 DOI: 10.1007/s13201-022-01594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, rapid development in the industrial sector has offered console to the people but at the same time, generates numerous amounts of effluent composed of toxic elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals that influences the environment and mankind hazardously. While the technological advancements are made in industrial effluent treatment, there arising stretch in the techniques directing on hybrid system that are effective in resource recovery from effluent in an economical, less time consuming and viable manner. The key objective of this article is to study, propose and deliberate the process and products obtained from different industries and the quantity of effluents produced, and the most advanced and ultra-modern theoretical and scientific improvements in treatment methods to remove those dissolved matter and toxic substances and also the challenges and perspectives in these developments. The findings of this review appraise new eco-friendly technologies, provide intuition into the efficiency in contaminants removal and aids in interpreting degradation mechanism of toxic elements by various treatment assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Sathya
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, India
| | - K. Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, India
| | | | - S. Rajalakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, India
| | - P. Raja Lakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, India
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19
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Desingu PA, Nagarajan K. Omicron variant losing its critical mutations in the receptor-binding domain. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2365-2368. [PMID: 35181921 PMCID: PMC9088637 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently the Omicron This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai, 600007, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS)
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20
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Desingu PA, Nagarajan K. Omicron BA.2 lineage spreads in clusters and is concentrated in Denmark. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2360-2364. [PMID: 35150013 PMCID: PMC9088308 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai, 600007.,Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS)
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21
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Nagarajan K, Ariharan K, Sunilkumar D, Sheriff A. Nontraumatic Cervical Internal Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysm in a 16-Month-Old Child Treated by Coil Embolization. Journal of Clinical Interventional Radiology ISVIR 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1742231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Nagarajan
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India
| | - K. Ariharan
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India
| | - D. Sunilkumar
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India
| | - Abraar Sheriff
- Deparment of Paediatrics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India
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22
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Desingu PA, Nagarajan K. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is spreading in different parts of the world in three different trends. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2354-2356. [PMID: 35112360 PMCID: PMC9015426 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai, 600007, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS)
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23
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Dutta S, Verma S, Vaka S, Chellasamy RT, Jain A, Munuswamy H, Nagarajan K, Ramakrishnaiah V. A rare case of an iatrogenic superior mesenteric arteriovenous fistula following surgery for a midgut volvulus. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2022; 104:37-40. [PMID: 35100858 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2021.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Superior mesenteric arteriovenous fistula is an extremely rare vascular malformation with most cases occurring following abdominal trauma or surgery. They are often asymptomatic or present with various abdominal symptoms with or without features of portal hypertension. A 30-year-old man developed fistulising of the superior mesenteric artery into the superior mesenteric vein following bowel resection surgery for an acquired midgut volvulus. Although endovascular management remains the treatment of choice in such cases due to increased morbidity of a repeat abdominal surgery, definite risks remain, such as coil migration, which happened in this case. The open surgical approach remains the only option in such instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dutta
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - S Verma
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Srk Vaka
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - R T Chellasamy
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - A Jain
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - H Munuswamy
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Vpn Ramakrishnaiah
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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24
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Desingu PA, Nagarajan K, Dhama K. Emergence of Omicron third lineage BA.3 and its importance. J Med Virol 2022; 94:1808-1810. [PMID: 35043399 PMCID: PMC9015590 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai, 600007
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, U.P., 243 122, India
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25
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Nagarajan K, Ariharan K, Vivekanandan Pillai M, Amuthabharathi M. Iatrogenic superior gluteal artery pseudoaneurysm due to iliac bone marrow biopsy treated with endovascular coil embolization. Indian J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_126_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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26
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Ramesh A, Rohan K, Nagarajan K, Abdulbasith KM, Sureshkumar S, Vijayakumar C, Balamourougan K, Srinivas BH. Evaluation of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging in differentiating benign and malignant cervical lymphadenopathy. J Med Ultrasound 2022; 30:87-93. [PMID: 35832364 PMCID: PMC9272720 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_10_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic role of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) in differentiating benign and malignant cervical nodes. Methods: This was a diagnostic accuracy cross-sectional study. All patients who underwent ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of cervical nodes were included. Patients without FNAC/biopsy and patients in whom cervical nodes were cystic or completely necrotic were excluded. FNAC was used as reference investigation to predict the diagnostic accuracy. In all cases, FNAC was carried out after the B-mode, color Doppler and the ARFI imaging. In patients with multiple cervical lymph nodes, the most suspicious node based on grayscale findings was chosen for ARFI. ARFI included Virtual Touch imaging (VTI), area ratio (AR), and shear wave velocity (SWV) for each node, and the results were compared with FNAC/biopsy. Results: The final analysis included 166 patients. Dark VTI elastograms had sensitivity and specificity of 86.2% and 72.1%, respectively, in identifying malignant nodes. Sensitivity and specificity of AR were 71.3% and 82.3%, respectively, for a cutoff of 1.155. Median SWV of benign and malignant nodes was 1.9 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.56–2.55] m/s and 6.7 (95% CI, 2.87–9.10) m/s, respectively. SWV >2.68 m/s helped in identifying malignant nodes with 81% specificity, 81.6% sensitivity, and 81.3% accuracy. ARFI was found to be inaccurate in tuberculous and lymphomatous nodes. Conclusion: Malignant nodes had significantly darker elastograms, higher AR and SWV compared to benign nodes, and SWV was the most accurate parameter. ARFI accurately identifies malignant nodes, hence could potentially avoid unwarranted biopsy.
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27
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Dutta S, Verma S, Vaka S, Chellasamy RT, Jain A, Munuswamy H, Nagarajan K, Ramakrishnaiah V. A rare case of an iatrogenic superior mesenteric arteriovenous fistula following surgery for a midgut volvulus. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2021; 104:e37-e40. [PMID: 34807731 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2021.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Superior mesenteric arteriovenous fistula is an extremely rare vascular malformation with most cases occurring following abdominal trauma or surgery. They are often asymptomatic or present with various abdominal symptoms with or without features of portal hypertension. A 30-year-old man developed fistulising of the superior mesenteric artery into the superior mesenteric vein following bowel resection surgery for an acquired midgut volvulus. Although endovascular management remains the treatment of choice in such cases due to increased morbidity of a repeat abdominal surgery, definite risks remain, such as coil migration, which happened in this case. The open surgical approach remains the only option in such instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dutta
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - S Verma
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Srk Vaka
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - R T Chellasamy
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - A Jain
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - H Munuswamy
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Vpn Ramakrishnaiah
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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28
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Abstract
The heterocyclic compounds have a great significance in medicinal chemistry because
they have extensive biological activities. Cancer is globally the leading cause of death
and it is a challenge to develop appropriate treatment for the management of cancer. Continuous
efforts are being made to find a suitable medicinal agent for cancer therapy. Nitrogencontaining
heterocycles have received noteworthy attention due to their wide and distinctive
pharmacological activities. One of the most important nitrogen-containing heterocycles in
medicinal chemistry is ‘quinazoline’ that possesses a wide spectrum of biological properties.
This scaffold is an important pharmacophore and is considered a privileged structure. Various
substituted quinazolines displayed anticancer activity against different types of cancer. This
review highlights the recent advances in quinazoline based molecules as anticancer agents.
Several in-vitro and in-vivo models used along with the results are also included. A subpart briefing natural quinazoline
containing anticancer compounds is also incorporated in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Grover
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
| | - Monika Bhardwaj
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Garima Kapoor
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
| | - Lovekesh Mehta
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Roma Ghai
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
| | - K. Nagarajan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206, India
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29
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Kapoor G, Bhutani R, Pathak DP, Chauhan G, Kant R, Grover P, Nagarajan K, Siddiqui SA. Current Advancement in the Oxadiazole-Based Scaffolds as Anticancer Agents. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1886123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Kapoor
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of InstitutionsGhaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rubina Bhutani
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Dharam Pal Pathak
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Chauhan
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida, India
| | - Parul Grover
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of InstitutionsGhaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kandasamy Nagarajan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of InstitutionsGhaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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30
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Ghai R, Nagarajan K, Arora M, Grover P, Ali N, Kapoor G. Current Strategies and Novel Drug Approaches for Alzheimer Disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:676-690. [PMID: 32679025 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200717091513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a chronic, devastating dysfunction of neurons in the brain leading to dementia. It mainly arises due to neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus area of the brain and is clinically manifested as a progressive mental failure, disordered cognitive functions, personality changes, reduced verbal fluency and impairment of speech. The pathology behind AD is the formation of intraneuronal fibrillary tangles, deposition of amyloid plaque and decline in choline acetyltransferase and loss of cholinergic neurons. Tragically, the disease cannot be cured, but its progression can be halted. Various cholinesterase inhibitors available in the market like Tacrine, Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, etc. are being used to manage the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The paper's objective is to throw light not only on the cellular/genetic basis of the disease, but also on the current trends and various strategies of treatment including the use of phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Enormous literature survey was conducted and published articles of PubMed, Scifinder, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials.org and Alzheimer Association reports were studied intensively to consolidate the information on the strategies available to combat Alzheimer's disease. Currently, several strategies are being investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Immunotherapies targeting amyloid-beta plaques, tau protein and neural pathways are undergoing clinical trials. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotide methodologies are being approached as therapies for its management. Phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals are also gaining attention in overcoming the symptoms related to AD. The present review article concludes that novel and traditional therapies simultaneously promise future hope for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Ghai
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad-Meerut Road, NH-58, Ghaziabad, UP-201206, India
| | - Kandasamy Nagarajan
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad-Meerut Road, NH-58, Ghaziabad, UP-201206, India
| | - Meenakshi Arora
- University of Pittsburgh, 3459, Fifth Ave, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Parul Grover
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad-Meerut Road, NH-58, Ghaziabad, UP-201206, India
| | - Nazakat Ali
- Dabur Research Foundation, Plot-22, Site-4, Industrial area, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, UP-201010, India
| | - Garima Kapoor
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad-Meerut Road, NH-58, Ghaziabad, UP-201206, India
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Chatterjee D, Nagarajan K, Narayan SK, Narasimhan RL. Regional leptomeningeal collateral score by computed tomographic angiography correlates with 3-month clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Brain Circ 2020; 6:107-115. [PMID: 33033780 PMCID: PMC7511921 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_55_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to assess the correlation between regional leptomeningeal collateral (rLMC) Scores calculated on computed tomography (CT) angiography following acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke, with 3-month clinical outcome measured as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of thirty patients were studied as per the exclusion and inclusion criteria and after informed consent. Multi-phase CT angiography was carried out within 24 h of stroke onset, and collateral scoring was done using rLMC score along with Alberta stroke programme early CT (ASPECT) scoring. At 3 months, patients were followed up to evaluate the clinical outcome using mRS and BI. Statistical analysis was performed to find out the correlation between rLMC score, ASPECT score, and clinical outcome and for association with demographic parameters and stroke risk factors. RESULTS: A strong correlation was noted between ASPECT and rLMC scores (P < 0.001) and between rLMC scores and clinical outcome at 3 months (mRS and BI). Correlation with mRS (P < 0.001) was nearly as strong as that of BI on follow-up (P < 0.001). The ASPECT score also was a predictor of clinical outcome and showed correlation with mRS (P < 0.001) and BI (P < 0.001). No significant association was found between various stroke risk factors and demographic parameters with rLMC scores. The rLMC scoring system showed substantial inter-rater reliability with Kappa = 0.7. CONCLUSIONS: rLMC score in CT angiography correlates with ASPECT Score and clinical outcome at 3 months. Hence, this scoring system can be used for collateral quantification as may be of use in predicting short-term clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chatterjee
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sunil K Narayan
- Department of Neurology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Lakshmi Narasimhan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sunilkumar D, Nagarajan K, Kiran M, Manjubashini D, Sabarish S. Persistent falcine sinus with temporo-occipital schizencephaly: case report with a review of literature in relation to the undeveloped vein of Galen and/or straight sinus. Childs Nerv Syst 2020; 36:417-421. [PMID: 31154486 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Falcine sinus is a normal midline embryonic venous sinus present in the fetal brain and usually disappears by birth. Persistent falcine sinus (PFS) has been reported as a normal variant or along with vein of Galen (VOG) malformation, encephalocele, and other abnormalities. Schizencephaly, either closed or open type, has been reported with other associated vascular anomalies. We report a 22-month-old child, who presented with delayed milestones and referred for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and the child was found to have PFS with associated bilateral temporo-occipital closed-lip schizencephaly, hippocampal abnormalities, falco-tentorial dehiscence, and white matter abnormalities. The vein of Galen and straight sinus were absent, and the internal cerebral veins were seen draining into superior sagittal sinus via the falcine sinus. These set of abnormalities are unique from abnormalities reported previously in association with the falcine sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sunilkumar
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 600506, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 600506, India.
| | - M Kiran
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 600506, India
| | - D Manjubashini
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 600506, India
| | - S Sabarish
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, 600506, India
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Sathya K, Baskaran R, Nagarajan K. Thermophysical Properties of p-Anisaldehyde–Methyl Acetate Mixtures. Russ J Phys Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419080260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Thomas A, Lethuillier-Karl L, Nagarajan K, Vergauwe RMA, George J, Chervy T, Shalabney A, Devaux E, Genet C, Moran J, Ebbesen TW. Tilting a ground-state reactivity landscape by vibrational strong coupling. Science 2019; 363:615-619. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau7742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical methods have been developed to favor a particular product in transformations of compounds that have two or more reactive sites. We explored a different approach to site selectivity using vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between a reactant and the vacuum field of a microfluidic optical cavity. Specifically, we studied the reactivity of a compound bearing two possible silyl bond cleavage sites—Si–C and Si–O, respectively—as a function of VSC of three distinct vibrational modes in the dark. The results show that VSC can indeed tilt the reactivity landscape to favor one product over the other. Thermodynamic parameters reveal the presence of a large activation barrier and substantial changes to the activation entropy, confirming the modified chemical landscape under strong coupling.
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Manjubashini D, Nagarajan K, Rajesh Kumar B. Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis: An unusual cause of primary pulmonary hypertension in a child with characteristic computed tomography imaging features. Lung India 2019; 36:157-159. [PMID: 30829252 PMCID: PMC6410579 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_122_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is a rare cause of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) diagnosed in children and young adults with a nonspecific clinical presentation of dyspnea, cough, chest pain, and fatigue. It is characterized by extensive proliferation of pulmonary capillaries within alveolar septa. The imaging features include diffuse centrilobular ground-glass opacities with features of pulmonary hypertension. We present a case of PCH in an 11-year-old boy who was diagnosed with PPH in echocardiography and referred for diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Manjubashini
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - B Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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36
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Inaamul Hassan MM, Badrinath AK, Nagarajan K, Anand P, Babu SS, Asmathulla S. Coronary risk prediction by the correlation of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratios, non-high-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein-B, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with low-density lipoprotein in Indian patients under statin therapy. Heart India 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/heartindia.heartindia_2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Soundararajan C, Prabhu KP, Nagarajan K, Divya T. Wound and gastric myiasis due to Chrysomyia bezziana and Cobbaldia elephantis and its pathological lesions in wild elephants in the Nilgiris hills of Tamil Nadu. J Parasit Dis 2018; 43:134-138. [PMID: 30956456 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five years old female and 12 years old male wild elephant were found dead at Seviyodu and Cherangode of Cherambadi range at Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu state. On post mortem examination, maggots were recovered from palate of oral cavity and gastric mucosa of the stomach and identified as Chrysomyia bezziana and Cobbaldia elephantis, respectively. Histopathology of oral tissue specimen revealed myonecrosis of soft palate due to myiasis and cross section of encysted larvae surrounded by fibrous capsule and inflammatory cells. This study reports the mixed infection of wound and gastric myiasis due to C. bezziana and C. elephantis and its histopathological lesions in wild elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soundararajan
- 1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 007 India
| | - K P Prabhu
- Veterinary Dispensary, Cherambadi, Gudalur, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu 643 205 India
| | - K Nagarajan
- 1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 007 India
| | - T Divya
- 1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 007 India
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Basnett K, Nagarajan K, Soundararajan C, Vairamuthu S, Rao GVS. Morphological and molecular identification of Cyclospora species in sheep and goat at Tamil Nadu, India. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:604-607. [PMID: 30538360 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 281 fresh fecal samples (65 sheeps and 216 goats) were examined for the presence of Cyclospora species in Tamil Nadu from October 2017 to April 2018. All the faecal samples were examined by direct smear method, saturated sucrose floatation technique and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method and it was confirmed-at genus level with PCR technique. Overall prevalence of Cyclospora infection in-small ruminant was 2.14%. The prevalence of Cyclospora species in sheep and goat was 3.08 and 1.85% respectively. Cyclospora oocyst was observed mostly during winter season (Dec-Feb) with 7.14% followed by summer (March and April) and Northeast mansoon (October and November) with 1.67 and 1.66% respectively. The oocyst detected from faecal sample through conventional faecal examination was confirmed by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Basnett
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600007 India
| | - K Nagarajan
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600007 India
| | - C Soundararajan
- 2Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600007 India
| | - S Vairamuthu
- 3Centralised Clinical Laboratory, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600051 India
| | - Ganne Venkata Sudhakar Rao
- 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600007 India
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Alam MS, Pillai KK, Abdi SAH, Kapur P, Pillai PK, Nagarajan K. Adverse drug reaction monitoring during antimicrobial therapy for septicemia patients at a university hospital in New Delhi. Korean J Intern Med 2018; 33:1203-1209. [PMID: 28874042 PMCID: PMC6234392 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an appreciably harmful or unpleasant reaction, resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product. The present study was conducted in order to monitor the frequency and severity of ADR during antimicrobial therapy of septicemia. METHODS A prospective, observational, and noncomparative study was conducted over a period of 6 months on patients of septicemia admitted at a university hospital. Naranjo algorithm scale was used for causality assessment. Severity assessment was done by Hartwig severity scale. RESULTS ADRs in selected hospitalized patients of septicemia was found to be in 26.5% of the study population. During the study period, 12 ADRs were confirmed occurring in 9, out of 34 admitted patients. Pediatric patients experienced maximum ADRs, 44.4%. Females experienced a significantly higher incidence of ADRs, 66.7%. According to Naranjo's probability scale, 8.3% of ADRs were found to be definite, 58.3% as probable, and 33.3% as possible. A higher proportion of these ADRs, 66.7% were preventable in nature. Severity assessment showed that more than half of ADRs were moderate. Teicoplanin was found to be the commonest antimicrobial agent associated with ADRs, followed by gemifloxacin and ofloxacin. CONCLUSION The incidence and severity of ADRs observed in the present study was substantially high indicating the need of extra vigilant during the antimicrobial therapy of septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shamshir Alam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
- Correspondence to Muhammad Shamshir Alam, Ph.D. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Tel: +91-9650286178 Fax: +966-63800662 E-mail:
| | - Krishna Kolappa Pillai
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, India
| | - Syed Aliul Hasan Abdi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, India
| | - Prem Kapur
- Department of Medicine, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research and Hakeem Abdul Hameed Centenary Hospital, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Paru Kutty Pillai
- Department of Microbiology, Majeedia Hospital, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kandasamy Nagarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, Delhi, India
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Raveendranath V, Nagarajan K, Umamageswari A, Srinidhi S, Kavitha T. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance-based morphometry of pituitary stalk. Radiol Med 2018; 124:206-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s11547-018-0956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amuthabharathi
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - M Venkatesh
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Nagarajan K, Renganathan T, Krishnaiah K. Experimental study and hydrodynamic modeling of countercurrent liquid–solid system with batch liquid. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2017.1409736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - T. Renganathan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K. Krishnaiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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Thomas B, Watson B, Senthil EK, Deepalakshmi A, Balaji G, Chandra S, Manogaran C, Nagarajan K, Ovung S, Jayabal L, Swaminathan S. Alcohol intervention strategy among tuberculosis patients: a pilot study from South India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 21:947-952. [PMID: 28786805 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence has been a major cause of treatment non-adherence in tuberculosis (TB) management. There is an urgent need to develop a feasible, acceptable alcohol intervention programme to ensure treatment completion. METHODOLOGY Four of the 10 Chennai Corporation zones in Chennai, South India, were randomly selected: two each for the experimental and control arms of the study. TB patients registered from August 2013 to January 2014 with the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) scale. The intervention consisted of four individual counselling sessions at months 0, 2, 4 and 6 conducted by highly trained interventionists. RESULTS Of 872 TB patients, 298 (31%) were found to have alcohol use disorders. The numbers of TB patients in the experimental and control arms were respectively 113 (38%) and 185 (62%). The proportion of patients with favourable treatment outcomes was higher in the intervention than in the control group (87% vs. 62%, P = 0.04). Overall adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment was significantly higher in the intervention group (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Study findings suggest that alcohol interventions could be effective in ensuring favourable TB treatment outcomes and adherence. This calls for a large cluster randomised trial for greater generalisability. Tested alcohol-intervention strategies should be recommended to promote treatment adherence among TB patients who consume alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Thomas
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - B Watson
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - E K Senthil
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - A Deepalakshmi
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - G Balaji
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - S Chandra
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - C Manogaran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - S Ovung
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - L Jayabal
- Corporation of Chennai, Chennai, India
| | - S Swaminathan
- Department of Health Research & ICMR, New Delhi, India
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Sharma P, Nagarajan K, Panda BP. Antimicrobial Peptidomimetics for Recurrent Septicemia Infections: In Vitro Study for Immuno Compromised Disease Target. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2018; 68:499-503. [PMID: 29660749 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-119069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of Bacillus subtilis infection such as pneumonia pan-opthalmitis, visceral abscess or musculoskeletal infection etc. complications following bacteremia, meningitis in children & the infection associated with majority of motor vehicle accidents associated with trauma & gun shoot injury. Antibiotics which appear especially useful in the treatment of Bacillus. infection are clindamycin and vancomycin to which vast majority of strains are susceptible in vitro. Our objective is to test the synthesized peptidomimetics with the efforts mainly directed towards the identification of antibacterial compounds against recurrent septicemia infection. Six peptidomimetics namely G-A-L-D (C60-soot Glu-ala-leu-Asp), D-P-F (C60-soot Asp-pro-Phe), I-R (C60-soot Ile-Arg), L-R (C60-soot leu-Arg), E-R (C60-soot Glu-Arg), D-E (C60-soot Asp-Glu), the column eluted compounds were tested for disc diffusion using gram positive Bacillus Subtilis strains at different concentrations predicted by pH and inhibitory concentrations. I-R (C60-soot Ile-Arg), & D-E (C60-soot Asp-Glu) was found to be very effective along with 5 compounds against Bacillus Subtilis strain tested. Maximum activity 100 µg/ml for synthesized peptidomimetics with the corresponding zonal inhibition diameter (11 mm; 11 mm; 14 mm; 11 mm; 11 mm; 14 mm) against Bacillus subtilis strain. This is the first evidence based report that proves I-R (C60-soot Ile-Arg) & D-E (C60-soot Asp-Glu) has shown antibacterial action against gram positive strains of Bacillus Subtilis against recurrent septicemia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- P.G Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacology, KIET School of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Kandasamy Nagarajan
- Professor & Head, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Bihu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and pharmaceutical biotechnology laboratory. Hamdarad University, New Delhi, India
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Soundararajan C, Nagarajan K, Muthukrishnan S, Arul Prakash M. Tick infestation on sheep, goat, horse and wild hare in Tamil Nadu. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:127-129. [PMID: 29491571 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-0977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of tick infestation and their predilection sites on sheep, goat, horse and wild hare were studied at various places of Tamil Nadu, India. The prevalence of tick infestation in Madras red sheep, Tellicherry goat and horse was 77.11, 78.21 and 13.33%, respectively. Sheep were heavily infested with Haemaphysalis bispinosa followed by Hyalomma isaaci, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and H. anatolicum. The ticks from goats were identified as H. bispinosa, R. haemaphysaloides, H. isaaci and R. sanguineus. Horses were infested with Otobus megnini and R. sanguineus. The ticks on wild hare (Lepus nigricollis) were identified as R. haemaphysaloides and H. bispinosa. Wild hare acts as a source of infestation to the sheep and goats since these animals shared the same field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soundararajan
- 1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600007 India
| | - K Nagarajan
- 1Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600007 India
| | - S Muthukrishnan
- 2Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu 614625 India
| | - M Arul Prakash
- 3University Research Farm, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600053 India
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Ravi Shankar B, Vijayakumar V, Sivaramakrishnan H, Nagarajan K. A catalyst free synthesis of 8, 9, 11-trihalo-5 H -benzofuro[3,2- c ]carbazol-10-ols. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Soundararajan C, Nagarajan K, Arul Prakash M. Distribution of larval and pupal stages of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) flies in the Nilgiris hills of Tamil Nadu. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:655-658. [PMID: 28848254 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemicity of onchocerciasis (river blindness) in humans is linked to the location of Simulium spp. (black fly). The distribution of immature stages of Simulium in Sholur, Pykara, Gudalur, Coonoor and Kotagiri streams of the Nilgiris hills of Tamil Nadu was investigated during the months of May and July 2012. Out of these five streams, only Sholur was infested with larval and pupal stages of Simulium spp. Out of six plants collected from various water bodies, larval and pupal stages were found on the leaves and stems of an aquatic plant Nasturtium officinale and on the roots and leaves of Pennisetum glandulosum. The stages of Simulium were observed only during the summer month of May.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soundararajan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600007 India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600007 India
| | - M Arul Prakash
- University Research Farm, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 051 India
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Prasanna Kumar M, Krishnamurthy S, Venkateswaran VS, Mahadevan S, Lalitha M, Sistla S, Nagarajan K. Brainstem micro-abscesses caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in a 10-month-old infant: a case report. Paediatr Int Child Health 2017; 37:230-232. [PMID: 27376438 DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2016.1198560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis is an uncommon tropical infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Neurological complications of melioidosis are extremely uncommon in infants. A 10-month-old girl is described who presented with disseminated melioidosis with subcutaneous nodules, arthritis, hepatomegaly and a lung cavity, and developed a left medial rectus palsy. Cranial MRI demonstrated mid-brain, pontine and basal ganglia micro-abscesses. Therapy with meropenem and cotrimoxazole led to resolution of the medial nerve palsy. At 5-month follow-up, the child had no residual neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prasanna Kumar
- a Department of Paediatrics , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Pondicherry , India
| | - Sriram Krishnamurthy
- a Department of Paediatrics , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Pondicherry , India
| | - V S Venkateswaran
- a Department of Paediatrics , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Pondicherry , India
| | - Subramanian Mahadevan
- a Department of Paediatrics , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Pondicherry , India
| | - M Lalitha
- a Department of Paediatrics , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Pondicherry , India
| | - Sujatha Sistla
- b Department of Microbiology , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Pondicherry , India
| | - K Nagarajan
- c Department of Radiodiagnosis , Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) , Pondicherry , India
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Ananda Raja R, Sridhar R, Balachandran C, Palanisammi A, Ramesh S, Nagarajan K. Pathogenicity profile of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in farmed Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 67:368-381. [PMID: 28606862 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A pathobiological study was conducted using Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) strain isolated from vibriosis affected shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) farms in Kancheepuram and Thiruvallur districts of Tamil Nadu during August 2014 to February 2015. The isolate was identified based on the morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular characters. LD50 value with intramuscular injection was determined as 2.6 × 104 cfu/shrimp and sequential pathology was studied giving 6.1 × 103 cfu/shrimp (LD25). Total plate count (TPC) and total Vibrio count (TVC) in water, pond sediment, haemolymph, muscle, HP and gut were found significantly (P < 0.01) higher in natural cases than the experimental set up. Clinical signs and lesions observed in the natural and experimental cases were anorexia, lethargy, cuticle softening, loose shells, abdominal muscle cramp, red discoloration, opaque and whitish abdominal and tail musculature, necrosis of exoskeleton or splinter burns, reddish pleural borders of antennae, uropods and telson, swollen tail fan, ulcers, moribund shrimp sinking to bottom, and mortalities with shrunken discoloured HP with empty gut. Total haemocyte count (THC), small nongranular haemocyte (SNGH), large nongranular haemocyte (LNGH), small granular haemocyte (SGH) and large granular haemocyte (LGH) counts lowered significantly (P < 0.01) at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 h post injection (p.i). No LGH were found after 96 h of challenge. The post injection qPCR analyses of haemocytes showed up-regulations of penaeidin-3a, lysozyme, prophenoloxidase I, prophenoloxidase II and serine protein at 3 and 6 h of infection. There was total down-regulation of crustin from 3 to 192 h p.i. There was a remarkable elevation in the level of proPO I with concomitant depletion of proPO II. The pattern of up- and down-regulations in proPO I and SP were similar. The post infection qPCR analyses showed that these immune related genes could be used as markers for assessing the immune status of P. vannamei. Major histopathological manifestations observed were haemocyte infiltration/nodule in the epidermis, skeletal and cardiac muscles, atrophy of the excretory organ, and disrupted HP tubules with diffuse interstitial edema and haemocytic infiltration. Further HP showed that there was thickening of intertubular space, karyomegaly with prominent nucleoli, rounding and sloughing of HP tubular epithelium, many mitotic figures with bacterial colonies and apoptotic bodies, separation of shrunken tubule epithelium from myoepithelial fibers, regeneration of tubules, cystic, dilated and vacuolated appearance of HP tubules, hypoplastic changes in the tubules with no B, R and F cells, granuloma formation, concretions in tubules, calcification, necrosis, and washed out appearance with complete loss of architecture. The progression of the degenerative changes in the HP tubular epithelial cells was from proximal to distal end. In haematopoietic organ, increased mitotic activities with focal to extensive depletion and degeneration were observed. Degeneration of the stromal matrix with spheroid formation in lymphoid organ was observed among the Vp infected natural and experimental animals. Degeneration of glandular structures in the prehensile appendages with bacterial colonies, melanization and loss of epithelial layer in oesophagus, swelling and loss of architecture with mucinous secretion in the stomach, degeneration of peritrophic membrane in the lumen of intestine were observed in field cases but not in the experimental studies. Further, this study established the pathobiology of the Vp isolate to P. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ananda Raja
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600 007, India; Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, 600 028, India.
| | - R Sridhar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - C Balachandran
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - A Palanisammi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600 007, India
| | - S Ramesh
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, Centre for Animal Health Studies, TANUVAS, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, 600 051, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, 600 007, India
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Jyotirmay H, Saxena SK, Ramesh AS, Nagarajan K, Bhat S. Assessing the Viability of Hadad Flap by Postoperative Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:MC01-MC03. [PMID: 28764208 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/26737.10118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Expanded Endonasal Approaches (EEAs) have been widely used for various skull base lesions. The reconstruction of the skull base defects is of vital importance to prevent postoperative complications. The vascular pedicled-nasoseptal flap (Hadad-Bassagasteguy flap) is used as a workhorse in reconstruction of majority of the defects. AIM The purpose of this study was: (a) To assess the postoperative MRI appearance of vascularised pedicled nasoseptal flap for its viability; (b) To determine the variations in MRI that may suggest potential flap failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study of 13 patients was done, who underwent endoscopic skull base surgery with reconstruction using the Hadad-Bassagasteguy flap. Pre-operative MRI was done to assess the size, extent and location of the lesion and a postoperative MRI was done to evaluate flap configuration, enhancement patterns, location, flap thickness and signal intensity characteristics. RESULTS The postoperative MRI of all patients showed a detectable flap covering over the skull base defects forming an "open cup" appearance. They were uniformly isointense on T1-weighted/ fat suppressed images to the adjacent nasal mucosa and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. On the MRI scans done after four weeks, all 13 of our patients had enhancing flaps. One flap migrated slightly to the left side; however, there was no Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) leak. CONCLUSION Vascular pedicle nasoseptal (Hadad) flaps are being widely used. MRI is a very useful tool in assessing the viability of the flap postoperatively and to evaluate for variations that may suggest potential flap failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hegde Jyotirmay
- Assistant Professor, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Saxena
- Professor and Head, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - A S Ramesh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Additional Professor and Head, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Shreshta Bhat
- Assistant Professor, Department of Radiodiagnosis, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, India
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