Association of low back pain and sleep quality with presenteeism

BACKGROUND

Low back pain (LBP) and poor subjective sleep quality (SSQ) are major risk factors for presenteeism. However, no studies have investigated whether combined LBP and poor SSQ are associated with presenteeism.

AIMS

We aimed to examine whether a combination of LBP and poor SSQ is associated with presenteeism.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 936 workers (median age, 38 years; men, 89%), with evaluated presenteeism using the work limitations questionnaire. We divided them into 'no presenteeism' and 'presenteeism' categories. The presence of LBP was defined as a numerical rating scale (NRS) score of ≥1 in current pain intensity. SSQ was assessed using a single question regarding whether the participants typically got enough sleep. We categorized the participants into four groups: (i) LBP + poor SSQ, (ii) non-LBP + poor SSQ, (iii) LBP + good SSQ and (iv) non-LBP + good SSQ. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between presenteeism and the presence of LBP and poor SSQ, adjusting for age, sex, work type, education, marital status, smoking status, body mass index and weekly working hours.

RESULTS

The data from 533 participants were used for analysis (median age, 38 years; men, 90%, response rate, 66%). Combined LBP and poor SSQ were significantly associated with presenteeism (non-LBP + poor SSQ: adjusted odds ratio = 0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.96; LBP + good SSQ: 0.33, 0.20-0.56; non-LBP + good SSQ: 0.29, 0.18-0.48).

CONCLUSIONS

Evaluating both LBP and SSQ may be beneficial in considering presenteeism.

Modified Toyoda technique for total cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy in a cat

OBJECTIVES

To report the technique and outcome of a cat treated with a total cystectomy and bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy.

ANIMALS

A 16-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat.

STUDY DESIGN

Case report.

CASE PRESENTATION

A cat was referred after a 2-week history of pollakiuria and hematuria. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) was suspected based on ultrasonographic, cytologic, and contrast computed tomographic (CT) findings. A total cystectomy was combined with a modified cutaneous ureterostomy: the ureter, incised like a fish-mouth aperture, was anastomosed to the skin after the creation of a rectangular-shaped defect. Complete excision of a TCC was confirmed histologically.

RESULTS

Ureteral stents were removed 7 days (left) and 28 days (right) postoperatively. The cat's incontinence was managed with an absorbent diaper surrounding the ureteral stomata. The right ureter became obstructed 14 months after surgery, and the cat died at home approximately 16 months after surgery. In spite of the urinary incontinence, the owner was satisfied with the surgery and evaluated the cat's quality of life as satisfactory.

CONCLUSIONS

The total cystectomy and cutaneous ureterostomy described here allowed urinary excretion and resulted in long-term survival of a cat with bladder TCC.

Assessment of changes in blood pancreatic lipase activities using FDC-v-LIP in dogs that underwent various surgical procedures

OBJECTIVE

To describe the perioperative changes in blood pancreatic lipase activity and explore the contributing clinical factors associated with these changes.

DESIGN

Prospective observational study.

SETTING

University teaching hospital.

ANIMALS

One hundred and four dogs underwent various surgical procedures under general anesthesia.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Blood pancreatic lipase activities, which were measured using FUJI DRI-CHEM v-Lip-P (FDC-v-Lip), significantly increased postoperatively compared to preoperative measurements (premedian 58.5 U/L [range, 23-157] vs. postmedian 80 U/L [range, 22-1000], P < 0.0001). The patient with a postoperative increase in FDC-v-Lip over the normal range (35 dogs [33.6%]) had significantly higher preoperative FDC-v-Lip values.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, dogs had significantly increased pancreas-specific lipase activities after surgical procedures under general anesthesia. Direct contributors to the increase and its relevance to clinical and histological pancreatitis should be determined in the future.

Evaluation of epithelial and mesenchymal cell markers in canine urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma

Canine transitional cell carcinoma (cTCC) is the most common malignant tumour in the urinary bladder: it is highly invasive and exhibits metastatic characteristics. Inflammation is also strongly related to cTCC. Epithelial tumours often exhibit a mesenchymal cell phenotype during tumour invasion and metastasis owing to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is often induced in chronic inflammation. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal cell markers in tumour cells and to evaluate its relationship with prognosis of cTCC. In this study, 29 dogs with cTCC who underwent surgical treatment were enrolled. Clinical parameters were reviewed using medical records. Tissue expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. The association between the expression of mesenchymal cell markers and clinical parameters, including prognosis, was statistically examined. In five normal bladder tissues used as controls, no expression of mesenchymal markers was observed, except for one tissue that expressed fibronectin. Conversely, epithelial tumour cells expressed vimentin and fibronectin in 23/29 and 19/28 cTCC tissues, respectively. Regarding clinical parameters, vimentin score in Miniature Dachshunds was significantly higher than those in other dog breeds (P < 0.001). Multivariate survival analyses revealed that age>12 years was related to shorter progression-free survival (P = 0.02). Higher vimentin score, lower fibronectin score, and advanced clinical T stage were significantly correlated with shorter median survival time (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that vimentin expression was associated with cTCC progression. Further studies are needed to examine the incidence and relevance of EMT in cTCC.

Expression of the Short Form of RON/STK in Feline Mammary Carcinoma

RON is a tyrosine kinase receptor activated by the macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP) ligand that is overexpressed in human breast cancer. In humans, RON protein can be present in different isoforms, and the most studied isoform is represented by the short form of RON ( sf-RON), which is generated by an alternative promoter located in intron 10 of the RON complementary DNA (cDNA). It plays an important role in breast cancer progression. Considering the many similarities between feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) and human breast cancer, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of both RON and MSP in FMCs and to identify the presence of the sf-RON transcript. Tissue samples of spontaneous mammary tumors were collected from 60 queens (10 benign lesions, 50 carcinomas). All of the samples were tested for RON and MSP expression by immunohistochemistry; moreover, RNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue samples, and the cDNA was tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify the presence of sf-RON. Immunohistochemistry detected the expression of RON and MSP in 34 of 50 (68%) and 29 of 50 (58%) FMCs, respectively. RT-PCR revealed the presence of the short-form in 18 of 47 (38%) FMCs. This form originates, as in humans, from an alternative promoter (P2), and it codes for the proper feline short form ( sf-RON). sf-RON expression was associated with poorly differentiated tumors and with a shorter disease-free ( P < .05; hazard ratio [HR], 2.2) period and a shorter survival ( P < .05; HR, 2.2). These results support FMC as a suitable model in comparative oncology and identify sf-RON expression as potential predictor of outcomes for this disease.

Adjunctive perampanel in partial-onset seizures: Asia-Pacific, randomized phase III study

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of perampanel, a selective, non-competitive, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist, as an adjunctive treatment for patients with refractory partial-onset seizures (POS) from Asia-Pacific.

MATERIALS & METHODS

This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01618695) involved patients aged ≥12 years with refractory POS (receiving 1-3 antiepileptic drugs). Patients were randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive once-daily placebo or perampanel 4, 8, or 12 mg over a 6-week titration and 13-week maintenance double-blind period. Enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs were equally stratified between groups. The primary efficacy endpoint was percent change in POS frequency per 28 days (double-blind phase vs baseline). Other efficacy endpoints included ≥50% responder rate and seizure freedom. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were also monitored.

RESULTS

Of 710 randomized patients, seizure frequency data were available for 704 patients. Median percent changes in POS frequency per 28 days indicated dose-proportional reductions in seizure frequency: -10.8% with placebo and -17.3% (P = .2330), -29.0% (P = .0003), and -38.0% (P < .0001) with perampanel 4, 8, and 12 mg, respectively. In total, 108 (15.3%) patients discontinued treatment; 44 (6.2%) due to TEAEs. TEAEs occurring in ≥5% of patients, and reported at least twice as frequently with perampanel vs placebo, included dizziness and irritability.

CONCLUSIONS

Adjunctive perampanel (8 and 12 mg/d) significantly improved seizure control in patients with refractory POS. Safety and tolerability were acceptable at daily doses of perampanel 4-12 mg.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of adjunctive perampanel in subjects with partial-onset seizures

OBJECTIVES

Explore perampanel pharmacokinetics (PK) in all subjects (aged ≥12 years) vs adolescents (aged ≥12 to ≤17 years) with partial-onset seizures (POS) and identify factors explaining between-subject variability in efficacy using a population PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Population PK analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling with data from phase II/III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of adjunctive perampanel in POS. Perampanel exposure was predicted for all subjects and adolescents. Population PK/PD analyses were performed using data from phase III studies to explore the relationship between perampanel exposure and 28-day average seizure frequency and responder probability.

RESULTS

Pooled perampanel PK data from 1318 subjects were described by a one-compartment disposition model. In the absence of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) affecting perampanel PK, estimated perampanel apparent clearance (CL/F) was 0.668 L/h (all subjects) and 0.682 L/h (adolescent subjects). Co-administration of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine/phenytoin reduced perampanel exposure. Gender, Asian race (excluding Japanese or Chinese), and increasing alanine aminotransferase lowered perampanel CL/F, but differences were small and not considered clinically relevant. Adolescent outcomes were similar to the total population. Based on PK/PD data from 1748 subjects, percent reduction in 28-day average seizure frequency from baseline and responder probability increased with increasing perampanel exposure; concomitant CYP3A-inducing AEDs lowered perampanel exposure but did not impact the slope for responder probability.

CONCLUSIONS

These results are consistent with previous analyses but expand on these through inclusion of a larger number of patients from different ethnic groups, and demonstrate that outcomes were similar between adults and adolescents.

Anti-tumour efficacy of etoposide alone and in combination with piroxicam against canine osteosarcoma in a xenograft model

Osteosarcoma (OSA) in dogs is locally invasive and highly malignant. Distant metastasis is the most common cause of death. To date, the survival rate in dogs with OSA remains poor. The cytotoxic effects of etoposide against canine OSA cell lines, either alone or in combination with piroxicam, have been previously demonstrated in vitro. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumour effect of etoposide alone and in combination with piroxicam on canine OSA using murine models. Etoposide single agent treatment significantly delayed tumour progression with a marked reduction in Ki-67 immunoreactivity in tumour tissue. Concomitant treatment with piroxicam did not enhance the anti-tumour efficacy of etoposide. Etoposide single agent treatment and combination treatment with piroxicam down-regulated survivin expression, but was not followed by increased apoptotic activity. These findings indicate that etoposide might be a promising novel therapeutic for canine OSA. Further investigations into its potential for clinical application in veterinary oncology are warranted.

Recovery after PILP remineralization of dentin lesions created with two cariogenic acids

OBJECTIVES

Acetate and lactate are important cariogenic acids produced by oral bacteria. They produced different residual dentin structures in artificial lesions of similar depth. We evaluated if such lesions responded in the same way to a polymer-induced-liquid-precursor (PILP) remineralization.

DESIGN

Dentin blocks obtained from human third molars, divided into 6 groups (n=3). Blocks were demineralized with acetate (66h) or lactate (168h) buffer at pH 5.0 to create 140μm target lesion depths. A-DEM and L-DEM groups received no remineralization. Other groups were remineralized for 14days. 100μg/mL polyaspartate was added into the remineralizing buffer for A-PIL and L-PIL, whereas A-CAP and L-CAP were treated with the same solution but without polyaspartate. Cross-sectioned blocks were examined for shrinkage and AFM-topography. Line profiles of reduced elastic modulus (E_r) were obtained by AFM-based nanoindentation across the lesion. Ultrastructures were examined with TEM.

RESULTS

A-PIL and L-PIL recovered in shrinkage to the original height of the dentin and it appeared normal with tubules, with increases in E_r at both outer flat and inner sloped zones. At the sloped zone, acetate lesions lost more E_r but recovery rate after PILP was not statistically different from lactate lesions. A-CAP and L-CAP showed surface precipitates, significantly less recovery in shrinkage or E_r as compared to PILP groups. TEM-ultrastructure of PILP groups showed similar structural and mineral components in the sloped zone for lesions produced by either acid.

CONCLUSIONS

The PILP process provided significant recovery of both structure and mechanical properties for artificial lesions produced with acetate or lactate.

Relationship between Breakfast Skipping and Obesity among Elderly: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the HEIJO-KYO Study

OBJECTIVE

Breakfast skipping is reported to be associated with obesity in children and younger populations; however, few studies report the association among elderly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between breakfast skipping and obesity prevalence among elderly.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Community-dwelling elderly in Nara, Japan.

PARTICIPANTS

1052 elderly participants (mean age: 71.6 years).

MEASUREMENTS

Obesity and breakfast skipping were defined as body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 and skipping breakfast one or more times per week, respectively.

RESULTS

Two hundred and seventy-two participants (25.9%) were classified as obese and forty-one (3.9%) were as breakfast skippers. Obesity prevalence was significantly higher in breakfast skippers than in breakfast eaters (43.9% vs. 25.1%, P = 0.007). In multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders (age, sex and alcohol consumption), breakfast skippers showed significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for obesity than breakfast eaters (OR, 2.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-4.27; P = 0.015), which continued to be significant after further adjustment for socioeconomic status. In addition, breakfast skippers showed significantly lower daily potassium (P <0.001) and dietary fibre intakes (P = 0.001) and lower subjective physical activity (P = 0.035) than breakfast eaters.

CONCLUSIONS

Breakfast skipping was significantly associated with obesity among elderly. Poor diet quality and physical inactivity may be potential intermediators underlying the association between breakfast skipping and obesity.

Effects of etoposide alone and in combination with piroxicam on canine osteosarcoma cell lines

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common primary bone tumour in dogs. The poor survival rate in dogs with OSA highlights the need for new therapeutic approaches. This study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of etoposide, alone and in combination with piroxicam, on canine OSA cell cultures. Etoposide alone significantly suppressed cell growth and viability, whereas etoposide in combination with piroxicam exhibited concentration dependent cytotoxicity. The anti-proliferative effect was a result of inactivity of the Cdc2-cyclin B1 complex, which correlated with an increase in the G₂/M fraction. This subsequently activated the apoptosis cascade, as indicated by elevated apoptosis levels and up-regulation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolytic cleavage. Down-regulation of survivin expression induced by the combination treatment may have contributed to the enhanced cytotoxicity. The results of this study suggest that further investigation of etoposide and piroxicam as a therapeutic combination for canine OSA is warranted.

Repair of dentin defects from DSPP knockout mice by PILP mineralization

Dentinogenesis imperfecta type II (DGI-II) lacks intrafibrillar mineral with severe compromise of dentin mechanical properties. A Dspp knockout (Dspp-/-) mouse, with a phenotype similar to that of human DGI-II, was used to determine if poly-L-aspartic acid [poly(ASP)] in the "polymer-induced liquid-precursor" (PILP) system can restore its mechanical properties. Dentin from six-week old Dspp-/- and wild-type mice was treated with CaP solution containing poly(ASP) for up to 14 days. Elastic modulus and hardness before and after treatment were correlated with mineralization from Micro x-ray computed tomography (Micro-XCT). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) were used to compare matrix mineralization and crystallography. Mechanical properties of the Dspp-/- dentin were significantly less than wild-type dentin and recovered significantly (P < 0.05) after PILP-treatment, reaching values comparable to wild-type dentin. Micro-XCT showed mineral recovery similar to wild-type dentin after PILP-treatment. TEM/SAED showed repair of patchy mineralization and complete mineralization of defective dentin. This approach may lead to new strategies for hard tissue repair.

Thymoglobulin for steroid-resistant immune-mediated graft dysfunction during simeprevir-based antiviral treatment for post-transplantation hepatitis C: case report

INTRODUCTION

Immune-mediated graft dysfunction (IGD), a recently established disease entity with unfavourable outcome, is an antigraft immune reaction during interferon-based antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after liver transplantation (LT). We report a case having steroid-resistant acute cellular rejection (ACR) type IGD, which was successfully treated using thymoglobulin.

CASE REPORT

A 56-year-old woman with recurrent HCV after LT was commenced on antiviral treatment including simeprevir, pegylated-interferon (IFN) 2a, and ribavirin. A negative serum HCV-RNA was confirmed after 4 weeks. After 12 weeks of therapy, severe liver dysfunction developed, despite a constantly negative HCV-RNA. Liver biopsy revealed portal and periportal inflammatory infiltrates including numerous eosinophils, lymphocytes, and bile duct damages, indicating ACR. IFN therapy was ceased, and she was treated with steroid pulse treatment, followed by high-level immunosuppression maintenance. However, ACR was irremediable. Thereafter she was treated with thymoglobulin (75 mg/d for 5 days). Her serum alanine aminotransaminase and total bilirubin levels decreased immediately, and her liver biopsy specimen showed no activity. During these periods of the treatment, the HCV-RNA became positive and the liver enzyme elevated, but other liver function tests still remained within normal range.

CONCLUSION

Thymoglobulin could be the best choice in steroid-resistant IGD during antiviral treatment for post-transplantation recurrent hepatitis C.

Distinct decalcification process of dentin by different cariogenic organic acids: Kinetics, ultrastructure and mechanical properties

OBJECTIVES

We studied artificial dentin lesions in human teeth generated by lactate and acetate buffers (pH 5.0), the two most abundant acids in caries. The objective of this study was to determine differences in mechanical properties, mineral density profiles and ultrastructural variations of two different artificial lesions with the same approximate depth.

METHODS

0.05M (pH 5.0) acetate or lactate buffer was used to create 1) 180μm-deep lesions in non-carious human dentin blocks (acetate 130h; lactate 14days); (2) demineralized, ∼180μm-thick non-carious dentin discs (3 weeks). We performed nanoindentation to determine mechanical properties across the hydrated lesions, and micro X-ray computed tomography (MicroXCT) to determine mineral profiles. Ultrastructure in lesions was analyzed by TEM/selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Demineralized dentin discs were analyzed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).

RESULTS

Diffusion-dominated demineralization was shown based on the linearity between lesion depths versus the square root of exposure time in either solution, with faster kinetics in acetate buffer. Nanoindentation revealed lactate induced a significantly sharper transition in reduced elastic modulus across the lesions. MicroXCT showed lactate demineralized lesions had swelling and more disorganized matrix structure, whereas acetate lesions had abrupt X-ray absorption near the margin. At the ultrastructural level, TEM showed lactate was more effective in removing minerals from the collagenous matrix, which was confirmed by SAXS analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicated the different acids yielded lesions with different characteristics that could influence lesion formation resulting in their distinct predominance in different caries activities, and these differences may impact strategies for dentin caries remineralization.

Anti-tumour effect of metformin in canine mammary gland tumour cells

Metformin is an oral hypoglycaemic drug used in type 2 diabetes. Its pharmacological activity reportedly involves mitochondrial respiratory complex I, and mitochondrial respiratory complex inhibitors have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of metastatic canine mammary gland tumour (CMGT) cell lines. It is hypothesised that metformin has selective anti-tumour effects on metastatic CMGT cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of metformin on cell growth, production of ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in two CMGT clonal cell lines with different metastatic potential. In addition, transcriptome analysis was used to determine cellular processes disrupted by metformin and in vivo anti-tumour effects were examined in a mouse xenograft model. Metformin inhibited CMGT cell growth in vitro, with the metastatic clone (CHMp-5b) displaying greater sensitivity. ATP depletion and ROS elevation were observed to a similar extent in the metastatic and non-metastatic (CHMp-13a) cell lines after metformin exposure. However, subsequent AMPK activation and mTOR pathway inhibition were prominent only in metformin-insensitive non-metastatic cells. Microarray analysis revealed inhibition of cell cycle progression by metformin treatment in CHMp-5b cells, which was further confirmed by Western blotting and cell cycle analysis. Additionally, metformin significantly suppressed tumour growth in xenografted metastatic CMGT cells. In conclusion, metformin exhibited an anti-tumour effect in metastatic CMGT cells through AMPK-independent cell cycle arrest. Its mechanism of action differed in the non-metastatic clone, where AMPK activation and mTOR inhibition were observed.

226 IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF BOVINE EMBRYOS USING CHEMICAL PACKETS THAT REGULATE CO2 AND O2

Bovine embryos are now routinely produced with oocytes collected from slaughterhouse ovaries or by transvaginal ovum pickup. The oocytes are matured, fertilized, and cultured in a water-jacketed CO2/O2 incubator. Gas phase in incubators is usually maintained at 5% CO2 in air for in vitro maturation (IVM) and IVF of oocytes and at 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2 for in vitro culture (IVC) of embryos. Here we investigated whether two chemical packets that regulate CO2 and O2 for culturing bacteria (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) could be used to control the gas phase in vitro production (IVP) of cattle embryos. One packet (Anaero Pack-CO2) was maintained at a CO2 level of ~5% in a 2.5-L container and the other (Anaero Pack-MicroAnaero) was maintained at a CO2 level of 5–8% and an O2 level of 6 to 12%. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC, n = 970) were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries, matured in HEPES-buffered TCM-199 (catalog number 12340–030, Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% FCS, 0.02 Armour unit mL–1 FSH and 1 µg mL–1 E2 for 22 h, and fertilized in medium IVF100 [Research Institute for the Functional Peptides Co. Ltd. (IFP), Yamagata, Japan] with frozen-thawed sperm (4 × 106 cells mL–1) for 6 h. Sperm and cumulus cells were removed from the oocytes. The denuded oocytes were cultured in IVD101 (IFP, 20 to 30 embryos/50 μL) for 8 days (Day 0 = IVF). Culture was carried out at 39°C with maximum humidity. Five different combinations of gas conditions were used for incubation (Table 1). Experiments were repeated 3 times. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were assessed on Day 8. Data were analysed by ANOVA followed by Fisher's PLSD test. In the five conditions, rates of matured oocytes (oocytes at MII, n = 210) were 70 to 73% and rates of normal fertilized oocytes (oocytes with 2 pronuclei, n = 310) were 67 to 75%. Cleavage rates of embryos after 8 days of culture (n = 450) were 68 to 75%, and rates of blastocysts from cleaved embryos were 25 to 40%. None of the above measures were significantly different among the 5 conditions (P > 0.05). These results indicate that gas phase control is not needed for IVM and IVF of bovine oocytes for their subsequent development. Anaero Pack-MicroAnaero (5–8% CO2, 6–12% O2) can be used for IVC of bovine embryos. The CO2-generating and deoxidizing packets can be successfully used to control the gas phase during bovine embryo production. Table 1.Five different combinations of gas conditions used for incubation

166 MATURATION OF BOVINE OOCYTES IN POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE) MICROWELLS AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING IN VITRO FERTILIZATION

During bovine oocyte maturation, a lower density of cumulus cells surrounding oocytes reduces the developmental competence of the oocytes after IVF. Adding more cumulus cells (Hashimoto et al. 1998) rescues the developmental competence of the corona-enclosed oocytes. In this study, we examined the effects of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microwells (MW) for bovine oocyte maturation on the developmental competence of the oocytes following IVF. In experiment 1, MW were produced by making holes on 0.5-mm-thick PDMS plates using a 0.5-mm-diameter biopsy punch. The punched plates were placed on the bottoms of culture dishes. Bovine cumulus oocytes complexes (COC) were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries. Cumulus layers were removed from COC to prepare corona-enclosed oocytes (CEO) and denuded oocytes (DO). Then, COC, CEO, or DO were individually matured in single MW for 24 h at 39°C under 5% CO2 in air with high humidity. Ten oocytes of each group were matured in 50-μL droplets of maturation medium (group culture, GC) as controls. Maturation medium was TCM-199 supplemented with 10% FCS, 0.02 AU mL–1 FSH, and 1 μg mL–1 E2. The matured oocytes were fertilized with frozen–thawed spermatozoa. The embryos were cultured in CR1aa medium for 168 h under 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2 with high humidity. In experiment 2, effects of depth of MW for maturation on subsequent development following IVF were examined. Microwells were produced by making 0.5-mm-diameter holes on 0.5- or 1.5-mm-thick PDMS plates. Then, COC or CEO were individually matured in the MW for 24 h. Matured oocytes were fertilized in vitro and cultured for 168 h. Oocytes that were matured by GC were used as controls. In experiment 1(N = 4), rates of maturation (76–100%, n = 26 to 38), normal fertilization (53–70%, n = 44 to 49), and cleavage (61–77%, n = 114 to 117) were not different among all groups (P > 0.05; Fisher's PLSD test following ANOVA). Blastocyst rates were the same (P > 0.05) for COC matured in MW (50%) and by GC (43%). The rate for CEO that matured in MW (46%) tended to be higher (P = 0.061) than the rate for CEO that matured by GC (31%), and was comparable to the rate for COC matured by GC (43%). The blastocyst rates for DO that matured in MW and by GC were low (6%). In experiment 2 (N = 3), rates of maturation (86–100%, n = 13 to 28), normal fertilization (60–78%, n = 22 to 40), and cleavage (67–73%, n = 85 to 90) were not different among all groups (P > 0.05). However, the blastocyst rate for COC that matured in 1.5-mm-deep MW (53%) was significantly higher than the rates for COC that matured in 0.5-mm-deep MW (38%) and by GC (31%; P < 0.05). The results indicate that the developmental competence of oocytes that matured individually in PDMS MW was greater than that of oocytes that matured by GC. The deeper (1.5 mm) MW were found to be more effective for oocyte maturation than shallow (0.5 mm) MW and GC. The MW might increase density of cumulus cells surrounding oocytes, and the high cell-density enhanced the developmental competence of the oocytes.

Characterization of the use of liraglutide for glycemic control in healthy and Type 1 diabetes mellitus suffering dogs

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a glucose-lowering, intestinal-derived factor with multiple physiological effects, making it attractive for diabetes therapy. However, the therapeutic potential of endogenous GLP-1 is limited, because of rapid inactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Recently, enhanced incretin preparations, such as liraglutide, have emerged, which are more resistant to degradation and longer lasting. Liraglutide is a long-acting acylated human GLP-1 receptor agonist, with a 97% amino acid sequence identity to endogenous human GLP-1, and 100% amino acid sequence homology with canine GLP-1. Since liraglutide has yet to be examined for use in dogs, and the incretin effect has been reported to exist in dogs, we sought to initially characterize liraglutide's ability for glycemic control in healthy dogs, under an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) environment initially. This was followed up a more realistic scenario involving food with insulin injection +/- liraglutide injection resulting in a glucose curve based study involving dogs suffering from Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Overall, liraglutide had a stabilizing effect on glucose levels, maintaining circulating levels between 77.0 and 137.0mg/ml throughout the OGTT test period, resulting in a significant reduction of 13.8% in glucose AUC0-120 min (total area under the curve for 0-120 min) as compared to baseline control in healthy dogs (n=5). Interestingly, the liraglutide associated reduction in circulating glucose was not accompanied by any significant increase in insulin. Moreover, T1DM dogs (n=4) responded favorably to liraglutide treatment, which lead to a significant reduction of 46.0% in glucose AUC0-12h (total area under the curve for 0-12h), and a significant reduction of 66.5% in serum glucose as compared to baseline controls (insulin treatment only). Therefore, liraglutide's prandial glucagon suppressive ability appears to play a key role in its glucose-lowering capability, and offers great potential for use with dogs suffering from T1DM.

Transforming growth factor-β transiently induces vimentin expression and invasive capacity in a canine mammary gland tumor cell line

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event that occurs during cancer metastasis and can be induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in various tumor cells in vitro. However, little is known about the effects of TGF-β in canine mammary gland tumors (CMGTs). Here, we investigated the role of TGF-β in CMGT. We observed that treatment of the CMGT cell line CHMp13a with TGF-β1 leads to transient induction of the mesenchymal marker vimentin. Real-time measurements of cellular electrical impedance also showed that CMGT invasiveness is transiently increased by TGF-β1 treatment, but is reversed after prolonged stimulation. This phenomenon is similar to the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET, the reverse phenomenon of EMT), and a process that is implicated in the establishment of secondary metastatic lesions.

180 EFFECT OF Dnmt1p mRNA KNOCK DOWN ON Dnmt1 PROTEIN TRANSLATION IN MOUSE TESTIS

We have reported that there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the relative amount of Dnmt1p mRNA in spermatozoa from aged male mice (Kato et al. 2007 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 19, 277 abst.). The reduction of mRNA levels of Dnmt1p in spermatozoa would lead to altered epigenetic modification of the genome. Dnmt1p is one of 5′ exon alternative isoforms of Dnmt1 and its mRNA is specifically expressed in the pachytene spermatocyte. However, the function of Dnmt1p still has not been elucidated. In this study, we tried to elucidate the function of Dnmt1p in the male mouse reproductive system. This was accomplished by suppressing the expression level of Dnmt1p in the whole testis by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression, which was specifically designed from mouse Dnmt1p mRNA. Dnmt1p cDNA was cloned from total RNA extracted from a piece of testis from a C57BL/6J male mouse. Four shRNA expression vectors were constructed and the knock-down efficiency of each shRNA expression vector was evaluated by flow cytometry. From these results, the 589 shRNA expression vector was picked out for further experimentation. The 589 shRNA expression vector was linearized and injected into the pronuclei of C57BL/6J mouse embryos. After injection, the embryos were cultured for 24 h and cleavage was evaluated. Cleaved embryos were transferred into oviducts of recipient ICR mice. After 18 to 19 days, fetuses were delivered by C-section. Two weeks after the birth, the existence of the 589 shRNA expression gene construct in its genome was evaluated by PCR. From founders with 589 shRNA expression gene construct in its genome, finally 1 TG strain was established and used for further experimentation. Two F2 -generation male mice with the 589 shRNA expression gene construct, 2 F2-generation male mice without the 589 shRNA expression gene construct and 1 C57BL/6J wild-type male mouse were used for evaluating the expression level of Dnmt1p mRNA in the whole testis by quantitative PCR. Then, thin sections of testis derived from the F2-generation mouse, which showed a suppressed expression level of Dnmt1p, was evaluated by immunostaining for Dnmt1 protein. The survival rate of mouse embryos after gene injection was 76.8% (202/263) and the cleavage rate of gene-injected embryos was 69.8% (141/202). The developmental rate of transferred embryos to the birth was 19% (27/139). The rate of newborn mice with the 589 shRNA expression gene construct was 37% (10/27). The fertility of established TG strain mouse was normal and there was no abnormality in the thin section figure of testis stained with hematoxylin-eosin double staining method. The relative expression level of Dnmt1p mRNA in the whole testis of the F2 TG mouse was ∼25% of C57BL/6J wild-type male mouse (P < 0.05, Student's t-test). There was Dnmt1 protein in seminiferous tubules, especially in spermatids of C57BL/6J wild-type male mouse. However, there was no Dnmt1 protein in seminiferous tubules of the F2 TG mouse. From these results, it was concluded that the expression of Dnmt1p mRNA was associated in some way with the translation of the Dnmt1 protein in the mouse testis.

Working hours, occupational stress and depression among physicians

BACKGROUND

Physicians report high prevalence of depression, work long hours and are exposed to many occupational stresses (OSs).

AIMS

To investigate the cross-sectional association between working hours, OS and depression among physicians.

METHODS

A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 1902 alumni of a medical school. The questionnaire evaluated working hours in the previous week, OS assessed by the effort-reward imbalance model, social support and depression evaluated by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. The associations between these occupational factors and depression were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.

RESULTS

The questionnaire was returned by 795 alumni (response rate, 42%), and 706 respondents (534 men and 172 women) were suitable for analysis. The odds ratio (OR) of depression in the long working hours group (>70 h/week) was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1-2.8) compared with the short working hours group (<54 h/week), adjusted for basic attributes. The adjusted ORs of depression in the upper effort-reward ratio (ERR) tertile versus the lower ERR tertile were 0.6 (0.2-1.8) in the short working hours group, 8.5 (3.0-24.0) in the middle working hours group and 9.9 (3.8-25.7) in the long working hours group. The adjusted ORs of depression stratified according to working hours and ERR tended to be higher in the groups with a higher ERR, but no association between working hours and depression was found.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that the management of OS is needed as a countermeasure against depression among physicians.

Gene silencing of STAT6 with siRNA ameliorates contact hypersensitivity and allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND

Silencing of genes using small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a recently developed strategy to regulate the synthesis of target molecules. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a nuclear transcription factor that mediates Th2-type immunity.

METHODS

To elucidate the therapeutic potential of using siRNA to inhibit STAT6 in allergic reactions, we determined the nucleotide sequences of siRNA specific for STAT6.

RESULTS

The selected sequences of STAT6 siRNA specifically inhibited the generation of STAT6 synthesis in dermal fibroblasts and eotaxin (CCL11) production in response to IL-4/TNF-α in vitro. Local administration of STAT6 siRNA in vivo alleviated contact hypersensitivity responses to chemical haptens. This was accompanied by reduced local production of IL-4, IL-13, eotaxin (CCL11), TARC (CCL17) and MDC (CCL22). Similarly, consecutive intranasal instillation of STAT6 siRNA markedly inhibited inflammatory cellular infiltration of mucosal tissues in allergic rhinitis responses in association with reduced IL-4 and IL-5 production from regional lymph node cells. Immediate responses, such as sneezing and nasal rubbing behaviors, were also improved by STAT6 siRNA.

CONCLUSIONS

Local administration of STAT6 siRNA is thus a promising therapeutic strategy for both Th2-mediated cutaneous diseases and allergic rhinitis.

70 FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 4 PROMOTES THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER EMBRYOS IN MICE

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos can develop during the preimplantation period; however, most of these die after implantation period. A transcription factor, Cdx2, promotes differentiation of extraembryonic tissues and appears to be involved in the segregation of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) in preimplantation embryos. So far, we have demonstrated that the expression of Cdx2 in mouse SCNT embryos is delayed and its expression level is significantly lower than that in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryos. Moreover, the ectopic expression of Oct-3/4 was observed in the TE tissues of SCNT blastocysts, but not in ICSI blastocysts. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 2 (FGFR2) is specifically expressed in 8-cell to morula-stage embryos and trophectoderm (TE) and is essential for implantation; however, FGFR2 expression in SCNT embryos significantly decreases compared with IVF embryos. Therefore, it is likely that abnormality of differentiation that is controlled in development of pre-implantation in SCNT embryos leads to a rapid decrease of subsequent developmental ability. Then, we investigated the effects of FGF4 on development of SCNT embryos. Mouse SCNT embryos were produced according to the method reported previously (Wakayama et al. 1998). B6D2F1 and B6C3F1 female mice were used for the collection of recipient oocytes and donor cells, respectively. Data were analyzed by Student’s t-test. First, the timing to start adding FGF4 was decided by FGFR2 expression time about 54 h after cell injection and treated for 3, 6, 12, 24, and 42 h thereafter. In the case of FGF4 concentration at 25 ng mL-1 with treating time of 6 h from the 4- to 8-cell stages, SCNT embryos significantly promoted the development to morula and blastocyst stages (91 and 45%, respectively) compared with IVF embryos (80 and 30%, respectively; P < 0.05). However, longer treatment of 42 h with FGF4 made their morphology considerably worse. Then, concentrations of FGF4 at 5, 25, 50, 250, and 500 ng mL-1 with treating time of 6 h was examined. In case of FGF4 concentration at 25 and 50 ng mL-1, SCNT embryos significantly promoted the development to morula and blastocyst stages (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed segregation of the expression of Oct-3/4 and Cdx2 in ICM and TE, respectively, in FGF4-treated SCNT embryos, unlike in the case of nontreated SCNT embryos, which showed an ectopic expression of Oct-3/4 in TE tissues. Furthermore, after the transplantation of SCNT embryos treated with FGF4 at 50 ng mL-1 and the treating time of 6 h to recipient mice, most of the transferred embryos implanted and cloned mice were successfully produced as well as nontreated SCNT embryos. Therefore, FGF4 facilitates the development of SCNT embryos especially to the morula and blastocyst stages. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

Early morphological events of in vitro fertilized bovine oocytes with frozen-thawed spermatozoa

Bovine follicular oocytes were matured and inseminated in vitro with spermatozoa capacitated in vitro. The first evidence of sperm penetration was observed at 3 h after insemination. The penetration rate increased until 5 h, and reached a maximum rate (92%) at 5 h. Decondensation of the sperm head and pronuclear formation were observed 4 h and 7 h after insemination, respectively. Female chromatins of all penetrated oocytes were activated at 3 h, and female pronuclei were formed at 7 h after insemination. Percentages of oocytes with male and female pronuclei at 9 h were 88 and 94%. Polyspermy (4, 7, 19 and 29% at 4, 5, 7 and 9 h after insemination, respectively) and abnormal development of male pronuclei (6 and 7% at 7 and 9 h after insemination, respectively) were also seen.

34 COMPARISON OF IN VIVO DEVELOPMENT DURING EARLY PREGNANCY OF CLONED FETUSES DERIVED FROM BOVINE FETAL FIBROBLASTS AT THE EARLY G1 AND G0 PHASES

Enhanced development of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) embryos to full term has been achieved using fibroblasts at the early G1 (eG1) phase instead of cells at the quiescent (G0) phase (Urakawa et al. 2004 Theriogenology 62, 714–728). The high abortion rate and abnormal placental development of NT embryos using G0 phase cells is related to the low formation rate of embryonic disks and the aberrant development of the trophectoderm in utero until Day 14 of gestation (Ideta et al. 2007 Cloning Stem Cells 9, 571–580). The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological development of conceptuses such as fetuses and fetal membranes in the early pregnancy of NT embryos using eG1 phase cells (eG1-NT embryos) and G0 phase cells (G0-NT embryos). Blastocysts derived from eG1-NT and G0-NT embryos were transferred to recipient heifers, and the conceptuses at Day 50 of gestation were retrieved nonsurgically using prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and oxytocin (Lavoir and Betteridge 1996 J. Reprod. Fertil. 106, 95–100). In vitro-fertilized (IVF), parthenogenetic and artificially inseminated (AI) embryos were used as controls. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and Student’s t-test. Pregnancy rates at Day 30 of recipient heifers carrying eG1-NT, G0-NT, IVF, parthenogenetic, and AI embryos were similar (57 to 100%; 4/7 to 8/8). Two recipient heifers carrying parthenogenetic embryos returned to estrus between Day 30 and 50 of gestation, whereas all other pregnancies remained viable. Most fetuses at Day 50 of gestation of all experiment groups (20/24) were recovered nonsurgically by several PGF2α and oxytocin treatments. The recovery rates of normal fetuses derived from eG1-NT embryos (83%, 5/6), IVF embryos (80%, 4/5), and AI embryos (88%, 7/8) were greater than those of G0-NT embryos (33%, 2/6) and parthenogenetic embryos (0%, 0/7). The amniotic fluid volume of G0-NT embryos was significantly greater than that of AI embryos (P < 0.05). But the amniotic fluid volume of eG1-NT embryos was the same as that of AI embryos (P > 0.05). The fetal weights of eG1-NT and IVF embryos were significantly greater than the fetal weight of AI embryos (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that efficient production of cloned offspring is possible by NT using donor cells that are in the early G1 phase.

179 MODULATION OF RHOPHILIN-2 MAY REGULATE THE PROGRESSION OF CELL DIVISION IN FERTILIZED MOUSE EGGS

It has been reported that activity of Rho, one of the GTPases, is essential for division of nuclei and cytoplasm of fertilized mouse eggs. Since it has been reported that alteration of activities of GTPases modifies their ability to attach to each of their effector proteins in somatic cells, effector proteins seem to be able to control not only progression but also repression of cell division by changing their cellular localizations through activities of GTPases. For this reason, Rhophilin-2, one of the effector proteins of Rho, seems to be involved in the decision of progression of division of fertilized mouse eggs. To examine whether this involvement works in fertilized mouse eggs, cellular localization of Rho and Rhophilin-2 in fertilized mouse eggs that were treated with Rho inhibitor were analyzed. Moreover, cellular localization of GABA A receptor association protein (GABARAP), which was identified in our previous study (Matsuoka et al. 2006 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 18, 176–177) as a protein that interacts with Rhophilin-2, was also analyzed. Fertilized mouse eggs were obtained from in vitro fertilization technique. One group of fertilized eggs was obtained at 24 h after insemination as experimental control. To obtain the mouse eggs in which Rho activities were inhibited, Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme (C3-CB), an inhibitor of Rho activity, was injected into the other group of fertilized mouse eggs at 12 h after insemination, and were collected after 12 h of subsequent culture. Cellular localization of Rho (n = 100), Rhophilin-2 (n = 10). and GABARAP (n = 10) in the collected oocytes was analyzed by using immunofluorescence. Our results showed that Rho and Rhophilin-2 were co-localized at the midbody microtubule, which is an important device for cytoplasmic division in control eggs. However, the inhibition of Rho activity did not modify the co-localization of Rho and Rhophilin-2. On the other hand, localization of GABARAP was modified by the inhibition of Rho activity, and GABARAP was detected around the nuclei of fertilized eggs in which Rho activity was inhibited. In the next experiment, we examined whether interaction of Rhophilin-2 and GABARAP was modified by the inhibition of Rho activity by using a co-immunoprecipitation assay (co-IP) (n = 100). The interaction of Rhophilin-2 and GABARAP was found to disappear after inhibition of Rho activity. These results suggest that activity of Rho seems to regulate cytoplasmic division through Rhophilin-2 modification. Moreover, Rho seem to modulate the nuclear division of fertilized mouse eggs by regulating the interaction between Rhophilin-2 and GABARAP. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for the 21st Century COE Program of the Japan Mext and by a grant for the Wakayama Prefecture Collaboration of Regional Entities for the Advancement of Technology Excellence of the JST.

40 EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF RECONSTRUCTED MOUSE EMBRYOS USING BONE MARROW CELLS FROZEN WITHOUT CRYOPROTECTANT

Animal cells frozen with suitable cryoprotectants have been successfully cryopreserved for long periods of time, maintaining viability upon thawing. Animal cells frozen without cryoprotectant, however, may suffer serious damage and not be useful as donors in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, in some cases, old animal samples were frozen only as a whole body or a piece of tissue without cryoprotectant. If the cells from such old samples could be useful for SCNT, then there are potentially many candidates where individual animals could be reproduced. In this study, we examined the possibility of using mouse bone marrow cells frozen without cryoprotectant as nuclear donors in SCNT. Thigh bones were collected from B6C3F1 mice and frozen in either a –25�C or a –80�C freezer for more than one month. Thawing of frozen bones was performed by placing them in an incubator at 37�C. Bone marrow cells were collected by washing the bone cavity with saline. Recipient oocytes for SCNT were collected from B6D2F1 female mice. The enucleation of recipient oocytes and the injection of nuclei were performed as previously reported (Wakayama et al. 1998 Nature 394, 369–374) with a piezo-actuated micromanipulator system. In this study, 4 groups of mouse cells (fresh bone marrow cells, bone marrow cells frozen at –25�C, bone marrow cells frozen at –80�C, and fresh cumulus cells) were used as the nuclear donors in SCNT. After nuclear injection, embryos were kept in mCZB medium for 1 h at 37�C. Subsequently, embryos were cultured for 3 h with 5 µg mL–1 cytochalasin B and 10 mm SrCl2 for activation and cultured for an additional 20 h in mKSOM medium. The nuclear dynamics of SCNT embryos in each donor cell group was observed using 42,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and a fluorescent microscope at 0, 1, 7, and 24 h after nuclear injection. Data were analyzed by Student's t-test. The cell viability after thawing by trypan blue vital staining was about 20% regardless of freezing temperature. At 7 h after nuclear injection, the SCNT embryos injected with frozen bone marrow cells, regardless of freezing temperature, had more single pronuclei (67%, 54/81; P < 0.05) than SCNT embryos injected with either fresh bone marrow cells (36%, 26/73) or cumulus cells (28%, 67/236). At 24 h after nuclear injection, fewer SCNT embryos injected with bone marrow cells, either fresh or frozen, developed to the 2-cell stage (fresh: 11%, 6/56; frozen at –25�C: 21%, 5/24; frozen at –80�C: 20%, 10/49) than SCNT embryos injected with cumulus cells (58%, 185/319; P < 0.05). There was no difference in the embryonic development to the 2-cell stage among SCNT embryos injected with either fresh or frozen bone marrow cells. Further studies are required to determine whether cells frozen without cryoprotectant are capable of resulting in viable clones.

58 PRODUCTION OF CLONED BOVINE EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM AMNIOTIC CELLS OF PREGNANT COWS

Progeny tests are widely used for selection of sires for beef and dairy cattle. A less costly method might be to clone the sire candidates at their earliest developmental stage possible. To produce cloned bulls, we obtained amniotic cells as donors for nuclear transfer by transvaginal aspiration of pregnant cows. However, the collected cells may include some maternal cells. In this study, we examined collection methods to obtain only fetal cells from the collected fluid. We also examined the developmental capacity of the embryos cloned from these cells. Amniotic fluids were aspirated from pregnant cows by ultrasound-guided aspiration. We collected amniotic fluids from 27 pregnant Japanese black beef cattle (between 58 and 132 days of gestation). In Method 1, cells were recovered from the whole amniotic fluid (approximately 15 mL). In Method 2, the initial 5 mL of aspirated fluid was discarded and then the next 10 mL sample was collected. Cells were recovered from the collected fluids. The cells in the fluids were washed twice by centrifugation and then cultured in AmnioMAX™-II medium (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY, USA). After 3–4 passages, the sex of the cell lines was determined by the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method (Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). For the cell lines that were determined as 'male' by the LAMP method we further analyzed the sex of individual cells (137–620 cells of each cell line) by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a bovineY chromosome-specific probe (Kobayashi et al. 1998 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 51, 390–394). The percentage of male cells obtained from Methods 1 and 2 were 0–0.4% (from 4 animals) and 93.7–99.5% (from 6 animals), respectively. Then, we used confluent amniotic cells from 3 cell lines obtained by Method 2 as donor cells for nuclear transfer and examined the developmental capacity of the cloned embryos. Bovine fibroblasts cultured under serum starvation were used as a control. The cells were electrically fused (2.7 kV cm–1, 11 µs, 2 times) with enucleated bovine oocytes, and activated with a calcium ionophore and cycloheximide. They were subsequently cultured in mSOF until 168 h post-activation. The data were analyzed with Fisher's protected least-squares difference (PLSD) test following ANOVA. The rates of fusion, cleavage, and development to the blastocyst stage of the cloned embryos were the same as those of the control embryos (78% v. 81%, 75% v. 75%, and 22% v. 27%, respectively; P > 0.05). Furthermore, the rate of male blastocysts derived from the cloned embryos with the three cell lines was 95% (19/20). These results indicate that the amniotic fluids collected from pregnant cows by Method 2 contained fewer maternal cells, and that the embryos cloned from the cells developed in a manner similar to that of embryos cloned from the fibroblasts. This work was supported byWakayama Prefecture CREATE, JST.

163 SEARCH FOR GENES OF WHICH THE AMOUNTS OF TRANSCRIPTS OSCILLATE EVERY 24 h IN THE MOUSE OVARY

Perturbation of circadian rhythm is believed to be detrimental to the physiology of organs, including the mammalian ovary. However, the molecular mechanisms that are regulated by circadian rhythm in the ovary have not been identified. To identify the molecular mechanisms that are regulated by circadian rhythm and to speculate on the physiologies that are likely to be damaged by perturbation of circadian rhythm in the ovary, we searched for genes in which the amount of transcripts oscillates every 24 h in the mouse ovary. To achieve this, expression profiles of circadian genes (per1, per2, and bmal1) that code transcription-regulation factors for which transcription activities are known to oscillate every 24 h in almost all organs, and wee1, the transcription activity of which circadian genes regulate and which is known to elongate the G2 phase in the cell cycle, were analyzed in this study. Six-week-old female ICR mice were kept individually under a lighting schedule with lights on for 14 h followed by lights off for 10 h. A vaginal smear of each mouse was collected every day to determine its estrous cycle. Ovaries of 3 mice were collected continuously every 4 h over a 4-day period from the start of the light period on the day of proestrus. Total RNA was extracted from each ovary, and 500 ng each was used for cDNA synthesis. Transcripts of each gene and of tbp were quantified by real-time PCR, and the amount of the transcripts of each gene in each sample was divided by the amount of tbp transcripts. The obtained relative values in each sample were used as the representative data of the amount of transcripts of each gene. The amounts of per1, per2, and bmal1 clearly oscillated every 24 h. The maximum and minimum values of per1 and per2 were observed at 16 and 4 h, respectively, after onset of the light period each day. The maximum and minimum values of bmal1 were observed at the time of onset of the light period and at 12 h after onset of the light period each day. Averages of the maximum values of per1, per2, and bmal1 each day were significantly greater than averages of the minimum values (per1, 3.60 � 0.10 and 1.38 � 0.09; per2, 0.82 � 0.08 and 0.27 � 0.06; bmal1, 0.61 � 0.05 and 0.17 � 0.01; P < 0.05). The cyclicity in the oscillation of the amount of wee1 transcripts was weaker than that observed in circadian genes, but the average of values that were obtained from 12 to 20 h after onset of the light period each day was significantly greater than that obtained from 0 to 8 h (0.29 � 0.02 and 0.22 � 0.01; P < 0.05). Our results suggested that the cell cycle of ovarian cells is regulated in a circadian manner through wee1 transcription, which is regulated by circadian genes of which the amounts of transcripts oscillate every 24 h. Because an abnormal cell cycle seems to trigger the development of tumors or follicular cysts, perturbation of circadian rhythm may cause those ovarian diseases.

38 EFFECTS OF TRICHOSTATIN A ON DNA METHYLATION IN CLONED BOVINE EMBRYOS

Recently, the efficiency of full-term development of somatic cloned mouse embryos was significantly increased by treatment with trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (Kishigami et al. 2006 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 340, 183–189; Rybouchkin et al. 2006 Biol. Reprod. 74, 1083–1089). We have shown that TSA treatment improved the rate of development of the cloned bovine embryos to the blastocyst stage (Iwamoto et al. 2007 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 19, 142 abst). Higher levels of DNA methylation have been shown in early cloned bovine embryos than in in vitro-fertilized (IVF) embryos (Dean et al. 2001 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 13734–13738; Santos et al. Curr. Biol. 13, 1116–1121). In this study, we examined the effects of TSA on DNA methylation levels in cloned bovine embryos by immunostaining with an antibody to 5-methyl cytosine (5-MeC). Bovine fibroblasts were cultured under serum starvation (0.4% FCS) for 7 days before they were used as donor cells. The cells were electrofused with bovine enucleated matured oocytes, and activated with a calcium ionophore and cycloheximide. Atotal of 131 cloned embryos were produced. The NT embryos were exposed to 0 (control) and 50 nmTSA from the start of activation to 48 h post-activation (hpa). They were then cultured in an mSOF medium. At 60 hpa, only embryos developed to the 8-cell stage were used for assessment of DNA methylation levels. Sixteen TSA-treated, 22 non-treated, and 19 IVF embryos were immunostained with 5-MeC antibody. For quantitative analysis of the DNA methylation levels, 5-MeC signals in the fluorescent images were determined using an image analyzer system (Aqua Cosmos; Hamamatsu Photonics, Shizuoka, Japan). The data were analyzed with Tukey-Kramer post hoc test for multiple comparisons following ANOVA. Relative levels of DNA methylation of TSA-treated cloned and IVF embryos did not differ (P > 0.05), but were lower than those of non-treated cloned embryos (P < 0.05). The results indicate that TSA treatment of cloned bovine embryos leads to a reduction of DNA methylation levels of their genome. The data suggest that the TSA treatment decreased the DNA methylation levels of cloned bovine embryos to the levels of IVF embryos, resulting in improved blastocyst development of the cloned embryos.

Effects of water quality on in vitro fertilization and development of bovine oocytes in protein-free medium

Examination was made of the effects of water quality in medium preparation on fertilization and early development of bovine in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes in a protein-free medium. The IVM oocytes were inseminated and cultured for 7 d in protein-free media prepared with 4 different types of water preparations: tap, deionized, twice-distilled, and purified water using the Milli-Q system (Milli-Q water). High frequencies (70 to 83%) of normal fertilization were obtained in media prepared with all types of water. However, the frequency of development to the blastocyst stage in media prepared with Milli-Q water (31 +/- 3%) was significantly higher than with the 3 other types of water (11 to 13%). Moreover, the effects of storage period of Milli-Q water on early development of bovine embryos was also examined. The frequency of development to the blastocyst stage in media prepared with Milli-Q water immediately after preparation (fresh Milli-Q water; 35 +/- 4%) was significantly higher than for Milli-Q water stored for 1 wk (18 +/- 4%) or 2 wk (18 +/- 3%). Effects of commercially available purified water on early development of bovine embryos were also examined. The frequency of development to the blastocyst stage in media prepared with Milli-Q water (33 +/- 5%) was significantly higher than for purified water purchased from 3 different suppliers (Brand A; 21 +/- 6%, Brand B; 21 +/- 2%, Brand C; 21 +/- 4%). Each water sample was analyzed by the measurement of electrical conductivity, organic compounds and/or inorganic ion and endotoxin concentrations to evaluate purity. Fresh Milli-Q water showed the lowest level of electrical conductivity and contained the lowest concentration of organic compounds. These results indicate that in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes is not affected by the water quality in the preparation of medium; however, early development of bovine embryos is seriously affected by the purification method and the storage period of water used for medium preparation.

Home-based walking improves cardiopulmonary function and health-related QOL in community-dwelling adults

The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of a home-based walking program on physical fitness and QOL among community residents. Subjects (n = 200, mean age: 64.2 years, range: 42 - 75 years) who participated in the 32-week trial were randomly allocated to one of two groups: an exercise (E) group and a control (C) group. The E group was instructed to increase the number of steps a day that they walked and to perform aerobic walking at a target heart rate for 20 minutes or more daily, 2 or more days a week. The C group was told to continue their normal level of activity. Outcome measures were the 3-minute shuttle stamina walk test (SSWT), 30-second chair-stand test (CS-30), and SF-36. Increases in SSWT values were significantly greater in the E group than in the C group (men 24.1 m vs. 6.3 m; women 8.8 m vs. 2.4 m), as were increases in CS-30 values (men 5.9 vs. 2.6; women 4.5 vs. - 0.1). On the SF-36, the scores in the E group for vitality and mental health increased significantly. Home-based walking is considered to be an effective and feasible method to improve physical fitness and QOL among community residents.

Effect of embryonic cell cycle of nuclear donor embryos on the efficiency of nuclear transfer in Japanese black cattle

In the present study, the development in vitro and in vivo of nuclear transfer (NT) embryos reconstructed with embryonic cells (blastomeres) at the 32- to 63-cell (sixth cell cycle) and 64- to 127-cell (seventh cell cycle) stages was investigated to determine the optimum range of embryonic cell cycles for yielding the highest number of identical calves in Japanese black cattle. Rates of development to the blastocyst stage (overall efficiency) were higher in the sixth cell-cycle stage (45%) than in the seventh cell-cycle stage (12%). After the transfer of the blastocysts reconstructed with blastomeres of the sixth and seventh cell cycle-stage embryos to recipient heifers, there were no differences in the pregnancy (14/35: 40% versus 3/13: 23%, respectively) or calving rates (11/39: 28% versus 3/13: 23%, respectively). These results indicate that the highest number of identical calves would be obtained by using sixth cell cycle (32- to 63-cell)-stage embryos as nuclear donors.