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Saleh I, Patel M, Kooner K. Iris Bombé, Hypotony, and Silicone Oil after Complex Retinal Detachment Surgeries. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 2024; 7:92. [PMID: 38032590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogla.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Saleh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Monica Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Karanjit Kooner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Ophthalmology, Veteran Affairs North Texas Health Care Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Kakkilaya A, Hooda K, Kalva P, Dasara H, Janssen C, Vasireddy S, Ahmed A, Khan S, Kooner K. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on early termination of ophthalmology clinical trials: A cross-sectional analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231216592. [PMID: 38078203 PMCID: PMC10710109 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231216592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the early termination of ophthalmology clinical trials. Methods On June 10, 2022, we searched ClinicalTrials.gov and identified clinical trials pertaining to eye diseases. We included trials last updated between January 1, 2020 and June 8, 2022, as ones possibly impacted by the pandemic. We selected all interventional trials in any stage and country that were "recruiting," "active, not recruiting," "enrolling by invitation," "suspended," "terminated," "completed," or "withdrawn" and excluded trials that had been completed or discontinued before 2020, had incomplete data, trials in which the eye was not the primary focus of the trial (e.g., Chediak-Higashi syndrome, myasthenia gravis). The following trial-level characteristics were collected: location, trial status, enrollment count, ocular condition, sponsors, intervention purpose, trial phase (I-IV), randomization, number of arms, and reasons for discontinuation. In addition to calculating descriptive statistics, we assessed whether trial characteristics differed between ophthalmology clinical trials canceled due to COVID-19 and those canceled for other reasons. Results Following the screening, 2280/12,679 (18%) ophthalmology clinical trials were retained. Of these, 142 (6.2%) were discontinued between January 1, 2020 and June 8, 2022. Moreover, 34 out of 142 (23.9%) ophthalmology clinical trials were discontinued due to COVID-19. These trials were more likely to be sponsored by academic medical centers (26/34, 76.5% vs 57/108, 52.8%, p = 0.03) and were not assigned to a specific study phase, indicating they were not investigational new drugs (22/34, 64.7% vs 46/108 42.6%, p = 0.003). Conclusions COVID-19-related trial discontinuations were more likely to be reported by academic medical centers and associated with trials investigating fully approved drugs, medical devices, procedures, diagnostic imaging, and behavioral changes. Further investigation of these characteristics may lead to a more robust and resilient understanding of the causes of early termination of these clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karan Hooda
- Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Praneeth Kalva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Satvik Vasireddy
- Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - Arbab Ahmed
- Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Salman Khan
- Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Karanjit Kooner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veteran Affairs North Texas Health Care Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Kalva P, Kakkilaya A, Hasan T, Hession R, Kooner K. Residency Program Characteristics Associated with Higher Cataract Surgery Volume. Semin Ophthalmol 2023; 38:773-776. [PMID: 37306262 PMCID: PMC10538430 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2023.2223295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior research has shown that ophthalmology residents improve their cataract surgery competency as they perform additional surgeries beyond the 86 minimum cases mandated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Therefore, cataract surgery volume is an important benchmark for ophthalmology programs. Understanding the possible influence of residency program characteristics on resident cataract surgery volume may help educators in identifying areas for improvement and aid applicants in choosing between programs. The aim of this study was to assess residency program characteristics associated with higher mean cataract surgery volume for ophthalmology residents. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of the San Francisco Match Program Profile Database to assess various program characteristics from the 113 listed ophthalmology residency programs. The associations between program characteristics and the mean cataract surgery volume per graduating resident (CSV/GR) over years 2018-2021 were analyzed using multiple linear regression. RESULTS Out of 113 listed residency programs, 109 (96.5%) were included in our study. Across all programs, the mean (SD) CSV/GR was 195.9 (56.9) cases with a range of 86 to 365 cases. In multiple linear regression analysis, the presence of a Veteran Affairs (VA) training site (β = 38.8, P = .005) and the number of approved fellows per year (β = 2.9, P = .026) were positively correlated with higher mean CSV/GR. The 85 (78.0%) programs with VA training sites had a higher mean (SD) CSV/GR of 204.1 (55.7) cases compared to 166.7 (52.7) cases in the 24 (22.0%) programs without VA sites (P = .004). The mean CSV/GR increased by 2.9 cases for each additional fellow slot after adjusting for other factors. The number of approved residents per year, affiliation with a medical school, and the number of faculty were not significantly associated with CSV/GR. CONCLUSION All ophthalmology residency programs included in this study currently meet or exceed the ACGME requirements for cataract surgery case numbers. The presence of a VA training site and a higher number of fellowship positions were associated with higher mean resident cataract surgery volumes. Residency programs may consider further investing in these areas when seeking to improve resident surgical education. Additionally, residency applicants prioritizing cataract surgery volume may consider these factors when evaluating programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeth Kalva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, US
| | | | - Taimur Hasan
- Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, US
| | - Richard Hession
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, US
| | - Karanjit Kooner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, US
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veteran Affairs North Texas Health Care Medical Center, Dallas, TX US
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Huang A, Kakkilaya A, Kalva P, Albdour M, Hassan T, Ali A, Healy J, Kooner K. Letter to the Editor: Distribution of Paycheck Protection Program Loans to Optometry Practices amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:661-663. [PMID: 37585835 PMCID: PMC10592184 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
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Kakkilaya A, Kalva P, Hassan T, Albdour M, Thomas J, Ali A, Healy J, Kooner K. Healthcare lobbying and campaign finance activities of vision-related professional societies, 2015 to 2022. Proc AMIA Symp 2023; 36:722-727. [PMID: 37829212 PMCID: PMC10566390 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2023.2242083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the lobbying expenditures and political action committee (PAC) campaign finance activities of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS), and American Optometric Association (AOA) from 2015 to 2022. Methods Financial data were collected from the Federal Election Commission and OpenSecrets database. Analysis was performed to characterize and compare financial activity among the organizations. P < 0.05 was considered significant and all analyses were two-sided. Results From 2015 to 2022, the AAO, ASCRS, and AOA spent $6,745,000, $5,354,406, and $13,335,000 on lobbying, respectively. The AOA's annual lobbying expenditure (median, $1,725,000) was significantly greater than AAO's ($842,500, P = 0.03) and ASCRS's ($694,289, P < 0.001). In PAC donations, OPHTHPAC, affiliated with AAO, received $3,221,737 from 2079 donors (median, $900); eyePAC, affiliated with ASCRS, received $506,255 from 349 donors ($500); and AOA-PAC received $6,642,588 from 3641 donors ($825). Compared to eyePAC, median donations to OPHTHPAC (P = 0.01) and AOA-PAC (P = 0.04) were significantly higher. In campaign spending, OPHTHPAC contributed $2,728,500 to 326 campaigns (median, $5000), eyePAC contributed $293,500 to 58 campaigns ($3000), and AOA-PAC contributed $5,128,673 to 617 campaigns ($5500). eyePAC's median campaign contribution was significantly lower than the AOA's (P < 0.001) and AAO's (P = 0.007). Every PAC directed most of its contributions toward Republican campaigns; eyePAC donated the highest proportion (64.9%). Conclusions AOA was more assertive in shaping policy by increasing lobbying expenditures, fundraising, and donating to a greater number of election campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Praneeth Kalva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Taimur Hassan
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Mohannad Albdour
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Hussein Medical Center, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Arsalan Ali
- Anne Marion Burnett School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Jack Healy
- Anne Marion Burnett School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Karanjit Kooner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veteran Affairs North Texas Health Care Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Wooliscroft J, Akram R, Zuberi H, Tong B, Gu J, Hurd A, Kooner K. Predictors of Early Onset Glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:1925-1932. [PMID: 35711969 PMCID: PMC9196659 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s360719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose/Relevance To determine the influence of hypertension (HTN), type 2 diabetes (DM2), migraine, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) to enhance predictive accuracy. Methods In this cross-sectional study, data for 389 eligible patients with POAG were collected through medical records review and phone surveys. All data were assessed collectively using stepwise multiple regression analysis to determine the relative contribution to age at POAG diagnosis. We used the following groups, based on age at diagnosis, HTN for patients with or without DM2 (model 1), HTN for patients with DM2 (model 2), DM2 for patients with or without HTN (model 3), and DM2 for patients with HTN (model 4). Results In model 1, age at HTN diagnosis was associated with age at POAG diagnosis (β = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.01–0.26, p = 0.04). In model 2, age at HTN diagnosis was not associated with age at POAG diagnosis (p > 0.05). In model 3, age at DM2 diagnosis was associated with age at POAG diagnosis (β = 0.37; 95% CI 0.16–0.58, p = 0.001). In model 4, age at DM2 diagnosis was associated with age at POAG diagnosis (β = 0.40; 95% CI 0.00–0.15, p = 0.003). Asian race/ethnicity was associated with early onset of POAG in model 3 (β = −6.44; 95% CI −12.34–0.54, p = 0.033). OSA and migraine did not influence the onset of POAG. Conclusion Our study found that the diagnosis of DM2 and HTN at an earlier age is associated with the early onset of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Wooliscroft
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rubeel Akram
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hafsa Zuberi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Betty Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jane Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Hurd
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Karanjit Kooner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veteran Affairs North Texas Health Care System Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Correspondence: Karanjit Kooner, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, Tel +1 (214) 648-4733, Fax +1 (214) 648-2270, Email
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Kim S, Tong B, Lee J, Borodge D, Kooner K. A Response to the Study “Lifestyle Counseling for Medication Adherence in Glaucoma” [Response to Letter]. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:161-162. [PMID: 35082483 PMCID: PMC8786366 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s355299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern, Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Betty Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern, Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern, Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Darara Borodge
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern, Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Karanjit Kooner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern, Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health, Care System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Correspondence: Karanjit Kooner Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9057, USATel +1 214 648 – 4733Fax +1 214 648 – 2270 Email
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Kim S, Tong B, Lee J, Borodge D, Kooner K. Lifestyle Counseling for Medication Adherence in Glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:3521-3529. [PMID: 34429583 PMCID: PMC8380305 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s321351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medication adherence in glaucoma patients remains sub-par despite proven benefits of regular administration. The objective was to analyze medication adherence before and after lifestyle counseling in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) or primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (mild, moderate, severe). Methods Prospective cohort study from May to July 2018 at a single academic center. From 391 consecutive records, 247 were excluded based on exclusion criteria with 28 patients not meeting inclusion criteria resulting in the final sample of 116 patients (33 had OHT, 83 had POAG – 28 mild, 39 moderate, 16 severe). Scripted lifestyle counseling focusing on diet, exercise, vitamin intake, stress management, and medication adherence was administered by a team of trained medical students. Primary outcome measure was self-reported medication adherence, defined as not missing an eye drop administration in the past month. A 2–3 week follow-up with scripted telephone survey assessing medication adherence, diet, and exercise was collected. Results At baseline, in 116 patients, 59.5% were adherent to their medication with a breakdown of 42.4% OHT, 64.3% mild, 66.7% moderate, and 68.7% severe and an increasing trend in medication adherence was found across increasing disease severity (p=0.055). Of the 76 (65.5%) patients reached for follow-up, 17 (22.4%) became adherent following lifestyle counseling (p=0.02) increasing overall adherence to 78.9% from 62.5%. Conclusion In our study, comprehensive lifestyle counseling succeeded in increasing medication adherence in patients with OHT and POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Betty Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Darara Borodge
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Karanjit Kooner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA
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Al-Humimat G, Marashdeh I, Daradkeh D, Kooner K. Investigational Rho Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Glaucoma. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:197-212. [PMID: 33664600 PMCID: PMC7921633 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s259297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive update on emerging ROCK inhibitors as an innovative treatment option for lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma and aims to describe the structure, mechanism of action, pharmaceutical characteristics, desirable ocular effects, including side effects for each agent. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, ARVO journals, Cochrane library and Selleckchem. Databases were searched using "investigational Rho kinase inhibitors," and "glaucoma" as keywords. In addition to this building block strategy, successive fractions were employed to further refine the results. Of the several ROCK inhibitors discovered, only two drugs are currently approved for glaucoma treatment; Netarsudil in the USA and Ripasudil in Japan and China. We identified and reviewed 15 agents currently in laboratory or clinical trials. These agents lower IOP mainly by decreasing outflow resistance through pharmacologic relaxation of the trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and reducing episcleral venous pressure. They have an optimistic safety profile; however, conjunctival hyperemia, conjunctival hemorrhage, pain on instillation, and corneal verticillata are common. Other properties such as neuroprotection (enhancing optic nerve blood flow and promoting axonal regeneration), anti-fibrotic activity, and endothelial cell proliferation may improve the visual prognosis and surgical outcomes in glaucoma. In addition, these agents have the potential to work synergistically with other topical glaucoma medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer Al-Humimat
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Hussein Medical Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ibtisam Marashdeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Hussein Medical Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Duaa Daradkeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, King Hussein Medical Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Karanjit Kooner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Veteran Affairs North Texas Health Care System Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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Abstract
Purpose To report demographic and ocular features of pediatric glaucoma suspects in an ethnically diverse population of North Central Texas. Design Retrospective cross-sectional chart review. Participants Subjects included 75 (136 eyes) pediatric glaucoma suspects. Patients with one or more of the following risk factors were included: cup-to disc (C/D) ratio of ≥0.6; intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥21 mmHg; family history of glaucoma; congenital glaucoma in the opposite eye; history of blunt trauma to either eye; and presence of either Sturge-Weber or Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome, or oculodermal melanocytosis. Methods Data were extracted from electronic patient medical records. Patient records with incomplete data were excluded. The main outcome measures were race, sex, age, IOP, C/D, family history of glaucoma; and glaucoma treatment. Results Subjects included 28 (37.3%) Hispanics, 20 (26.6%) African Americans, 20 (26.6%) Caucasians, and seven (9.3%) Asians. Forty (53.3%) of the patients were male. Suspicious optic disc was seen in 57 (76%); elevated IOP in 25 (33.3%); presence of family history in 13 (17.3%), and Sturge–Weber syndrome in nine (12%) patients. The average C/D ratio was 0.58±0.2. The C/D ratios of African American (0.65±0.2), Hispanic (0.63±0.2), and Asian (0.62±0.15) patients were significantly greater than those of Caucasians (0.43±0.18; P=0.0004, 0.0003, and 0.0139, respectively). Caucasian patients were the youngest (7.9±4.8 years). Eleven cases (14.7%) required medication. Conclusion Thirty-three point seven percent of patients seen in the glaucoma clinic were glaucoma suspects. The most common risk factors for suspected glaucoma were suspicious optic discs, elevated IOP, and family history of glaucoma. Most patients required only close observation. Long-term follow-up of these patients is warranted to determine the mechanisms of conversion to glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karanjit Kooner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Harrison
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zohra Prasla
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mohannad Albdour
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beverley Adams-Huet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Abstract
A study was conducted on 294 north Indian boys of 9-16 years of age. The boys were studying in a sports school and were doing systematic sports training twice a day. The following tests were conducted on the subjects: Standing broad jump, standing shot put (4 kg), 40 m sprint, zig-zag run, forward bend and reach and endurance run. The results indicated that the spurt in height, weight and motor abilities of Indian boys is less pronounced than in boys of Europe and America.
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