1
|
Mathews C, Lombard C, Kalichman M, Dewing S, Banas E, Dumile S, Mdlikiva A, Mdlikiva T, Jennings KA, Daniels J, Berteler M, Kalichman SC. Effects of enhanced STI partner notification counselling and provider-assisted partner services on partner referral and the incidence of STI diagnosis in Cape Town, South Africa: randomised controlled trial. Sex Transm Infect 2020; 97:38-44. [PMID: 32482641 PMCID: PMC7841487 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We investigated the effects of an enhanced partner notification (PN) counselling intervention with the offer of provider-assisted referral among people diagnosed with STI in a Cape Town public clinic. Methods Participants were adults diagnosed with STI at a community clinic. After the standard STI consultation, participants were randomly allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to (1) ‘HE’: 20 min health education; (2) ‘RR’: 45 min risk reduction skills counselling; or (3) ‘ePN’: 45 min enhanced partner notification communication skills counselling and the offer of provider-assisted referral. The primary outcome was the incidence of repeat STI diagnoses during the 12 months after recruitment, and the secondary outcome was participants’ reports 2 weeks after diagnosis of notifying recent partners. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were used to compare the incidence rates between arms using a Poisson regression model. Results The sample included 1050 participants, 350 per group, diagnosed with STI between June 2014 and August 2017. We reviewed 1048 (99%) participant records, and identified 136 repeat STI diagnoses in the ePN arm, 138 in the RR arm and 141 in the HE arm. There was no difference in the annual incidence of STI diagnosis between the ePN and HE arms (IRR: 1.0; 95% CI 0.7 to 1.3), or between the RR and HE arms (IRR: 0.9; 95% CI 0.7 to 1.2). There was a greater chance of a partner being notified in the ePN condition compared with the HE condition, 64.3% compared with 53.8%, but no difference between the RR and HE arms. Conclusions PN counselling and education with provider-assisted services has the potential to change the behaviour of people diagnosed with STIs, increasing the number of partners they notify by more than 10%. However, these changes in behaviour did not lead to a reduction of repeat STI diagnoses. Trial registration number PACTR201606001682364.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mathews
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa .,School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Carl Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, South Africa Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Moira Kalichman
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sarah Dewing
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ellen Banas
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sekelwa Dumile
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Amanda Mdlikiva
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Thembinkosi Mdlikiva
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Karen Ann Jennings
- City Health Department of Cape Town Municipality, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johann Daniels
- City Health Department of Cape Town Municipality, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marcel Berteler
- City of Cape Town IS&T Department, City of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Seth C Kalichman
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jennings KA, Sheward WJ, Harmar AJ, Sharp T. Evidence that genetic variation in 5-HT transporter expression is linked to changes in 5-HT2A receptor function. Neuropharmacology 2007; 54:776-83. [PMID: 18241894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Variability in expression of the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) gene in the human population has been associated with a range of behavioural phenotypes. The underlying mechanisms are unclear but may involve changes in 5-HT receptor levels and/or signalling. The present study used a novel 5-HTT overexpressing transgenic mouse to test the hypothesis that variability in 5-HTT expression may alter 5-HT(2A) receptor function. In wildtype mice, the 5-HT(2) receptor agonist DOI increased regional brain mRNA expression of two immediate early genes (c-fos and Arc), and induced head twitches, and both effects were abolished by pre-treatment with the 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist MDL 100907. In 5-HTT overexpressing mice, DOI induced a greater increase in both c-fos and Arc mRNA expression in cortical brain regions, and more head twitches, compared to wildtype mice. Autoradiographic and in situ hybridisation experiments showed that 5-HT(2A) receptor binding sites and 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA did not differ between transgenic and wildtype mice. Finally, the transgenic mice had lower regional brain 5-HT levels compared to wildtype mice. This depletion of 5-HT may underpin the increase in 5-HT(2A) receptor function because in wildtype mice 5-HT depletion using the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine, enhanced the head twitch response to DOI. These data demonstrate that elevated 5-HTT expression is accompanied by increased 5-HT(2A) receptor function, an effect possibly mediated by decreased availability of synaptic 5-HT. Variation in levels of 5-HTT expression may therefore be a source of variability in 5-HT(2A) receptor function, which may be an important modifier of 5-HTT-linked phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Jennings
- University Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Denk F, Walton ME, Jennings KA, Sharp T, Rushworth MFS, Bannerman DM. Differential involvement of serotonin and dopamine systems in cost-benefit decisions about delay or effort. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:587-96. [PMID: 15864561 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although tasks assessing the role of dopamine in effort-reward decisions are similar to those concerned with the role of serotonin in impulsive choice in that both require analysis of the costs and benefits of possible actions, they have never been directly compared. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the involvement of serotonin and dopamine in two cost-benefit paradigms, one in which the cost was delay and the other in which it was physical effort. METHODS Sixteen rats were trained on a T-maze task in which they chose between high and low reward arms. In one version, the high reward arm was obstructed by a barrier, in the other, delivery of the high reward was delayed by 15 s. Serotonin and dopamine function were manipulated using systemic pCPA and haloperidol injections, respectively. RESULTS Haloperidol-treated rats were less inclined either to exert more effort or to countenance a delay for a higher reward. pCPA had no effect on the performance of the rats on the effortful task, but significantly increased the rats' preference for an immediate but smaller reward. All animals (drug treated and controls) chose the high reward arm on the majority of trials when the delay or effort costs were matched in both high and low reward arms. CONCLUSION A dissociation was found between the neurotransmitter systems involved in different types of cost-benefit decision making. While dopaminergic systems were required for decisions about both effort and delay, serotonergic systems were only needed for the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Denk
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jennings KA, Canerdy TD, Keller RJ, Atieh BH, Doss RB, Gupta RC. Human exposure to fipronil from dogs treated with frontline. Vet Hum Toxicol 2002; 44:301-3. [PMID: 12361121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
This investigation determined fipronil residues on gloves worn while petting dogs after Frontline application. Frontline contains 9.8% fipronil, which controls fleas and ticks on dogs for at least 30 d. Frontline (1.34 ml) was applied topically on adult household dogs and gloves worn for 5 min during pettingwere collected 24 hr and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 w post-Frontline application for fipronil residue determinations using GC/MS. The highest concentration of fipronil (589.3 +/- 205.7ppm) was detected 24 h after Frontline application and was undetectable in the gloves collected at 5w. Repeated exposure to such contamination can pose human health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Jennings
- Department of Agriculture, Murray State University, KY 42071-1906, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|