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Plumb ID, Gounder PP, Bruden DJ, Bulkow LR, Rudolph KM, Singleton RJ, Hennessy TW, Bruce MG. Increasing non-susceptibility to antibiotics within carried pneumococcal serotypes — Alaska, 2008–2015. Vaccine 2020; 38:4273-4280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Miernyk KM, Bruden D, Rudolph KM, Hurlburt DA, Sacco F, McMahon BJ, Bruce MG. Presence of cagPAI genes and characterization of vacA s, i and m regions in Helicobacter pylori isolated from Alaskans and their association with clinical pathologies. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:218-227. [PMID: 32011229 PMCID: PMC10874806 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Gastric cancer is a health disparity in the Alaska Native people. The incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection, a risk factor for non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma, is also high. Gastric cancer is partially associated with the virulence of the infecting strain.Aim. To genotype the vacA s, m and i and cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) genes in H. pylori from Alaskans and investigate associations with gastropathy.Methodology. We enrolled patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) in 1998-2005 and patients with gastric cancer in 2011-2013. Gastric biopsies were collected and cultured and PCR was performed to detect the presence of the right and left ends of the cagPAI, the cagA, cagE, cagT and virD4 genes and to genotype the vacA s, m and i regions.Results. We recruited 263 people; 22 (8 %) had no/mild gastritis, 121 (46 %) had moderate gastritis, 40 (15%) had severe gastritis, 38 (14 %) had PUD, 30 (11 %) had IM and 12 (5 %) had gastric cancer. H. pylori isolates from 150 (57%) people had an intact cagPAI; those were associated with a more severe gastropathy (P≤0.02 for all comparisons). H. pylori isolates from 77 % of people had either the vacA s1/i1/m1 (40 %; 94/234) or s2/i2/m2 (37 %; 86/234) genotype. vacA s1/i1/m1 was associated with a more severe gastropathy (P≤0.03 for all comparisons).Conclusions. In this population with high rates of gastric cancer, we found that just over half of the H. pylori contained an intact cagPAI and 40 % had the vacA s1/i1/m1 genotype. Infection with these strains was associated with a more severe gastropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Miernyk
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Dana Bruden
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Karen M. Rudolph
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Debby A. Hurlburt
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Frank Sacco
- Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | - Michael G. Bruce
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Plumb ID, Lecy D, Singleton R, Engel MC, Hirschfeld M, Keck JW, Klejka J, Rudolph KM, Hennessy TW, Bruce MG. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Serotype a Infection in Children: Clinical Description of an Emerging Pathogen-Alaska, 2002-2014. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:298-303. [PMID: 29189672 PMCID: PMC6362456 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive infections from Haemophilus influenzae serotype a (Hia) have been reported with increasing frequency, especially among indigenous populations. However, there are limited population-based studies of clinical severity. We studied invasive Hia infections in Alaska to determine clinical characteristics, mortality and sequelae. METHODS We defined an invasive Hia infection as the first detection of Hia from a usually sterile site in a child <10 years of age from Alaska. We identified cases using the Alaska Invasive Bacterial Diseases Surveillance System and reviewed medical charts up to 2 years after reported illness. RESULTS We identified invasive Hia infections in 36 children, 28 (78%) <1 year old, 34 (94%) living in an Alaskan village and 25 (69%) without documented underlying illness. Overlapping clinical presentations included meningitis in 15 children (42%); bacteremia and pneumonia in 10 children (28%); and bone, joint or soft tissue infections in 10 children (22%). In 4 other children, no source of invasive infection was identified. Intensive care was provided for 11 children (31%); 12 children (33%) required surgical intervention. One year after infection, 4 children (11%) had died from Hia, and 5 children (14%) had ongoing neurologic sequelae. CONCLUSIONS Invasive Hia infections in Alaska occurred predominantly in Alaska Native infants in rural communities. Although one-third of children had preexisting conditions, most cases occurred without known comorbidity. Clinical syndromes were frequently severe. One year after infection, 1 in 4 children had either died or had neurologic sequelae. An effective vaccine would prevent significant morbidity and mortality in affected populations.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Culture-independent molecular analyses allow researchers to identify diverse microorganisms. This approach requires microbiological DNA repositories. The standard for DNA storage is liquid nitrogen or ultralow freezers. These use large amounts of space, are costly to operate, and could fail. Room temperature DNA storage is a viable alternative. In this study, we investigated storage of bacterial DNA using two ambient storage matrices, Biomatrica DNAstable® Plus and GenTegra® DNA. METHODS We created crude and clean DNA extracts from five Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Extracts were stored at -30°C (our usual DNA storage temperature), 25°C (within the range of temperatures recommended for the products), and 50°C (to simulate longer storage time). Samples were stored at -30°C with no product and dried at 25°C and 50°C with no product, in Biomatrica DNAstable Plus or GenTegra DNA. We analyzed the samples after 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 weeks using the Nanodrop 1000 to determine the amount of DNA in each aliquot and by real-time PCR for the S. pneumoniae genes lytA and psaA. Using a 50°C storage temperature, we simulated 362 weeks of 25°C storage. RESULTS The average amount of DNA in aliquots stored with a stabilizing matrix was 103%-116% of the original amount added to the tubes. This is similar to samples stored at -30°C (average 102%-121%). With one exception, samples stored with a stabilizing matrix had no change in lytA or psaA cycle threshold (Ct) value over time (Ct range ≤2.9), similar to samples stored at -30°C (Ct range ≤3.0). Samples stored at 25°C with no stabilizing matrix had Ct ranges of 2.2-5.1. CONCLUSION DNAstable Plus and GenTegra DNA can protect dried bacterial DNA samples stored at room temperature with similar effectiveness as at -30°C. It is not effective to store bacterial DNA at room temperature without a stabilizing matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Miernyk
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Carolynn K DeByle
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Karen M Rudolph
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Anchorage, Alaska
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Miernyk KM, Bulkow LR, Case SL, Zulz T, Bruce MG, Harker-Jones M, Hurlburt DA, Hennessy TW, Rudolph KM. Population structure of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates among Alaskan children in the conjugate vaccine era, 2001 to 2013. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 86:224-30. [PMID: 27498610 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the relationships between serotypes, genotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility among isolates causing invasive pneumococcal disease in Alaskan children during the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) era. From 2001 to 2013 we received 271 isolates representing 33 serotypes. The most common serotypes were 19A (29.5%, n= 80), 7F (12.5%, n= 34), 15B/C (6.3%, n= 17), and 22F (4.8%, n= 13). Multilocus sequence typing identified 11 clonal complexes (CC) and 45 singletons. Five CCs accounted for 52% (141/271) of the total: CC199 (21% [n= 57], serotypes 19A, 15B/C), CC191 (12.2% [n= 33], serotype 7F), CC172 (10.3% [n= 28], serotypes 19A, 23A, 23B), CC433 (4.4% [n= 12], serotype 22F), and CC100 (4.4% [n= 12], serotype 33F). The proportion of isolates nonsusceptible to erythromycin and tetracycline increased after 13-valent PCV use (14% [n= 30] versus 29% [n= 14]; P= 0.010) and (4% [n= 9] versus 22% [n= 11]; P< 0.001), respectively. The genetic diversity also increased after 13-valent PCV use (Simpson's diversity index =0.95 versus 0.91; P= 0.022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Miernyk
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre, Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA.
| | - Lisa R Bulkow
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre, Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Samantha L Case
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre, Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Tammy Zulz
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre, Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Michael G Bruce
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre, Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Marcella Harker-Jones
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre, Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Debby A Hurlburt
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre, Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Thomas W Hennessy
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre, Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Karen M Rudolph
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre, Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
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Castrodale LJ, Raczniak GA, Rudolph KM, Chikoyak L, Cox RS, Franklin TL, Traxler RM, Guerra M. A Case-Study of Implementation of Improved Strategies for Prevention of Laboratory-acquired Brucellosis. Saf Health Work 2015; 6:353-6. [PMID: 26929849 PMCID: PMC4682031 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2012, the Alaska Section of Epidemiology investigated personnel potentially exposed to a Brucella suis isolate as it transited through three laboratories. Methods We summarize the first implementation of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013 revised recommendations for monitoring such exposures: (1) risk classification; (2) antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis; (3) serologic monitoring; and (4) symptom surveillance. Results Over 30 people were assessed for exposure and subsequently monitored for development of illness. No cases of laboratory-associated brucellosis occurred. Changes were made to gaps in laboratory biosafety practices that had been identified in the investigation. Conclusion Achieving full compliance for the precise schedule of serologic monitoring was challenging and resource intensive for the laboratory performing testing. More refined exposure assessments could inform decision making for follow-up to maximize likelihood of detecting persons at risk while not overtaxing resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa J Castrodale
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Gregory A Raczniak
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Karen M Rudolph
- Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Lori Chikoyak
- Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta Regional Hospital, Bethel, AK, USA
| | - Russell S Cox
- Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta Regional Hospital, Bethel, AK, USA
| | - Tricia L Franklin
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Rita M Traxler
- Division of High-consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marta Guerra
- Division of High-consequence Pathogens and Pathology, NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Keck JW, Wenger JD, Bruden DL, Rudolph KM, Hurlburt DA, Hennessy TW, Bruce MG. PCV7-induced changes in pneumococcal carriage and invasive disease burden in Alaskan children. Vaccine 2014; 32:6478-84. [PMID: 25269095 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in pneumococcal serotype-specific carriage and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) could inform serotype epidemiology patterns following the introduction of newer conjugate vaccines. METHODS We used data from statewide IPD surveillance and annual pneumococcal carriage studies in four regions of Alaska to calculate serotype-specific invasiveness ratios (IR; odds ratio of a carried serotype's likelihood to cause invasive disease compared to other serotypes) in children <5 years of age. We describe changes in carriage, disease burden, and invasiveness between two time periods, the pre-PCV7 period (1996-2000) and the late post-PCV7 period (2006-2009). RESULTS Incidence of IPD decreased from the pre- to post-vaccine period (95.7 vs. 57.2 cases per 100,000 children, P<0.001), with a 99% reduction in PCV7 disease. Carriage prevalence did not change between the two periods (49% vs. 50%), although PCV7 serotype carriage declined by 97%, and non-vaccine serotypes increased in prevalence. Alaska pre-vaccine IRs corresponded to pooled results from eight pre-vaccine comparator studies (Spearman's rho=0.44, P=0.002) and to the Alaska post-vaccine period (Spearman's rho=0.28, P=0.029). Relatively invasive serotypes (IR>1) caused 66% of IPD in both periods, although fewer serotypes with IR>1 remained in the post-vaccine (n=9) than the pre-vaccine period (n=13). CONCLUSIONS After PCV7 introduction, serotype IRs changed little, and four of the most invasive serotypes were nearly eliminated. If PCV13 use leads to a reduction of carriage and IPD for the 13 vaccine serotypes, the overall IPD rate should further decline. NOTE The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Keck
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 600 Clifton Rd Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
| | - Jay D Wenger
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Dana L Bruden
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Karen M Rudolph
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Debby A Hurlburt
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Thomas W Hennessy
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - Michael G Bruce
- Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4055 Tudor Centre Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
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Drew ML, Rudolph KM, Ward ACS, Weiser GC. Health status and microbial (Pasteurellaceae) flora of free-ranging bighorn sheep following contact with domestic ruminants. WILDLIFE SOC B 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Drew
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game; Wildlife Health Laboratory; 16569 S 10th Avenue Caldwell ID 83607 USA
| | - Karen M. Rudolph
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game; Wildlife Health Laboratory; 16569 S 10th Avenue Caldwell ID 83607 USA
| | - Alton C. S. Ward
- University of Idaho; Caine Veterinary Teaching Center; University of Idaho; 1020 E Homedale Road Caldwell ID 83607 USA
| | - Glen C. Weiser
- University of Idaho; Caine Veterinary Teaching Center; University of Idaho; 1020 E Homedale Road Caldwell ID 83607 USA
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David MZ, Rudolph KM, Hennessy TW, Zychowski DL, Asthi K, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS. MRSA USA300 at Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2000-2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:105-8. [PMID: 22264651 PMCID: PMC3310107 DOI: 10.3201/eid1801.110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 commonly caused infections among Alaska Natives, we examined clinical MRSA isolates from the Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, during 2000–2006. Among Anchorage-region residents, USA300 was a minor constituent among MRSA isolates in 2000–2003 (11/68, 16%); by 2006, USA300 was the exclusive genotype identified (10/10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z David
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC6054, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Rudolph KM, DeByle C, Reasonover A, Zulz T, Law DKS, Zhou J, Tsang RSW. Invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis strains expressing both serogroup Y and W-135 antigenic specificities. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:472-3. [PMID: 21068280 PMCID: PMC3020404 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01995-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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David MZ, Rudolph KM, Hennessy TW, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, rural southwestern Alaska. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 14:1693-9. [PMID: 18976551 PMCID: PMC2630737 DOI: 10.3201/eid1411.080381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One-sentence summary for table of contents: Epidemiology of MRSA isolates in this region differs from that in the lower 48 states. USA300 is the dominant strain responsible for community-associated (CA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in most of the United States. We examined isolates from outbreaks of MRSA skin infections in rural southwestern Alaska in 1996 and 2000 (retrospective collection) and from the hospital serving this region in 2004–2006 (prospective collection). Among 36 retrospective collection isolates, 92% carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes; all carried staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) type IV. None belonged to clonal complex (CC) 8, the CC associated with USA300; 57% were sequence type (ST) 1, and 26% were ST30; 61% were clindamycin resistant. In the prospective collection, 42 isolates were PVL+ and carried SCCmec type IV; 83.3% were ST1, 9.5% were ST30, and 7.1% were ST8. Among 120 prospective isolates, 57.5% were clindamycin resistant. CA-MRSA epidemiology in southwestern Alaska differs from that in the lower 48 states; ST8 strains were rarely identified and clindamycin resistance was common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z David
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 6054, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Sacco RE, Waters WR, Rudolph KM, Drew ML. Comparative nitric oxide production by LPS-stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages from Ovis canadensis and Ovis aries. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 29:1-11. [PMID: 16460804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bighorn sheep are more susceptible to respiratory infection by Mannheimia haemolytica than are domestic sheep. In response to bacterial challenge, macrophages produce a number of molecules that play key roles in the inflammatory response, including highly reactive nitrogen intermediates such as nitric oxide (NO). Supernatants from monocyte-derived macrophages cultured with M. haemolytica LPS were assayed for nitric oxide activity via measurement of the NO metabolite, nitrite. In response to LPS stimulation, bighorn sheep macrophages secreted significantly higher levels of NO compared to levels for non-stimulated macrophages. In contrast, levels of NO produced by domestic sheep macrophages in response to M. haemolytica LPS did not differ from levels detected in non-stimulated cell cultures. Nitrite levels detected in supernatants of LPS-stimulated bighorn macrophage cultures treated with an inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) inhibitor, N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, were similar to that observed in non-stimulated cultures indicating a role for the iNOS pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry/veterinary
- Immunohistochemistry/veterinary
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Mannheimia haemolytica/growth & development
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide/immunology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Nitrites/metabolism
- Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic/immunology
- Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic/metabolism
- Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/veterinary
- Sheep Diseases/immunology
- Sheep Diseases/metabolism
- Sheep Diseases/microbiology
- Sheep, Bighorn/immunology
- Sheep, Bighorn/metabolism
- omega-N-Methylarginine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sacco
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Pasteurella spp. were isolated from feral goats and free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) in the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area bordering Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (USA). Biovariant 1 Pasteurella haemolytica organisms were isolated from one goat and one of two bighorn sheep found in close association. Both isolates produced leukotoxin and had identical electrophoretic patterns of DNA fragments following cutting with restriction endonuclease HaeIII. Similarly Pasteurella multocida multocida a isolates cultured from the goat and one of the bighorn sheep had D type capsules, serotype 4 somatic antigens, produced dermonecrotoxin and had identical HaeIII electrophoretic profiles. A biovariant U(beta) P.haemolytica strain isolated from two other feral goats, not known to have been closely associated with bighorn sheep, did not produce leukotoxin but had biochemical utilization and HaeIII electrophoretic profiles identical to those of isolates from bighorn sheep. It was concluded that identical Pasteurella strains were shared by the goats and bighorn sheep. Although the direction of transmission could not be established, evidence suggests transmission of strains from goats to bighorn sheep. Goats may serve as a reservoir of Pasteurella strains that may be virulent in bighorn sheep; therefore, goats in bighorn sheep habitat should be managed to prevent contact with bighorn sheep. Bighorn sheep which have nose-to-nose contact with goats should be removed from the habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Rudolph
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Health Laboratory, 16569 S10th Avenue, Caldwell, Idaho 83607, USA.
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Rudolph KM, Parkinson AJ, Roberts MC. Mechanisms of erythromycin and trimethoprim resistance in the Alaskan Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B clone. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 48:317-9. [PMID: 11481311 DOI: 10.1093/jac/48.2.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Cassirer EF, Rudolph KM, Fowler P, Coggins VL, Hunter DL, Miller MW. Evaluation of ewe vaccination as a tool for increasing bighorn lamb survival following pasteurellosis epizootics. J Wildl Dis 2001; 37:49-57. [PMID: 11272504 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-37.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted field and laboratory experiments to evaluate whether treating pregnant bighorn ewes with a combination of an experimental Pasteurella trehalosi and Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly P. haemolytica) vaccine and a commercially-available bovine P. multocida and M. haemolytica vaccine would increase lamb survival following a pneumonia epidemic. Three free-ranging bighorn herds affected by pasteurellosis outbreaks between November 1995 and June 1996 were included in the field experiment. Post-epidemic lamb survival was low in all three herds in 1996, with November lamb:ewe ratios of < or = 8:100. In March 1997, thirty-six ewes (12/herd) were captured and radiocollared. Half of the ewes captured in each herd were randomly selected to receive both vaccines; the other half were injected with 0.9% saline solution as controls. Lambs born to radiocollared ewes were observed two or more times per week and were considered to have survived if they were alive in October 1997, about 6 mo after birth. Lamb survival differed among herds (range 22% to 100%), and survival of lambs born to vaccinated ewes was lower (P = 0.08) than survival of lambs born to unvaccinated ewes. Bronchopneumonia (pasteurellosis) was the dominant cause of mortality among lambs examined. We concurrently evaluated vaccine effects on survival of lambs born to seven captive ewes removed from the wild during the 1995-96 epidemic. Antibody titers were high in captive ewes prior to vaccination, and vaccines failed to enhance antibody titers in treated captive ewes. None of the captive-born lambs survived. These data suggest that, using existing technology, vaccinating bighorn ewes following pneumonia epidemics has little chance of increasing neonatal survival and population recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Cassirer
- Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Lewiston 83501, USA.
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Rudolph KM, Parkinson AJ, Reasonover AL, Bulkow LR, Parks DJ, Butler JC. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Alaska, 1991-1998. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:490-6. [PMID: 10915080 DOI: 10.1086/315716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2000] [Revised: 04/25/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
From January 1991 through December 1998, a total of 1046 pneumococcal isolates were received from 23 laboratories participating in the statewide surveillance system. Of these, 1037 were recovered from normally sterile sites (blood and cerebrospinal and pleural fluid) and were available for serotyping and susceptibility testing. Ninety-two percent of these isolates were serotypes represented in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Serotypes in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) were recovered from 72% of Alaska Natives and 84% of non-Native children <5 years old with invasive disease. Statewide, 7.3% and 3.2% of isolates had intermediate and high levels of resistance to penicillin, respectively; 9.2% were resistant to erythromycin (minimal inhibitory concentration, >/=1 microg/mL) and 19% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (minimal inhibitory concentration, >/=4/76 microg/mL). Twelve percent of invasive isolates were resistant to >/=2 classes of antibiotics; of these, serotype 6B accounted for 33%, and 63% were recovered from children <5 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Rudolph
- Arctic Investigations Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Anchorage, AK 99508,USA.
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Miernyk KM, Parkinson AJ, Rudolph KM, Petersen KM, Bulkow LR, Greenberg DP, Ward JI, Brenneman G, Reid R, Santosham M. Immunogenicity of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Apache and Navajo Indian, Alaska native, and non-native American children aged <2 years. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:34-41. [PMID: 10913393 DOI: 10.1086/313907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High rates of invasive pneumococcal disease have been described among infants living in various Native American communities. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine consisting of serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F covalently linked to the outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis in Apache and Navajo Indian, Alaska Native, and non-Native American children. The vaccine was administered at ages 2, 4, and 6 months; a booster dose was given at age 15 months. Levels of serotype-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) were measured by a standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The responses after 3 primary doses of vaccine were similar in all 3 groups of children, except for those to serotypes 14 and 23F. One month after the booster dose, geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of serotype-specific IgG antibodies increased significantly in all 3 groups of children, compared with GMCs of IgG antibodies to pneumococcal serotypes before the booster dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Miernyk
- Arctic Investigations Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA.
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Rudolph KM, Crain MJ, Parkinson AJ, Roberts MC. Characterization of a multidrug-resistant clone of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B in Alaska by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PspA serotyping. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:1577-83. [PMID: 10515818 DOI: 10.1086/315062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial susceptibility, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) serotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to evaluate clonal relatedness among 66 invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B collected during 1982-1996 from patients in Alaska. Thirty-seven (56%) of the isolates had penicillin minimal inhibitory concentration values >/=0.125 microgram/mL and were resistant to at least 1 other antibiotic. Fourteen PspA serotypes were observed; PspA 16 was the most common (35%). Forty-five (68%) of the 66 isolates shared common and highly related PFGE patterns using 3 enzymes. Twenty-six (58%) of the isolates with common PFGE patterns were from Native Alaskan children </=2 years of age residing in 1 region of Alaska. Alaskan serotype 6B had distinct PFGE patterns, compared with the South African 6B-8 and Spanish 6B-2 multidrug-resistant clones, suggesting that the Alaskan 6B isolates were distinct from these other pneumococcal 6B clones but were genetically related to each other [corrected].
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Rudolph
- Molecular Diagnostics Lab, Arctic Investigations Program, Anchorage, AK 990508, USA.
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Ward AC, Hunter DL, Rudolph KM, DeLong WJ, Bulgin JM, Cowan LM, McNeil HJ, Miller MW. Immunologic responses of domestic and bighorn sheep to a multivalent Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine. J Wildl Dis 1999; 35:285-96. [PMID: 10231755 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of a Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine (serotypes A1, A2, and T10) to induce humoral antibodies and alter colonization of the upper respiratory tract by related P. haemolytica spp. strains was evaluated in 10 bighorn (Ovis canadensis canadensis) and 10 domestic (Ovis aries) sheep. Sheep of each species were divided into five pairs based on age and history of respiratory disease. One sheep in each pair was vaccinated twice 2 wk apart with 2 ml of vaccine (VAC group) and the remaining animals (NV group) were injected with 2 ml of sterile saline. Mild, transient lameness was the only observed adverse effect. Blood sera from the sheep were tested for agglutinating antibodies against whole cells of A1, A2, and T10 and for leukotoxin neutralizing antibodies. Antibody titers were expressed as the reciprocal log2 of the highest reactive dilutions. Domestic sheep > 1-yr-old and two bighorn sheep with a history of A1 infection had higher titers throughout the study against A1 cells than domestic sheep < 1-yr-old and bighorns without a history of A1 infection. Both domestic and bighorn sheep had log2 titers of 8 to 12 against A2 cells and 6 to 12 against T10 cells during this time. Bighorn sheep in the VAC group had 2 to 32 fold titer increases for A1 cells by 2 wk post-vaccination (PV) compared to 0 to 2 fold increases in VAC domestic sheep. Two to 16 and 0 to 8 fold increases in antibodies titers to A2 and T10 cells, respectively, were detected in sera of both VAC groups. Sera of bighorn sheep with a history of respiratory disease and all domestic sheep had log2 leukotoxin neutralizing antibody titers of 4 to 14 in contrast to < or = 2 in sera of bighorn sheep without a history of respiratory disease. Neutralizing antibody titers of two bighorns without a history of respiratory disease in the VAC group increased from log2 0 to 5 in one and from 0 to 9 in the other 2 wk PV. Antibody increases in these animals were no longer evident at 16 wk PV while titers of animals with histories of disease remained relatively stable. The types and numbers of Pasteurella spp. isolated from nasal and pharyngeal swabs varied throughout the study without conclusive evidence of suppression of colonization. Although the animals were not experimentally challenged to determine the efficacy of the vaccine, one VAC and one NV bighorn sheep died following introduction of an A2 P. haemolytica strain when leukotoxin neutralizing antibodies had returned to pre-vaccination levels. This vaccine appeared to be safe for use in bighorn sheep and stimulated moderate but transient increases in antibody levels which should provide some protection against naturally occurring disease. A vaccine which would induce production of high and maintained antibodies against multiple strains of P. haemolytica would be valuable for use in bighorn sheep maintained in captivity or when captured for relocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Ward
- University of Idaho, Caine Veterinary Teaching and Research Center, Caldwell 83605-8098, USA.
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Rudolph KM, Parkinson AJ, Roberts MC. Molecular analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antibiogram of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B isolates from selected areas within the United States. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:2703-7. [PMID: 9705417 PMCID: PMC105187 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.9.2703-2707.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-eight clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B, including 16 from Alaska, 14 from Arizona, 11 from Washington, and 17 from seven additional states, were analyzed. The antibiograms of these isolates were assigned to 10 antibiotic profiles based on their susceptibilities to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Thirty-two (55%) of these isolates were penicillin nonsusceptible, while 21 (36%) were intermediate or resistant to three or more antibiotics. The restriction endonucleases ApaI and SmaI were used to digest intact chromosomes, and the fragments were resolved by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The ApaI and SmaI PFGE patterns were combined, and 13 of the 16 Alaskan isolates showed indistinguishable PFGE patterns. One other isolate exhibited highly related ApaI and SmaI PFGE patterns, differing by only one band after restriction with ApaI. Among the 14 isolates from Arizona, 1 was indistinguishable from the predominant ApaI and SmaI PFGE patterns seen in the Alaskan isolates; 5 others were highly related (+/-1 band after cutting with either enzyme) to the Alaskan isolates, suggesting a common ancestral origin. Of the remaining eight isolates, six additional ApaI plus SmaI PFGE patterns were observed. The 28 isolates from the various contiguous states had 22 ApaI plus SmaI PFGE patterns. No correlations were found between specific PFGE patterns, antibiograms, dates of isolation, or geography. The serotype 6B isolates across the contiguous United States were genetically diverse, while the 6B isolates from Alaska appeared to be much less diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Rudolph
- Arctic Investigations Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
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Rudolph KM, Liaw GJ, Daniel A, Green P, Courey AJ, Hartenstein V, Lengyel JA. Complex regulatory region mediating tailless expression in early embryonic patterning and brain development. Development 1997; 124:4297-308. [PMID: 9334278 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124.21.4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
tailless encodes a transcription factor expressed in multiple domains in the developing embryo. Early and transient expression at the posterior pole is required to establish a domain from which the eighth abdominal segment, telson and posterior gut arise. Just a few nuclear cycles later, a brain-specific domain is initiated at the anterior; expression in this domain is maintained with complex modulations throughout embryogenesis. Expression of tailless in this domain is required to establish the most anterior region of the brain. To understand the function and regulation of these different domains of expression, we provide a detailed description of tailless expression in brain neuroblasts and show that this expression is not detectably regulated by the head gap genes buttonhead or orthodenticle, by the proneural gene lethal of scute or by tailless itself. We show that approximately 6 kb of sequenced upstream regulatory DNA can drive lacZ expression in a pattern that mimics the full tailless embryonic expression pattern. Within this sequence we identify multiple modules responsible for different aspects of the tailless pattern. In addition to identifying additional torso response elements that mediate early blastoderm polar expression, we show that the complex brain expression pattern is driven by a combination of modules; thus expression at a low level throughout the brain and at a high level in the dorsal medial portion of the brain and in the optic lobe, as well as neuroblast-specific repression are mediated by different DNA regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Rudolph
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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Liaw GJ, Rudolph KM, Huang JD, Dubnicoff T, Courey AJ, Lengyel JA. The torso response element binds GAGA and NTF-1/Elf-1, and regulates tailless by relief of repression. Genes Dev 1995; 9:3163-76. [PMID: 8543159 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.24.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of transcription factor activity leading to changes in cell behavior (e.g., differentiation versus proliferation) is one of the critical outcomes of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) stimulation. In the early Drosophila embryo, activation of the torso (tor) RTK at the poles of the embryo activates a phosphorylation cascade that leads to the spatially specific transcription of the tailless (tll) gene. Our analysis of the tor response element (tor-RE) in the tll promoter indicates that the key activity modulated by the tor RTK pathway is a repressor present throughout the embryo. We have mapped the tor-RE to an 11-bp sequence; using this sequence as the basis for protein purification, we have determined that the proteins GAGA and NTF-1 (also known as Elf-1, product of the grainyhead gene) bind to the tor-RE. We demonstrate that NTF-1 can be phosphorylated by MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and that tll expression is expanded in embryos lacking maternal NTF-1 activity; these results make NTF-1 a likely target for modulation by the tor RTK pathway in vivo. The data presented here support a model in which activation of the tor RTK at the poles of the embryos leads to inactivation of the repressor and therefore, to transcriptional activation (by activators present throughout the embryo) of the tll gene at the poles of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Liaw
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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Rudolph KM, Parkinson AJ. Measurement of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotype-specific immunoglobulin G in human serum, a method for assigning weight-based units to proposed reference sera. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1994; 1:526-30. [PMID: 8556496 PMCID: PMC368329 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.1.5.526-530.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A direct method for measuring serotype-specific, class-specific antibody in proposed human reference sera is described. The assay uses a 125I-labeled, isotopically pure immunoglobulin G (IgG) as a primary standard in an antigen-antibody solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. From the measurement of specific radioactivity bound to the absorbed antigen, serotype-specific IgG concentrations and optical density values can be directly related to optical density and serotype-specific IgG values for the reference serum. We used this method to provisionally assign IgG concentrations in a pneumococcal reference serum to serotypes 1, 3, 6A, 12F, 14 and 23F. This assay was found to be reproducible; the coefficient of variation for duplicates was within 5%, and the day-to-day coefficient of variation was from 3 to 18% for all six serotypes. The assay provides a general method for standardizing human reference serum tools with respect to concentration of antigen-specific IgM-, IgA-, and IgG-subclass antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Rudolph
- Arctic Investigation Program, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, USA
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Abstract
To test the ability of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae in blood, we generated two sets of nested primers. The first defined 559-bp and 649-bp regions of the pneumolysin gene, and the second defined 445-bp and 553-bp regions of the autolysin gene. These nucleotide segments were detected in DNAs from isolates of all 20 pneumococcal serotypes tested, but they were not detected when used to test DNAs from 41 isolates of nonpneumococcal bacteria and fungi. The sensitivity was evaluated by using purified pneumococcal DNA. We were able to detect 10 fg of S. pneumoniae DNA, or 4.3 genome equivalents. Blood samples were obtained from 16 patients with culture-proven pneumococcal bacteremia and were subjected to PCR analysis. Of eight buffy coat fractions tested, six showed reactivity in the PCR with the pneumolysin primers, and five of the eight produced the expected products when tested with the autolysin primers (sensitivities, 75 and 63%, respectively). Of the eight whole-blood specimens tested, only three produced the expected products with either set of primers. Additionally, we tested 14 samples from patients with bacteremia that were culture positive for nonpneumococcal bacterial species, and 13 were negative (specificity, 93%). This combination of sensitivity and specificity may make detection of S. pneumoniae in blood by PCR in comparison with that by blood culture a very promising alternative for a means of definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Rudolph
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska 99501
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Rudolph KM. [Uterine sarcoma]. Matern Infanc (Sao Paulo) 1968; 27:395-400. [PMID: 5728529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Rudolph KM, de Lima Filho OA, Cogliati AC, Ambrósio AC, Martins NV. [Drug therapy in choriocarcinoma]. Matern Infanc (Sao Paulo) 1968; 27:401-7. [PMID: 5753305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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de Lima Filho OA, de Carvalho WD, Rudolph KM. [Myoma of the vagina]. Matern Infanc (Sao Paulo) 1968; 27:135-46. [PMID: 5746832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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