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Ying B, Fitzpatrick JR, Teng Z, Chen T, Lo TWB, Siozios V, Murray CA, Brand HEA, Day S, Tang CC, Weatherup RS, Merz M, Nagel P, Schuppler S, Winter M, Kleiner K. Monitoring the Formation of Nickel-Poor and Nickel-Rich Oxide Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Synchrotron Radiation. Chem Mater 2023; 35:1514-1526. [PMID: 36873624 PMCID: PMC9979376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of Ni-poor (NCM111, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2) and Ni-rich (NCM811 LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) lithium transition-metal oxides (space group R3̅m) from hydroxide precursors (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2, Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2) are investigated using in situ synchrotron powder diffraction and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The development of the layered structure of these two cathode materials proceeds via two utterly different reaction mechanisms. While the synthesis of NCM811 involves a rock salt-type intermediate phase, NCM111 reveals a layered structure throughout the entire synthesis. Moreover, the necessity and the impact of a preannealing step and a high-temperature holding step are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixian Ying
- MEET,
Battery Research Center, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Jack R. Fitzpatrick
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, W12 0BZLondon, U.K.
| | - Zhenjie Teng
- MEET,
Battery Research Center, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, 999077Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz Woon Benedict Lo
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, 999077Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vassilios Siozios
- MEET,
Battery Research Center, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Claire A. Murray
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science
& Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DEOxfordshire, U.K.
| | - Helen E. A. Brand
- Australian
Synchrotron ANSTO, 800
Blackburn Rd., Clayton, 3168Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Day
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science
& Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DEOxfordshire, U.K.
| | - Chiu C. Tang
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science
& Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DEOxfordshire, U.K.
| | - Robert S. Weatherup
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PHOxford, U.K.
| | - Michael Merz
- Institute
for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Peter Nagel
- Institute
for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuppler
- Institute
for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe
Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET,
Battery Research Center, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute
Münster, Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, 48149Muenster, Germany
| | - Karin Kleiner
- MEET,
Battery Research Center, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 46, 48149Münster, Germany
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Leach AS, Llewellyn AV, Xu C, Tan C, Heenan TMM, Dimitrijevic A, Kleiner K, Grey CP, Brett DJL, Tang CC, Shearing PR, Jervis R. Spatially Resolved Operando Synchrotron-Based X-Ray Diffraction Measurements of Ni-Rich Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries. Front Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.794194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the performance of commercially relevant cathode materials for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is vital to realize the potential of high-capacity materials for automotive applications. Of particular interest is the spatial variation of crystallographic behavior across (what can be) highly inhomogeneous electrodes. In this work, a high-resolution X-ray diffraction technique was used to obtain operando transmission measurements of Li-ion pouch cells to measure the spatial variances in the cell during electrochemical cycling. Through spatially resolved investigations of the crystallographic structures, the distribution of states of charge has been elucidated. A larger portion of the charging is accounted for by the central parts, with the edges and corners delithiating to a lesser extent for a given average electrode voltage. The cells were cycled to different upper cutoff voltages (4.2 and 4.3 V vs. graphite) and C-rates (0.5, 1, and 3C) to study the effect on the structure of the NMC811 cathode. By combining this rapid data collection method with a detailed Rietveld refinement of degraded NMC811, the spatial dependence of the degradation caused by long-term cycling (900 cycles) has also been shown. The variance shown in the pristine measurements is exaggerated in the aged cells with the edges and corners offering an even lower percentage of the charge. Measurements collected at the very edge of the cell have also highlighted the importance of electrode alignment, with a misalignment of less than 0.5 mm leading to significantly reduced electrochemical activity in that area.
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Rasche B, Yang M, Nikonow L, Cooper JFK, Murray CA, Day SJ, Kleiner K, Clarke SJ, Compton RG. In-situ Electrochemical X-ray Diffraction: A Rigorous Method to Navigate within Phase Diagrams Reveals β-Fe 1+x Se as Superconductor for All x. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15401-15406. [PMID: 31433102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the precise postsynthetic control of the composition of β-Fe1+x Se by electrochemistry with simultaneous tracking of the associated structural changes via in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. We access the full phase width of 0.01<x<0.04 and identify the superconducting state below 8 K, which in contrast to earlier reports is independent of the composition. However, in a second set of in situ X-ray diffraction experiments, we demonstrate that β-Fe1+x Se forms a new phase in the presence of oxygen above a 100 °C which has the same anti-PbO type structure but is not superconducting down to 1.8 K. The latter process can be reversed electrochemically to reinstate the superconducting state. These observations exploit the exquisite control afforded by electrochemistry in contrast with classical approaches of chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertold Rasche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Minjun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Lothar Nikonow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Joshaniel F K Cooper
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | | | - Sarah J Day
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Karin Kleiner
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Simon J Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
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Rasche B, Yang M, Nikonow L, Cooper JFK, Murray CA, Day SJ, Kleiner K, Clarke SJ, Compton RG. Elektrochemische In‐situ‐Röntgenbeugung: Eine präzise Methode zur Navigation in Phasendiagrammen enthüllt β‐Fe 1+xSe als Supraleiter für alle x. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertold Rasche
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QZ Großbritannien
| | - Minjun Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QZ Großbritannien
| | - Lothar Nikonow
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QZ Großbritannien
| | - Joshaniel F. K. Cooper
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX Großbritannien
| | - Claire A. Murray
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX Großbritannien
| | - Sarah J. Day
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX Großbritannien
| | - Karin Kleiner
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Campus Didcot OX11 0QX Großbritannien
| | - Simon J. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QZ Großbritannien
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3QZ Großbritannien
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Kleiner K, Melke J, Merz M, Jakes P, Nagel P, Schuppler S, Liebau V, Ehrenberg H. Unraveling the Degradation Process of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Electrodes in Commercial Lithium Ion Batteries by Electronic Structure Investigations. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:19589-19600. [PMID: 26281920 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (LNCAO) is reflected by the electrochemical performance in the fatigued state and correlated with the redox behavior of these cathodes. The detailed electrochemical performance of these samples is investigated by galvanostatic and voltammetric cycling as well as with the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy was used to investigate the oxidation state of all three materials at the Ni L2,3, O K, and Co L2,3 edges at five different states of charge. Surface and more bulklike properties are distinguished by total electron yield (TEY) and fluorescence yield (FY) measurements. The electrochemical investigations revealed that the changes in the cell performance of the differently aged materials can be explained by considering the reaction kinetics of the intercalation/deintercalation process. The failure of the redox process of oxygen and nickel at low voltages leads to a significant decrease of the reaction rates in the fatigued cathodes. The accompanied cyclic voltammogram (CV) peaks appear as two peaks because of the local minimum of the reaction rate, although it is one peak in the CV of the calendarically aged LNCAO. The absence of the oxidation/reduction process at low voltages can be traced back to changes in the surface morphology (formation of a NiO-like structure). Further consequences of these material changes are overpotentials, which lead to capacity losses of up to 30% (cycled with a C/3 rate).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Melke
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin , Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Peter Jakes
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Juelich , 52425 Juelich, Germany
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Geissler RG, Ottmann OG, Kleiner K, Mentzel U, Bickelhaupt A, Hoelzer D, Ganser A. Decreased haematopoietic colony growth in long-term bone marrow cultures of HIV-positive patients. Res Virol 1993; 144:69-73. [PMID: 8446780 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(06)80014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Deficiencies in bone marrow stromal cells, i.e. fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells and adipocytes, are considered to play a pathophysiological role in HIV-associated haematopoietic failure. Long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC) enable the longitudinal investigation of haematopoietic progenitor cell and bone marrow stromal growth. Therefore, in this study, the haematopoietic colony growth of bone marrow from patients with severe HIV infection was compared to that from healthy controls in LTBMC. The total cumulated number of colony-forming units/granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) was 6.7-fold higher (293.6% vs. 44.0%, p < 0.01), that of colony-forming units/granulocyte-erythrocyte-macrophage-megakaryocyte (CFU-GEMM) was 3.5-fold higher (28.7% vs 8.3%), and that of burst-forming units/erythrocyte (BFU-E) was 31.1-fold higher (68.4% vs 2.2%) than that from HIV-positive patients, respectively (colony number before LTBMC = 100%). In contrast, the cumulated cell number at the end of LTBMC from HIV-positive patients was not reduced (cell numbers in percent of initially seeded cells: HIV-positive 418.4%, HIV-negative 397.1%). The significantly reduced colony-forming capacity over a significantly shorter time span, without reduction in the absolute cell number, in LTBMC from patients with severe HIV-infection as compared to healthy controls, suggests that uncoupling between cell proliferation and differentiation is a pathophysiological mechanism in HIV-dependent haematopoietic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Geissler
- University of Frankfurt/Main, Department of Haematology, Germany
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