Arterial hypertension and progression of chronic kidney disease in children during 10-year ambulatory observation

The aim of this study was the long-term retrospective analysis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in children, especially with regard to the presence of hypertension (HTN). The average rate of progression of CKD was higher in patients with HTN than without HTN. Hypertension treatment requires multidrug schemes which need to be intensified with extended time of CKD duration.

Androgens concentrations and second-to fourth-digit ratio (2D:4D) in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency)

OBJECTIVES

Excessive hyperandrogenism, though proper hydrocortisone supplementation is a frequent clinical problem in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This may result from autonomic regulation of androgen production established in prenatal life. It has been suggested that the length of the second finger relative to the length of the fourth finger (2D;4D ratio) is negatively related to prenatal testosterone concentration.

DESIGN AND SETTING

The retrospective study aimed to establish the relationship between the level of androgenization in utero determined using 2D:4D ratio and serum androgen concentrations in treated girls with CAH (21-OH deficiency) has been performed on 19 girls with CAH (21-OH deficiency) at the age of 3.7-19 years (mean 13.8 ± 4.07 years). All subjects were adequately treated with hydrocortisone (10-19 mg/m2; mean 13.81 ± 4.07 mg/m2). Anthropometric measurements of digits length were performed in all girls on X-rays obtained for bone age estimation. Apart from it, serum androgens concentrations (testosterone, androstenedione, s-DHEA) and 17-OH-progesterone (17-OHP) were assayed.

RESULTS

Mean androgens serum concentrations in examined group were: testosterone 150.21 ± 155.44 ng/ml; androstenedione 4.15 ± 5.32 ng/ml, s-DHEA 70.39 ± 85.52 µg/dl. Mean 2D:4D ratio was 0.96 ± 0.04. Analysis of correlation showed positive linear correlations between testosterone, s-DHEA and 2D:4D ratio (r=0.53, p=0.023 and r=0.53; p=0.019, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

2D:4D ratio parameter may be a simple test in indentification of female CAH patients prone to excessive androgen secretion despite proper treatment. The autonomization of adrenal androgens production in foetal life may cause its elevated levels in female patients with CAH although treated adequately.