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Bryce AJ, Milne ME, Tyrrell D, Bodley K. Case series: Computed tomography (CT) demonstrates lacrimal canal involvement in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with maxillary incisor dental disease. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:277-282. [PMID: 35332935 PMCID: PMC9310838 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dental disease is common in wild and captive koalas. Effective treatments are limited and dental disease may not be recognised until it is quite severe. We describe the appearance of varying severities of dental disease on computed tomography (CT) images in a case series of six koalas. This case series demonstrates the use of CT to detect both mild and severe dental disease in koalas. The study also documents the normal CT appearance of the nasolacrimal duct in the koala. The only clinical abnormality in koalas with the mildest dental disease was ocular discharge. Computed tomography findings associated with ocular discharge were periapical lysis of first maxillary incisors, lacrimal canal remodelling and subsequent nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Dental disease should be a differential diagnosis for ocular discharge in koalas and CT examination enables visualisation of early stages of dental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bryce
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M E Milne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Tyrrell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K Bodley
- Melbourne Zoo, Veterinary, Zoos Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
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Schmertmann LJ, Bodley K, Meyer W, Malik R, Krockenberger MB. Multi-locus sequence typing as a tool to investigate environmental sources of infection for cryptococcosis in captive birds. Med Mycol 2019; 57:653-657. [PMID: 30329084 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic investigation into environmental sources of infection was conducted at an Australian zoological park after cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus gattii VGI, was diagnosed in a red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii) residing in a large aviary with a diverse range of other avian species. A single tree with an extensive hollow was identified as the likely source of infection based on heavy culture of C. gattii VGI, multi-locus sequence typing and phylogenetic analysis of environmental and disease-related isolates. This led to the careful removal of the tree to reduce the risk of future cases of cryptococcosis in this aviary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Schmertmann
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Sydney - Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Bodley
- Zoos Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Sydney - Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, B14, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
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Volk HA, O'Reilly A, Bodley K, McCracken H. Keratomycosis in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens): 2 cases. Open Vet J 2018; 8:200-203. [PMID: 29911025 PMCID: PMC5987353 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cases of keratomycosis in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) were diagnosed and treated at a zoo in Melbourne, Australia across a 9-year period. Both cases presented with severe unilateral ocular pain and stromal abscessation of the cornea. A superficial keratectomy was performed in both cases and the diagnosis was confirmed with either cytology or histopathology. Following surgery, a combination of oral, topical and subconjunctival medical therapy contributed to a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anu O'Reilly
- Melbourne EyeVet, 9-11 Miles Street, Mulgrave, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Kate Bodley
- The Royal Melbourne Zoo, Elliot Ave, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helen McCracken
- The Royal Melbourne Zoo, Elliot Ave, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Legione AR, Patterson JLS, Whiteley P, Firestone SM, Curnick M, Bodley K, Lynch M, Gilkerson JR, Sansom FM, Devlin JM. Koala retrovirus genotyping analyses reveal a low prevalence of KoRV-A in Victorian koalas and an association with clinical disease. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:236-244. [PMID: 28266284 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is undergoing endogenization into the genome of koalas in Australia, providing an opportunity to assess the effect of retrovirus infection on the health of a population. The prevalence of KoRV in north-eastern Australia (Queensland and New South Wales) is 100 %, whereas previous preliminary investigations in south-eastern Australia (Victoria) suggested KoRV is present at a lower prevalence, although the values have varied widely. Here, we describe a large study of free-ranging koalas in Victoria to estimate the prevalence of KoRV and assess the clinical significance of KoRV infection in wild koalas. METHODOLOGY Blood or spleen samples from 648 koalas where tested for KoRV provirus, and subsequently genotyped, using PCRs to detect the pol and env genes respectively. Clinical data was also recorded where possible and analysed in comparison to infection status. RESULTS The prevalence of KoRV was 24.7 % (160/648). KoRV-A was detected in 141/160 cases, but KoRV-B, a genotype associated with neoplasia in captive koalas, was not detected. The genotype in 19 cases could not be determined. Genomic differences between KoRV in Victoria and type strains may have impacted genotyping. Factors associated with KoRV infection, based on multivariable analysis, were low body condition score, region sampled, and 'wet bottom' (a staining of the fur around the rump associated with chronic urinary incontinence). Koalas with wet bottom were nearly twice as likely to have KoRV provirus detected than those without wet bottom (odds ratio=1.90, 95 % confidence interval 1.21, 2.98). CONCLUSION Our findings have important implications for the conservation of this iconic species, particularly regarding translocation potential of Victorian koalas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair R Legione
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jade L S Patterson
- Veterinary Department, Melbourne Zoo, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pam Whiteley
- Wildlife Health Surveillance Victoria, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.,Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Curnick
- Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Healesville, Victoria, Australia.,Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Bodley
- Veterinary Department, Melbourne Zoo, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Lynch
- Veterinary Department, Melbourne Zoo, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James R Gilkerson
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M Sansom
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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