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Haxton T, Klise KA, Laky D, Murray R, Laird CD, Burkhardt JB. Evaluating Manual Sampling Locations for Regulatory and Emergency Response. J Water Resour Plan Manag 2021; 147:1-11. [PMID: 36419672 PMCID: PMC9680873 DOI: 10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water systems commonly use manual or grab sampling to monitor water quality, identify or confirm issues, and verify that corrective or emergency response actions have been effective. In this paper, the effectiveness of regulatory sampling locations for emergency response is explored. An optimization formulation based on the literature was used to identify manual sampling locations to maximize overall nodal coverage of the system. Results showed that sampling locations could be effective in confirming incidents for which they were not designed. When evaluating sampling locations optimized for emergency response against regulatory scenarios, the average performance was reduced by 3%-4%, while using optimized regulatory sampling locations for emergency response reduced performance by 7%-10%. Secondary constraints were also included in the formulation to ensure geographical and water age diversity with minimal impact on the performance. This work highlighted that regulatory sampling locations provide value in responding to an emergency for these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terranna Haxton
- Environmental Engineer, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - Katherine A Klise
- Principal Member of Technical Staff, Sandia National Laboratories, Energy Water Systems Integration, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185
| | - Daniel Laky
- Graduate Research Assistant, Purdue Univ., School of Chemical Engineering, 480 Stadium Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Regan Murray
- Division Director, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - Carl D Laird
- Principal Member of Technical Staff, Sandia National Laboratories, Discrete Mathematics and Optimization, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185
| | - Jonathan B Burkhardt
- Environmental Engineer, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268
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Rodriguez JS, Bynum M, Laird C, Hart DB, Klise KA, Burkhardt J, Haxton T. Optimal sampling locations to reduce uncertainty in contamination extent in water distribution systems. J Infrastruct Syst 2021; 27:10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000628. [PMID: 36330233 PMCID: PMC9628260 DOI: 10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water utilities rely on samples collected from the distribution system to provide assurance of water quality. If a water contamination incident is suspected, samples can be used to determine the source and extent of contamination. By determining the extent of contamination, the percentage of the population exposed to contamination, or areas of the system unaffected can be identified. Using water distribution system models for this purpose poses a challenge because significant uncertainty exists in the contamination scenarios (e.g., injection location, amount, duration, customer demands, contaminant characteristics). This article outlines an optimization framework to identify strategic sampling locations in water distribution systems. The framework seeks to identify the best sampling locations to quickly determine the extent of the contamination while considering uncertainty with respect to the contamination scenarios. The optimization formulations presented here solve for multiple optimal sampling locations simultaneously and efficiently, even for large systems with a large uncertainty space. These features are demonstrated in two case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Rodriguez
- Ph.D. Candidate, Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - M Bynum
- SMTS, R&D S&E, Computer Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87123
| | - C Laird
- PMTS, R&D S&E, Computer Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, and Adjunct Assoc. Prof., Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - D B Hart
- SMTS, R&D S&E, Computer Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87123
| | - K A Klise
- PMTS, R&D S&E, Geosciences Engineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87123
| | - J Burkhardt
- Environmental Engineer, US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Martin Luther King Dr West, Cincinnati, OH, 45268
| | - T Haxton
- Environmental Engineer, US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Martin Luther King Dr West, Cincinnati, OH, 45268
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Klise KA, Bynum M, Moriarty D, Murray R. A SOFTWARE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE RESILIENCE OF DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS TO DISASTERS WITH AN EXAMPLE EARTHQUAKE CASE STUDY. Environ Model Softw 2017; 95:420-431. [PMID: 30505210 PMCID: PMC6262876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water utilities are vulnerable to a wide variety of human-caused and natural disasters. The Water Network Tool for Resilience (WNTR) is a new open source Python™ package designed to help water utilities investigate resilience of water distribution systems to hazards and evaluate resilience-enhancing actions. In this paper, the WNTR modeling framework is presented and a case study is described that uses WNTR to simulate the effects of an earthquake on a water distribution system. The case study illustrates that the severity of damage is not only a function of system integrity and earthquake magnitude, but also of the available resources and repair strategies used to return the system to normal operating conditions. While earthquakes are particularly concerning since buried water distribution pipelines are highly susceptible to damage, the software framework can be applied to other types of hazards, including power outages and contamination incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Klise
- Geotechnology and Engineering, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, Mail Stop 0750, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1137, USA
| | - Michael Bynum
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dylan Moriarty
- Geotechnology and Engineering, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, Mail Stop 0750, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1137, USA
| | - Regan Murray
- National Homeland Security Research Center, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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Kalinina EA, Klise KA, McKenna SA, Hadgu T, Lowry TS. Applications of fractured continuum model to enhanced geothermal system heat extraction problems. Springerplus 2014; 3:110. [PMID: 24600552 PMCID: PMC3942561 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the applications of the fractured continuum model to the different enhanced geothermal systems reservoir conditions. The capability of the fractured continuum model to generate fracture characteristics expected in enhanced geothermal systems reservoir environments are demonstrated for single and multiple sets of fractures. Fracture characteristics are defined by fracture strike, dip, spacing, and aperture. The paper demonstrates how the fractured continuum model can be extended to represent continuous fractured features, such as long fractures, and the conditions in which the fracture density varies within the different depth intervals. Simulations of heat transport using different fracture settings were compared with regard to their heat extraction effectiveness. The best heat extraction was obtained in the case when fractures were horizontal. A conventional heat extraction scheme with vertical wells was compared to an alternative scheme with horizontal wells. The heat extraction with the horizontal wells was significantly better than with the vertical wells when the injector was at the bottom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Kalinina
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
| | - Katherine A Klise
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
| | - Sean A McKenna
- IBM Research, Smarter Cities Technology Centre, Bldg. 3, Damastown Industrial Estate, Mulhuddart, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Teklu Hadgu
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
| | - Thomas S Lowry
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA
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