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Lhomond S, Avril T, Dejeans N, Voutetakis K, Doultsinos D, McMahon M, Pineau R, Obacz J, Papadodima O, Jouan F, Bourien H, Logotheti M, Jégou G, Pallares‐Lupon N, Schmit K, Le Reste P, Etcheverry A, Mosser J, Barroso K, Vauléon E, Maurel M, Samali A, Patterson JB, Pluquet O, Hetz C, Quillien V, Chatziioannou A, Chevet E. Dual IRE1 RNase functions dictate glioblastoma development. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16731. [PMID: 36752056 PMCID: PMC9906329 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Lhomond S, Avril T, Dejeans N, Voutetakis K, Doultsinos D, McMahon M, Pineau R, Obacz J, Papadodima O, Jouan F, Bourien H, Logotheti M, Jégou G, Pallares-Lupon N, Schmit K, Le Reste PJ, Etcheverry A, Mosser J, Barroso K, Vauléon E, Maurel M, Samali A, Patterson JB, Pluquet O, Hetz C, Quillien V, Chatziioannou A, Chevet E. Dual IRE1 RNase functions dictate glioblastoma development. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15622. [PMID: 35014200 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202115622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Rubio MT, Varlet P, Allain V, Ballot C, Cuffel A, Deschamps M, Ferrand C, Foguenne J, Forcade E, Huynh A, Guihot A, Latouche JB, Lemarie C, Martinroche G, Morin F, Nguyen S, Schmit K, Servais S, Simonetta F, Yakoub-Agha I, Caillat Zucman S. [Immunomonitoring of patients treated with CAR-T cells for hematological malignancy: Guidelines from the CARTi group and the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. Bull Cancer 2021; 108:S53-S64. [PMID: 34253335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CAR-T cells represent a new anti-tumor immunotherapy which has shown its clinical efficacy in B-cell malignancies. The results of clinical trials carried out in this context have shown that certain immunological characteristics of patients before (at the time of apheresis) and after the administration of the treatment, or of the CAR-T cells themselves, are correlated with the response to the treatment or to its toxicity. However, to date, there are no recommendations on the immunological monitoring of patients treated in real life. The objectives of this workshop were to determine, based on data from the literature and the experience of the centers, the immunological analyses to be carried out in patients treated with CAR-T cells. The recommendations relate to the characterization of the patient's immune cells at the time of apheresis, the characterization of the injected CAR-T cells, as well as the monitoring of the CAR-T cells and other parameters of immune reconstitution in the patient after administration of the treatment. Harmonization of practices will allow clinical-biological correlation studies to be carried out in patients treated in real life with the aim of identifying factors predictive of response and toxicity. Such data could have a major medico-economic impact by making it possible to identify the patients who will optimally benefit from these expensive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Thérèse Rubio
- CHRU Nancy, Hopital Brabois, Biopole de l'Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7563 IMoPa, Service d'hématologie, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
| | - Pauline Varlet
- Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, LIRIC, INSERM U995, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent Allain
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP Nord, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, France
| | - Caroline Ballot
- Établissement Français du Sang Hauts-de-France, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire EFS site de Lille, Normandie, France
| | - Alexis Cuffel
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP Nord, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, France
| | - Marina Deschamps
- Ets Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM UMR1098, 25020 Besançon, France
| | | | - Jacques Foguenne
- CHU de Liège, domaine universitaire du Sart-Tilman B35, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, Unilab Lg, 4000 Liège, Belgique
| | - Edouard Forcade
- CHU Bordeaux, service d'hématologie clinique et thérapie cellulaire, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Huynh
- IUCT Oncopole, service d'hématologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Amélie Guihot
- Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, département d'immunologie, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Latouche
- CHU de Rouen, UMR Université/Inserm U1234, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Biothérapies, France
| | - Claude Lemarie
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, and Inserm CBT 1409, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques en Biothérapie, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Martinroche
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunogénétique, place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Florence Morin
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP Nord, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, France
| | - Stéphanie Nguyen
- Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, service d'hématologie 75013, Paris, France
| | - Kathleen Schmit
- CHU de Liège, domaine universitaire du Sart-Tilman B35, Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, Unilab Lg, 4000 Liège, Belgique
| | - Sophie Servais
- Université de Liège, CHU de Liège, service d'hématologie, 4000 Liège, Belgique
| | - Federico Simonetta
- University of Geneva, Division of Hematology, Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine and Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva, Suisse
| | | | - Sophie Caillat Zucman
- Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP Nord, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, France
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Schmit K, Chen JW, Ayama-Canden S, Fransolet M, Finet L, Demazy C, D'Hondt L, Graux C, Michiels C. Characterization of the role of TMEM45A in cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:919. [PMID: 31801939 PMCID: PMC6892797 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TMEM45A is a transmembrane protein involved in tumor progression and cancer resistance to chemotherapeutic agents in hypoxic condition. It is correlated to a low breast cancer patient overall survival. However, little is known about this protein, in particular the mechanisms by which TMEM45A modulates cancer cell chemosensitivity. In this work, the messenger RNA expression of TMEM45A was assessed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) biopsies. TMEM45A was upregulated in patients diagnosed for head and neck or renal cancer. Then, the implication of this protein in cisplatin sensitivity was explored in SQD9 and RCC4 + pVHL cells. TMEM45A inactivation decreased cell proliferation and modulated cell responses to cisplatin. Indeed, TMEM45A inactivation increased the sensitivity of SQD9 cells to cisplatin, whereas it rendered RCC4 + pVHL cells resistant to this anticancer agent. Through RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified several deregulated pathways that indicated that the impact on cisplatin sensitivity may be associated to the inhibition of DNA damage repair and to UPR pathway activation. This study demonstrated, for the first time, an anti or a pro-apoptotic role of this protein depending on the cancer type and highlighted the role of TMEM45A in modulating patient responses to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia-Wei Chen
- URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | - Laure Finet
- Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Biobank, Yvoir, Belgium
| | | | - Lionel D'Hondt
- Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Biobank, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Carlos Graux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Biobank, Yvoir, Belgium
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Abstract
A transmembrane protein (TMEM) is a type of protein that spans biological membranes. Many of them extend through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane but others are located to the membrane of organelles. The TMEM family gathers proteins of mostly unknown functions. Many studies showed that TMEM expression can be down- or up-regulated in tumor tissues compared to adjacent healthy tissues. Indeed, some TMEMs such as TMEM48 or TMEM97 are defined as potential prognostic biomarkers for lung cancer. Furthermore, experimental evidence suggests that TMEM proteins can be described as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. TMEMs, such as TMEM45A and TMEM205, have also been implicated in tumor progression and invasion but also in chemoresistance. Thus, a better characterization of these proteins could help to better understand their implication in cancer and to allow the development of improved therapy strategies in the future. This review gives an overview of the implication of TMEM proteins in cancer.
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Longton E, Schmit K, Fransolet M, Clement F, Michiels C. Appropriate Sequence for Afatinib and Cisplatin Combination Improves Anticancer Activity in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:432. [PMID: 30345256 PMCID: PMC6182255 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a better understanding in head and neck tumors pathogenesis as well as improvements in radiotherapy and surgery, locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains of poor prognosis. One promising target is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is overexpressed in the majority of HNSCC and is associated to tumor progression and resistance to treatment. However, in several clinical trials, the combination of EGFR inhibitors with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy generates moderate results. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor activity of afatinib, an irreversible pan-EGFR inhibitor, combined to cisplatin in different schedules of exposure. For that, we used two human EGFR wild-type HNSCC cell lines and we evaluated the cytotoxicity of the two drugs combined in different sequences. The efficiency of each strategy was assessed by evaluating the effects on cell cycle distribution, DNA damage, cell death and downstream pathways of ErbB family receptors. We demonstrated that cisplatin treatment followed by afatinib exposure displayed more cytotoxic effects than the opposite timing or than simultaneous association. This higher anticancer activity is probably due to afatinib-induced cell cycle arrest, which prevents the repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage and promotes cell death by various mechanisms including apoptosis. These data suggest the importance of an appropriate timing administration between an EGFR inhibitor and a conventional chemotherapy in order to obtain the best clinical benefit for patients with a head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Longton
- Unit of Biochemistry and cellular Biology, Namur Research Institut for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Schmit
- Unit of Biochemistry and cellular Biology, Namur Research Institut for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Maude Fransolet
- Unit of Biochemistry and cellular Biology, Namur Research Institut for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - François Clement
- Unit of Biochemistry and cellular Biology, Namur Research Institut for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Carine Michiels
- Unit of Biochemistry and cellular Biology, Namur Research Institut for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Lhomond S, Avril T, Dejeans N, Voutetakis K, Doultsinos D, McMahon M, Pineau R, Obacz J, Papadodima O, Jouan F, Bourien H, Logotheti M, Jégou G, Pallares‐Lupon N, Schmit K, Le Reste P, Etcheverry A, Mosser J, Barroso K, Vauléon E, Maurel M, Samali A, Patterson JB, Pluquet O, Hetz C, Quillien V, Chatziioannou A, Chevet E. Dual IRE1 RNase functions dictate glioblastoma development. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:emmm.201707929. [PMID: 29311133 PMCID: PMC5840541 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis imbalance is emerging as a major hallmark of cancer, driving tumor aggressiveness. Evidence suggests that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a major site for protein folding and quality control, plays a critical role in cancer development. This concept is valid in glioblastoma multiform (GBM), the most lethal primary brain cancer with no effective treatment. We previously demonstrated that the ER stress sensor IRE1α (referred to as IRE1) contributes to GBM progression, through XBP1 mRNA splicing and regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) of RNA Here, we first demonstrated IRE1 signaling significance to human GBM and defined specific IRE1-dependent gene expression signatures that were confronted to human GBM transcriptomes. This approach allowed us to demonstrate the antagonistic roles of XBP1 mRNA splicing and RIDD on tumor outcomes, mainly through selective remodeling of the tumor stroma. This study provides the first demonstration of a dual role of IRE1 downstream signaling in cancer and opens a new therapeutic window to abrogate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony Avril
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
| | | | - Konstantinos Voutetakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece,Department of Biochemistry & BiotechnologyUniversity of ThessalyLarissaGreece
| | - Dimitrios Doultsinos
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
| | - Mari McMahon
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance,Apoptosis Research CentreSchool of Natural SciencesNUI GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Raphaël Pineau
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
| | - Joanna Obacz
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
| | - Olga Papadodima
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece
| | - Florence Jouan
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
| | - Heloise Bourien
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
| | - Marianthi Logotheti
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece,e‐NIOS PCKallithea‐AthensGreece
| | - Gwénaële Jégou
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
| | | | | | - Pierre‐Jean Le Reste
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital PontchaillouRennesFrance
| | - Amandine Etcheverry
- Integrated Functional Genomics and Biomarkers TeamUMR6290, CNRSUniversité de Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Jean Mosser
- Integrated Functional Genomics and Biomarkers TeamUMR6290, CNRSUniversité de Rennes 1RennesFrance
| | - Kim Barroso
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
| | - Elodie Vauléon
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
| | - Marion Maurel
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance,Apoptosis Research CentreSchool of Natural SciencesNUI GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research CentreSchool of Natural SciencesNUI GalwayGalwayIreland
| | | | - Olivier Pluquet
- Institut Pasteur de LilleCNRS UMR8161 “Mechanisms of Tumourigenesis and Targeted Therapies”Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience InstituteFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile,Program of Cellular and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and MetabolismSantiagoChile,Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovatoCAUSA,Department of Immunology and Infectious diseasesHarvard School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Véronique Quillien
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece,e‐NIOS PCKallithea‐AthensGreece
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, “Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling”Université de Rennes 1RennesFrance,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène MarquisRennesFrance
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Lhomond S, Pallares N, Barroso K, Schmit K, Dejeans N, Fazli H, Taouji S, Patterson JB, Chevet E. Adaptation of the secretory pathway in cancer through IRE1 signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1292:177-94. [PMID: 25804756 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2522-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) was originally identified as a signaling network coordinating adaptive and apoptotic responses to accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). More recent work has shown that UPR signaling can be triggered by a multitude of cellular events and that the UPR plays a critical role in the prevention of cell transformation but also in tumor development. This has been particularly well illustrated with studies on one of the three major ER stress sensors, IRE1. This ER resident type I transmembrane protein senses luminal ER stress and transduce signals through its cytosolic RNase activity. IRE1 signaling has been shown to contribute to the progression of solid tumors through pro-angiogenic mechanisms. Herein, we expose the methodologies for investigating IRE1 signaling in tumor cells and in tumors. Moreover, we show that selective pharmacological inhibition of IRE1 RNase activity sensitizes tumor cells to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Lhomond
- Inserm, U1053, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000, Bordeaux, France
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9
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Chen JH, Schmit K, Chang H, Herlihy E, Miller J, Smith P. Use of Medicaid prescription data for syndromic surveillance--New York. MMWR Suppl 2005; 54:31-4. [PMID: 16177690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study explored the utility and value of Medicaid prescription data for statewide syndromic surveillance. METHODS Daily Medicaid claims forms are transmitted to the New York State Syndromic Surveillance Project as summary counts by ZIP Code, age category, sex, and 18 medication groups. The CUSUM statistic is used to analyze the data daily at the county level with a 7-10-day moving average baseline. The system was evaluated following an outbreak of pertussis in a small institutional setting in a rural county by comparing the county's CUSUM signals for prescriptions for macrolide antibiotics with the onset of the outbreak. RESULTS A case of pertussis was suspected on July 21, 2004, and was reported to the New York State Department of Health on July 22. Treatment and prophylaxis were initiated on July 22. CUSUM analysis flagged a county-wide increase in macrolide antibiotics on the day of treatment/prophylaxis for the first case and contacts in the outbreak. The following week, approximately 300 contacts received prophylaxis (not all of whom were Medicaid clients), resulting in CUSUM signals during the week (July 28 and 29). CONCLUSION Medicaid prescription data are routinely collected and readily available for syndromic surveillance. This data source has shown potential value as an indicator of disease activity, as in this case study, in an area where a high concentration of Medicaid recipients reside. However, for the surveillance system to be considered a useful early warning system, additional study is required to determine the best methods for selecting from the automatically generated CUSUM signals those that might be important for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Chen
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.
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Abstract
As part of West Nile (WN) virus surveillance in New York State in 2000, 71,332 ill or dead birds were reported; 17,571 (24.6%) of these were American Crows. Of 3,976 dead birds tested, 1,263 (31.8%) were positive for WN virus. Viral activity was first confirmed in 60 of the state's 62 counties with WN virus-positive dead birds. Pathologic findings compatible with WN virus were seen in 1,576 birds (39.6% of those tested), of which 832 (52.8%) were positive for WN virus. Dead crow reports preceded confirmation of viral activity by several months, and WN virus-positive birds were found >3 months before the onset of human cases. Dead bird surveillance appears to be valuable for early detection of WN virus and for guiding public education and mosquito control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eidson
- Zoonoses Program, New York State Department of Health, Rm. 621 ESP Corning Tower, Albany, NY 12237, USA.
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Abstract
A simple discontinuous Percoll density-gradient technique was adapted for isolation of granulocytes and mononuclear cells from cats, dogs, horses and cattle. Separation was accomplished at low speeds using a standard tabletop centrifuge. Cell purity was 100% for both granulocytes and mononuclear cells and cell viability exceeded 95%. Percent recovery of leukocytes ranged from 69 to 83%.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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