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Otake K, Azukizawa S, Fukui M, Shibabayashi M, Kamemoto H, Miike T, Kunishiro K, Kasai M, Shirahase H. A novel series of (S)-2,7-substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ dual agonists with protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 59:1233-42. [PMID: 21963632 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives were synthesized and (S)-7-(2-{2-[(E)-2-cyclopentylvinyl]-5-methyloxazol-4-yl}ethoxy)-2-[(2E,4E)-hexadienoyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (14c) was identified as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ dual agonist. The transactivation activity of 14c was comparable to that of rosiglitazone in human PPARγ (EC50=0.14 µM) and was much higher than in human PPARα (EC50=0.20 µM). In addition, 14c, but not rosiglitazone, showed human protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) inhibitory activity (IC50=1.85 µM). 14c showed about 10-fold stronger hypoglycemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects than rosiglitazone by repeated application for 14 d in male KK-Ay mice. Furthermore, 14c, but not rosiglitazone, increased hepatic peroxisome acyl CoA oxidase activity at 30 mg/kg/d for 7 d in male Syrian hamsters, probably due to its PPARα agonist activity. 14c did not affect plasma volume at 100 mg/kg/d for 14 d in male ICR mice, while rosiglitazone significantly increased it. In conclusion, 14c is a promising candidate for an efficacious and safe anti-diabetic drug with triple actions as a PPARα/γ dual agonist with PTP-1B inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Otake
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Otake K, Azukizawa S, Fukui M, Kunishiro K, Kamemoto H, Kanda M, Miike T, Kasai M, Shirahase H. Novel (S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ selective agonists with protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1060-75. [PMID: 22197396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives were synthesized and (S)-2-[(2E,4E)-hexadienoyl]-7-(2-{5-methyl-2-[(1E)-5-methylhexen-1-yl]oxazol-4-yl}ethoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (14i) was identified as a potent human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) selective agonist (EC(50)=0.03 μM) and human protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) inhibitor (IC(50)=1.18 μM). C(max) after oral administration of 14i at 10mg/kg was 2.2 μg/ml (4.5 μM) in male SD rats. Repeated administration of 14i and rosiglitazone for 14 days dose-dependently decreased plasma glucose levels, ED(50)=4.3 and 23 mg/kg/day, respectively, in male KK-A(y) mice. In female SD rats, repeated administration of 14i at 12.5-100mg/kg/day for 28 days had no effect on the hematocrit value (Ht) and red blood cell count (RBC), while rosiglitazone significantly decreased them from 25mg/kg/day. In conclusion, 14i showed about a fivefold stronger hypoglycemic effect and fourfold or more weaker hemodilution effect than rosiglitazone, indicating that 14i is 20-fold or more safer than rosiglitazone. Compound 14i is a promising candidate for an efficacious and safe anti-diabetic drug targeting PPARγ and PTP-1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Otake
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd, 38, Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan
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3
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Diaz JE, Lin CS, Kunishiro K, Feld BK, Avrantinis SK, Bronson J, Greaves J, Saven JG, Weiss GA. Computational design and selections for an engineered, thermostable terpene synthase. Protein Sci 2011; 20:1597-606. [PMID: 21739507 PMCID: PMC3190154 DOI: 10.1002/pro.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids include structurally diverse antibiotics, flavorings, and fragrances. Engineering terpene synthases for control over the synthesis of such compounds represents a long sought goal. We report computational design, selections, and assays of a thermostable mutant of tobacco 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS) for the catalysis of carbocation cyclization reactions at elevated temperatures. Selection for thermostability included proteolytic digestion followed by capture of intact proteins. Unlike the wild-type enzyme, the mutant TEAS retains enzymatic activity at 65°C. The thermostable terpene synthase variant denatures above 80°C, approximately twice the temperature of the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Chun-Shi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Kazuyoshi Kunishiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Birte K Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Sara K Avrantinis
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Jonathan Bronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - John Greaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Jeffery G Saven
- Department of Chemistry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, California 92697-2025
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Miike T, Kanda M, Kunishiro K, Shirahase H. Lipopolysaccharide-induced impairment of nitric oxide-mediated vasorelaxation and protective effects of nitric oxide synthesis inhibitors in isolated rat mesenteric arteries. Arzneimittelforschung 2010; 60:315-9. [PMID: 20648920 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1296293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Isolated rat mesenteric arteries were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 6 h and then mounted in an organ bath to investigate their responses to various relaxants. Exposure to LPS moderately reduced acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR), and markedly reduced sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced endothelium-independent relaxation (EIR). It did not affect ACh-induced EDR under treatment with a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, which is mediated by an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), and forskolin-induced EIR. N-(3-(Aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine (1400 W), an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, actinomycin D, an RNA polymerase inhibitor, cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and dexamethazone reduced the nitric oxide (NO) production and reversed the reduced ACh-induced EDR and SNP-induced EIR. In LPS-treated mesenteric artery, L-arginine-induced relaxation was not affected by removal of endothelium, indicating muscular inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction. Pre-exposure to SNP (NO donor) also moderately reduced ACh-induced EDR and markedly reduced SNP-induced EIR with little effect on ACh-induced EDHF-mediated EDR. In conclusion, in vitro exposure to LPS desensitized vascular smooth muscle cells to endogenous and exogenous NO by overproduction of muscular iNOS-derived NO, and an iNOS inhibitor and iNOS induction inhibitors prevented the LPS-induced desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Miike
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
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Ohta M, Takahashi K, Kasai M, Shoji Y, Kunishiro K, Miike T, Kanda M, Mukai C, Shirahase H. Novel Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives with Inhibitory Activities against Acyl-CoA: Cholesterol Acyltransferase and Lipid Peroxidation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:1066-76. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ohta
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | | | - Masayasu Kasai
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | | | | | - Tomohiro Miike
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Mamoru Kanda
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Chisato Mukai
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
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Takahashi K, Ohta M, Shoji Y, Kasai M, Kunishiro K, Miike T, Kanda M, Shirahase H. Novel Acyl-CoA: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibitor: Indoline-Based Sulfamide Derivatives with Low Lipophilicity and Protein Binding Ratio. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:1057-65. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaru Ohta
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | | | - Masayasu Kasai
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | | | - Tomohiro Miike
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Mamoru Kanda
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
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Miike T, Shirahase H, Kanda M, Kunishiro K, Kurahashi K. NK1 receptor-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation and contraction with different sensitivity to post-receptor signaling in pulmonary arteries. Vascul Pharmacol 2009; 51:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shoji Y, Takahashi K, Ohta M, Kasai M, Kunishiro K, Kanda M, Yogai S, Takeuchi Y, Shirahase H. Novel indoline-based acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor: Effects of introducing a methanesulfonamide group on physicochemical properties and biological activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6020-31. [PMID: 19608421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of indoline-based acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors with a methanesulfonamide group at the 5-position were synthesized and their lipophilicity and biological activities were evaluated. Hepatic ACAT inhibitory and anti-foam cell formation activity increased dependent on lipophilicity of derivatives with various alkyl chains at the 1-position. The logD(7.0)-biological activity curve of the derivatives with a methanesulfonamide group shifted leftward compared to that of Pactimibe derivatives with a carboxymethyl group, and derivatives with no substituent, suggesting that a methanesulfonamide group plays an important role in the interaction with ACAT protein. Among derivatives, N-(1-ethyl-5-methanesulfonylamino-4,6-dimethylindolin-7-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (1b) had about twofold lower logD(7.0) than Pactimibe, while it showed twofold higher hepatic ACAT inhibition than and the same anti-foam cell formation as Pactimibe, respectively. The C(max) of 1b (10mg/kg, po) was higher than that of Pactimibe in rats. The plasma protein binding ratio of 1b was lower than that of Pactimibe: 64.8% and 97.9%, respectively. Compound 1b showed greater inhibitory effects on hepatic cholesterol secretion in mice than Pactimibe. In conclusion, the introduction of a methanesulfonamide group is effective to design less lipophilic, more efficacious and more bioavailable indoline-based ACAT inhibitors than previous indoline-based inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimichi Shoji
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Japan
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Miike T, Shirahase H, Kanda M, Kunishiro K, Kurahashi K. Regional heterogeneity of substance P-induced endothelium-dependent contraction, relaxation, and -independent contraction in rabbit pulmonary arteries. Life Sci 2008; 83:810-4. [PMID: 18952112 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study examined whether substance P (SP)-induced endothelium-dependent TXA(2)-mediated contraction (EDC), nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation (EDR), and endothelium-independent contraction (EIC) are different between the rabbit proximal and distal intrapulmonary arteries. MAIN METHODS The helically cut strips of isolated proximal and distal arteries were fixed vertically between hooks in organ bath, and changes in isometric tension were measured. KEY FINDINGS SP-induced EDC was greater in the distal than proximal arteries, and EDR was greater in the proximal than distal arteries. However, under the complete blockade of NK(2) receptors and NO production, SP (10(-9)-3x10(-7) M)-induced EDC did not differ between proximal and distal arteries. Under the complete blockade of NK(2) receptors and TXA(2) production, SP (3x10(-10)-3x10(-8) M)-induced EDR was greater in the proximal than distal arteries. Neither contraction induced by U-46619, a TXA(2) agonist, nor relaxation by sodium nitroprusside, an NO donor, was different between both portions of the arteries. Both ionomycin (10(-8) M)- and l-arginine (1 mM)-induced EDRs were also significantly greater in the proximal than distal arteries. Under the blockade of NK(1) receptors and NO and TXA(2) production, SP (10(-7) M)-induced EIC was greater in the distal than proximal arteries. In summary, the capacity for NO production is higher in the proximal than distal arteries, resulting in SP-induced higher EDR and lower EDC in the proximal arteries. SIGNIFICANCE These regional differences in responses to SP may play important roles in maintaining the homogenous distribution of blood flow in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Miike
- Pharmacology Division, RI Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Takahashi K, Kasai M, Ohta M, Shoji Y, Kunishiro K, Kanda M, Kurahashi K, Shirahase H. Novel Indoline-Based Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibitor with Antiperoxidative Activity: Improvement of Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities by Introduction of Carboxylic Acid. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4823-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800248r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takahashi
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kasai
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masaru Ohta
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Shoji
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kunishiro
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kanda
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kurahashi
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirahase
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., 38 Nishinokyo Tsukinowa-cho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8444, Japan, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Miike T, Kunishiro K, Kanda M, Azukizawa S, Kurahashi K, Shirahase H. Impairment of endothelium-dependent ACh-induced relaxation in aorta of diabetic db/db mice--possible dysfunction of receptor and/or receptor-G protein coupling. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 377:401-10. [PMID: 18228001 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a risk factor of ischemic heart disease, cerebral ischemia, and atherosclerosis, in which endothelial dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis. We examined vascular responses in the aorta of pre-diabetic db/db mice with normoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia (6 weeks old), and diabetic db/db mice with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia (11 weeks old) in comparison with age-matched non-diabetic db/+ mice. Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha)-induced contraction was significantly enhanced in the aorta of diabetic but not pre-diabetic db/db mice compared to age-matched non-diabetic db/+ mice. Acetylcholine (ACh), adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP), NaF, a G protein activator and A-23187, a Ca-ionophore, caused endothelium-dependent and nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, caused endothelium-independent relaxation in the pre-contracted aorta of db/db mice. Maximal endothelium-dependent ACh-induced relaxation was reduced in diabetic but not pre-diabetic db/db mice compared to age-matched db/+ mice, while maximal SNP-induced relaxation was not different between diabetic and non-diabetic mice. ACh-induced relaxation in diabetic db/db mice was not affected by ozagrel, a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthetase inhibitor, or acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, suggesting no involvement of endogenous TXA2 or prostanoids in the reduction of relaxation. Maximal endothelium-dependent ADP-, A-23187-, and NaF-induced relaxation was not reduced in diabetic db/db mice. EC50 values for ACh- and SNP-induced relaxation were increased in diabetic but not pre-diabetic db/db mice, suggesting decreases in sensitivity to NO in diabetic mice. Two-week treatment with KV-5070, a PPARgamma agonist, lowered plasma glucose, triglyceride (TG), and insulin but not cholesterol, and reversed the reduced ACh-induced relaxation. In conclusion, ACh-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation is impaired in diabetic db/db mice, probably due to the dysfunction of ACh receptors and/or receptor-G protein coupling. Endothelial dysfunction was not genetic and was considered to be initiated primarily by hyperglycemia, and was improved by anti-diabetic treatment with a PPARgamma agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Miike
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Kyoto, 604-8444, Japan
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Takahashi K, Kunishiro K, Kasai M, Miike T, Kurahashi K, Shirahase H. Relationships between lipophilicity and biological activities in a series of indoline-based anti-oxidative acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors. Arzneimittelforschung 2008; 58:666-672. [PMID: 19202739 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1296569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of 1-alkyl-7-amido-indoline-based anti-oxidative acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors have been reported and are expected to lower plasma cholesterol levels due to the inhibition of intestinal and hepatic ACAT, and to inhibit cholesterol accumulation in macrophages due to the inhibition of low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. In the present study, relationships between lipophilicity and biological activities were examined in 13 derivatives. Lipophilicity (logP) increased and water solubility decreased with dependence on the number of carbons in the 1-alkyl chain. Inhibitory activity against both in vitro intestinal ACAT and LDL oxidation positively correlated with logP; however, the optimum logP, at which the level of activity is maximal, differed between these two effects. Inhibitory activity against in vitro plasma oxidation was weakly dependent on logP. Plasma concentrations of the derivatives after oral administration at 10 mg/kg correlated negatively with logP and positively with water solubility. Hypocholesterolemic activity in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet, and the ratio of Cmax and IC50 values for ACAT inhibition, an index of effective plasma concentration, positively and highly correlated with logP, while ex vivo inhibitory activity against plasma oxidation in rats, and the ratio of Cmax and IC50 values for the inhibition of plasma oxidation negatively correlated with logP. In conclusion, in vitro ACAT inhibitory and anti-oxidative activity were differently dependent on logP, and intestinal absorption was inversely dependent on lipophilicity in indoline-based anti-oxidative ACAT inhibitors. The hypocholesterolemic effect positively correlated and the ex vivo anti-oxidative effect negatively correlated with lipophilicity. Optimum logP as a bioavailable dual inhibitor against in vivo ACAT and lipid peroxidation was estimated to be 3.8 (1-pentyl and 1-isopentyl derivatives) in the present series of derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Takahashi
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Azukizawa S, Kasai M, Takahashi K, Miike T, Kunishiro K, Kanda M, Mukai C, Shirahase H. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acids: A Novel Series of PPAR.GAMMA. Agonists. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:335-45. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masayasu Kasai
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | | | - Tomohiro Miike
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | | | - Mamoru Kanda
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
| | - Chisato Mukai
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
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Miike T, Shirahase H, Jino H, Kunishiro K, Kanda M, Kurahashi K. Effects of an anti-oxidative ACAT inhibitor on apoptosis/necrosis and cholesterol accumulation under oxidative stress in THP-1 cell-derived foam cells. Life Sci 2007; 82:79-84. [PMID: 18037448 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
THP-1 cell-derived foam cells were exposed to oxidative stress through combined treatment with acetylated LDL (acLDL) and copper ions (Cu2+). The foam cells showed caspase-dependent apoptotic changes on exposure to oxidative stress for 6 h, and necrotic changes with the leakage of LDH after 24 h. KY-455, an anti-oxidative ACAT inhibitor, and ascorbic acid (VC) but not YM-750, an ACAT inhibitor, prevented apoptotic and necrotic changes. These preventive effects of KY-455 and VC were accompanied by the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in culture medium containing acLDL and Cu2+, suggesting the involvement of oxidized acLDL in apoptosis and necrosis. Foam cells accumulated esterified cholesterol (EC) for 24 h in the presence of acLDL without Cu2+, which was suppressed by KY-455 and YM-750. Foam cells showed necrotic changes and died in the presence of acLDL and Cu2+. KY-455 but not YM-750 prevented cell death and reduced the amount of EC accumulated. The foam cells treated with VC further accumulated EC without necrotic changes for 24 h even in the presence of acLDL and Cu2+. YM-750 as well as KY-455 inhibited lipid accumulation when co-incubated with VC in foam cells exposed to oxidative stress. It is concluded that an anti-oxidative ACAT inhibitor or the combination of an antioxidant and an ACAT inhibitor protects foam cells from oxidative stress and effectively reduces cholesterol levels, which would be a promising approach in anti-atherosclerotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Miike
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Kyoto 604-8444, Japan
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15
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Sakaguchi Y, Shirahase H, Kunishiro K, Ichikawa A, Kanda M, Uehara Y. Synergistic effect of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:695-9. [PMID: 17225565 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1296775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of L-nitroarginine methylester (L-NAME, CAS 50903-99-6), a non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, indometacin (IND, CAS 3305-29-1), a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, and a combination of these agents (L-NAME + IND) on carrageenan-induced paw edema for 4 h after the injection of carrageenan in rats. L-NAME at 10 and 30 mg/ kg but not 3 mg/kg (i.p.) decreased paw volume slightly but significantly only at 1 h after the carrageenan injection. IND reduced paw volume slightly at 1 and 3 mg/kg, and markedly at 10 mg/kg (p.o.). A combination of L-NAME and IND at a subthreshold dose (3 mg/kg, i.p. and 1 mg/kg, p.o., respectively) caused a marked reduction of paw edema, which was also confirmed by histopathological examinations. A combination of N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine (1400W, CAS 180001-34-7), a selective inhibitor of inducible NOS, and IND at 3 mg/kg, i.p., and 1 mg/kg, p.o., respectively, did not show synergistic anti-inflammatory effects. In conclusion, the combination of non-selective NOS and COX inhibitors had synergistic anti-inflammatory effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema at an early stage, suggesting negative crosstalk between the endogenous NOS-NO and COX-PG pathways in the early stages of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasue Sakaguchi
- Kobuchisawa Laboratories, Fuji Biomedix Co., Ltd., Yamanashi 408-0044, Japan
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Sakaguchi Y, Shirahase H, Kunishiro K, Ichikawa A, Kanda M, Uehara Y. Effect of combination of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors on carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats. Life Sci 2006; 79:442-7. [PMID: 16481007 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effects of L-nitroarginine methylester (L-NAME), a non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, indomethacin (IND), a non-selective COX inhibitor and a combination of these agents (L-NAME+IND) on carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats. Exudate volume, albumin leakage, leukocyte influx, exudate and plasma nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)) levels and exudate PGE(2) levels increased markedly 6 h after an intrapleural injection of 2% carrageenan. First, the effects of L-NAME and IND alone were investigated. L-NAME non-significantly reduced exudate volume by 26% at 10 mg/kg (i.p.), and significantly by 45% at 30 mg/kg. IND dose-dependently decreased the exudate volume at 0.3-10 mg/kg (p.o.) and the effect reached the maximal level at 1 mg/kg (33%). Second, the effects of L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.p.), IND (1 mg/kg, p.o.) and L-NAME+IND were examined. L-NAME and IND alone at the dose employed significantly reduced the exudate volume and albumin levels by 21-26%. L-NAME but not IND tended to reduce the increased exudate and plasma NO(x) by 18% and 19%, respectively. IND but not L-NAME significantly reduced leukocyte numbers and PGE(2) levels in the exudates by 25% and 77%, respectively. L-NAME+IND significantly reduced exudate volume, albumin leakage, leukocyte number, PGE(2) and NO(x) by 43%, 41%, 31%, 80% and 37%, respectively. The inhibitory effects of L-NAME+IND on exudate volume, albumin leakage and NO(x) levels were greater than those of L-NAME and IND alone. In conclusion, a non-selective NOS inhibitor and COX inhibitor showed anti-inflammatory effects at the early phase of carrageenan-induced pleurisy, and a combination of both inhibitors had a greater effect than each alone probably via the potentiation of NOS inhibition. The simultaneous inhibition of NOS and COX could be a useful approach in therapy for acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasue Sakaguchi
- Fuji Biomedix, Co. Ltd., Yamanashi Prefecture 408-0044, Japan
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Kunishiro K, Tai A, Yamamoto I. Effects of rooibos tea extract on antigen-specific antibody production and cytokine generation in vitro and in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:2137-45. [PMID: 11758901 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rooibos tea contains a large amount of flavonoids and acts as a potent antioxidant. In this study, we examined the effects of Rooibos tea extract on antigen-specific antibody production and cytokine generation in vitro and in vivo. The primary in vitro anti-ovalbumin (anti-OVA) or sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody production in murine splenocytes was markedly stimulated by the addition of the tea extract at concentrations of 1-100 microg/ml. On the other hand, a nonspecific antibody response elicited with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in purified splenic B-cells was not modified by the extract. Rooibos tea extract caused an increase in the generation of interleukin 2 (IL-2) both in OVA- and anti-CD3-primed splenocytes at concentrations ranging from 10 microg/ml to 1000 microg/ml. In contrast, this tea extract suppressed the generation of interleukin 4 (IL-4) in OVA-primed splenocytes. Moreover, the reduction of OVA-induced antibody production in serum of the cyclosporin A (CyA) -treated rats can be significantly restored and the IL-2 generation in murine splenocytes was stimulated, following oral administrations of Rooibos tea extract. Thus, our findings suggested that Rooibos tea extract may facilitate the antigen-specific antibody production through selective augmentation of IL-2 generation both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, Rooibos tea intake may be of value in prophylaxis of the diseases involving a severe defect in Th1 immune response such as cancer, allergy, AIDS, and other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kunishiro
- Department of Immunochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
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