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Nakamura M, Umehara N, Ishii K, Sasahara J, Kiyoshi K, Ozawa K, Tanaka K, Tanemoto T, Ichizuka K, Hasegawa J, Ishikawa H, Murakoshi T, Sago H. A poor long-term neurological prognosis is associated with abnormal cord insertion in severe growth-restricted fetuses. J Perinat Med 2018; 46:1040-1047. [PMID: 29267174 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2017-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify and compare if the neurological outcomes of fetal growth restriction (FGR) cases with abnormal cord insertion (CI) are associated with a higher risk of a poor neurological outcome in subjects aged 3 years or less versus those with normal CI. METHODS A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted among patients with a birth weight lower than the 3rd percentile, based on the standard reference values for Japanese subjects after 22 weeks' gestation, who were treated at a consortium of nine perinatal centers in Japan between June 2005 and March 2011. Patients whose birth weights were less than the 3rd percentile and whose neurological outcomes from birth to 3 years of age could be checked from their medical records were analyzed. The relationship between abnormal CI and neurological outcomes was analyzed. Univariate and multivariate models of multivariate logistic regression were employed to estimate the raw and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals comparing marginal (MCI) and velamentous cord insertion (VCI) to normal CI. RESULTS Among 365 neonates, 63 cases of MCI and 14 cases of VCI were observed. After excluding 24 cases with neonatal or infant death from the total FGR population, the assessment of the outcomes of the infants aged 3 years or younger showed the following rates of neurological complications: 7.3% (n=25) for cerebral palsy, 8.8% (n=30) for developmental disorders, 16.7% (n=57) for small-for-gestational-age short stature (SGA), 0.6% (n=2) for impaired hearing, 0.9% (n=3) for epilepsy, 1.2% (n=4). The ORs (95% confidence intervals) based on multivariate analysis were as follows: cerebral palsy=10.1 (2.4-41.5) in the VCI group and 4.3 (1.6-11.9) in the MCI group, developmental disorders=6.7 (1.7-26) in the VCI group and 3.9 (1.1-14.2) in the single umbilical artery (SUA) group, 5.1 (1.4-18.7) for birth weight <1000 g and 2.8 (1.2-6.7) for placental weight <200 g. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that growth-restricted fetuses diagnosed with a birth weight below the 3rd percentile exhibiting abnormal umbilical CI are at a high risk for poor neurological outcomes, including cerebral palsy and/or developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagayoshi Umehara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Sasahara
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kiyoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo Children's Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Katsusuke Ozawa
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kei Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyorin University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanemoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jikei University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotake Ichizuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murakoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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Sasahara J, Ishii K, Umehara N, Oba M, Kiyoshi K, Murakoshi T, Tanemoto T, Ishikawa H, Ichizuka K, Yoshida A, Tanaka K, Ozawa K, Sago H. Significance of oligohydramnios in preterm small-for-gestational-age infants for outcome at 18 months of age. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:1451-1456. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sasahara
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi Japan
| | - Nagayoshi Umehara
- Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine; National Center for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mari Oba
- Department of Medical Statistics; Faculty of Medicine, Toho University; Yokohama Japan
| | - Kenji Kiyoshi
- Department of Obstetrics; Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital; Kobe Japan
| | - Takeshi Murakoshi
- Maternal and Perinatal Care Center; Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanemoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of Obstetrics; Kanagawa Children's Medical Center; Yokohama Japan
| | - Kiyotake Ichizuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Showa University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Aya Yoshida
- Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine; National Center for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kei Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kyorin University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Katsusuke Ozawa
- Department of Obstetrics; Miyagi Children's Hospital; Sendai Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine; National Center for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
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Sato Y, Ishii K, Yokouchi T, Murakoshi T, Kiyoshi K, Nakayama S, Yonetani N, Mitsuda N. Incidences of Feto-Fetal Transfusion Syndrome and Perinatal Outcomes in Triplet Gestations with Monochorionic Placentation. Fetal Diagn Ther 2016; 40:181-186. [PMID: 26760043 DOI: 10.1159/000443610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to determine the incidences of feto-fetal transfusion syndrome (FFTS) and perinatal outcomes in triplet gestations with monochorionic placentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated the incidences of FFTS and perinatal outcomes at 28 days of age in cases of triplet gestations with monochorionic placentation who visited our centers before 16 weeks of gestation and delivered over a period of 11 years. RESULTS In 41 triplet gestations (17 monochorionic triamniotic, 22 dichorionic triamniotic, 1 dichorionic diamniotic, and 1 monochorionic monoamniotic), the incidence of FFTS was 17.1%, and the median gestational age at FFTS diagnosis was 19 weeks. In 123 triplets, the incidences of fetal death and neonatal death at 28 days of age were 8.1 and 0.9%, respectively. None of the surviving infants had grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage, while cystic periventricular leukomalacia occurred in 6 of 113 infants (5.3%). The incidence of poor outcomes (death or any major neurological complication at 28 days of age) was 13.8%. DISCUSSION Seventeen percent of triplet pregnancies with monochorionic placentation developed FFTS, and 14% had a poor outcome. Therefore, triplet gestations with monochorionic placentation should be followed carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sato
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Japan
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Yoshida A, Umehara N, Sasahara J, Ozawa K, Ichizuka K, Tanaka K, Tanemoto T, Ishikawa H, Murakoshi T, Kiyoshi K, Oba MS, Ishii K, Sago H. Prenatal risk stratification of severe small-for-gestational-age infants: a Japanese multicenter study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:1353-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1049147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nakazawa H, Uchida A, Minamitani T, Makishi A, Takamatsu Y, Kiyoshi K, Samoto T, Funakoshi T. Factors affecting maternal serum magnesium levels during long-term magnesium sulfate tocolysis in singleton and twin pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015; 41:1178-84. [PMID: 25857633 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our aim was to determine factors that affect maternal serum magnesium (Mg) levels, to help ensure the safety and efficacy of long-term magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ) therapy for threatened preterm labor in singleton and twin pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively and arbitrarily studied 100 patients (singleton pregnancy, n = 65; twin pregnancy, n = 35) who received i.v. MgSO4 for >48 h for tocolysis of threatened preterm labor. We used multiple regression analysis to investigate the functional relations between the candidate factors and maternal serum Mg levels. RESULTS MgSO4 was administered as a loading dose of 3 g for 1 h followed by a maintenance dose of 1.0-2.0 g/h. There were no maternal severe adverse events related to the elevated Mg levels in any of the subjects. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that total dose of MgSO4 for 24 h before blood collection (g/day), total serum protein level (g/dL), serum total calcium level (mg/dL), serum creatinine level (mg/dL) and maternal bodyweight (kg) significantly affected maternal serum Mg levels in both singleton and twin pregnancies (all P-values were < 0.001). Gestational age (weeks) and period of MgSO4 administration (days) at blood collection had no significant effect in singleton or twin pregnancies. CONCLUSION Our study statistically shows that dose of MgSO4 , total serum protein level, serum total calcium level, serum creatinine level and maternal bodyweight are key factors to achieving safe and effective long-term tocolysis with MgSO4 in not only singleton but also twin pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakazawa
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiko Uchida
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Minamitani
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Aya Makishi
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukou Takamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Kiyoshi
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Samoto
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toru Funakoshi
- Department of Obstetrics, Perinatal Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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Yoshida A, Umehara N, Ozawa K, Ichizuka K, Tanaka K, Tanemoto T, Ishikawa H, Murakoshi T, Sasahara J, Ishii K, Kiyoshi K, Sago H. The outcome of severe growth-restricted infants at 28 days after birth and abnormalities of umbilical cord insertion. Placenta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.06.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Murata M, Ishii K, Kamitomo M, Murakoshi T, Takahashi Y, Sekino M, Kiyoshi K, Sago H, Yamamoto R, Kawaguchi H, Mitsuda N. Perinatal outcome and clinical features of monochorionic monoamniotic twin gestation. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 39:922-5. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Murata
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi Japan
| | - Masato Kamitomo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kagoshima City Hospital; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Takeshi Murakoshi
- Maternal and Perinatal Care Center; Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital; Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Yuichiro Takahashi
- Department of Fetal-Maternal Medicine; Nagara Medical Center; Gifu Japan
| | - Madoka Sekino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hiroshima City Hospital; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kenji Kiyoshi
- Division of Perinatology, Feto-Maternal Center; Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital; Kobe Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Department of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine; National Center for Child Health and Development; Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi Japan
| | - Haruna Kawaguchi
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mitsuda
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health; Izumi Japan
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Takashima E, Yamada H, Yajima A, Shiomi K, Ōmura S, Kiyoshi K. A quinol peroxidase inhibitor prevents secretion of a leukotoxin fromAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:123-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hamada AL, Nakabayashi K, Sato A, Kiyoshi K, Takamatsu Y, Laoag-Fernandez JB, Ohara N, Maruo T. Transfection of antisense chorionic gonadotropin beta gene into choriocarcinoma cells suppresses the cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4873-9. [PMID: 15886246 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Choriocarcinoma cells not only synthesize human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), but also express LH/CG receptors on the cell membrane. This suggests that the hCG and LH/CG receptors may play a role in regulating the biological function of choriocarcinoma cells in an autocrine/paracrine manner. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS The objective of this study was to ascertain whether the inhibition of CGbeta gene expression in choriocarcinoma cells affects their proliferation and apoptosis. Expression vector bearing antisense CGbeta gene was transfected into the choriocarcinoma cell line, JAr. CGbeta protein synthesis was monitored by Western immunoblot, and CGbeta mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR. Cell proliferation was assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethlthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and nuclear incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, and the apoptosis-positive rate was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling analysis and nuclear staining with Hoechst 32258. RESULTS JAr cells transfected with antisense CGbeta gene (JAr-aCGbeta cells) showed a significant decrease in hCG production and cell proliferation compared with untransfected and mock-transfected cells. The apoptosis-positive rate of the JAr-aCGbeta cells significantly increased compared with that of the controls. LH/CG receptor expression in JAr-aCGbeta cells decreased compared with that in controls. By contrast, supplementation of exogenous hCG significantly increased the LH/CG receptor expression and viability of JAr-aCGbeta cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hCG, through its binding to the LH/CG receptor, may augment proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in choriocarcinoma JAr cells, and that the introduction of an antisense gene may be a potential approach to the inhibition of choriocarcinoma cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lissa Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Takeuchi K, Masuda Y, Narita F, Kiyoshi K, Mizutori M, Maruo T. Prenatal evaluation of bidirectional epignathus: comparison of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Fetal Diagn Ther 2003; 18:26-8. [PMID: 12566771 DOI: 10.1159/000066379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2001] [Accepted: 03/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epignathus is an unusual, benign, congenital teratoma of the hard palate. Most of these teratomas are unidirectional and protrude through the mouth. Hence, the prognosis depends on the size of the tumor and degree of face distortion and airway obstruction. Occasionally, intracranial extension of the tumor is present, involving and destroying the brain tissue, resulting in a poor prognosis. The authors describe 2 cases of bidirectional epignathus, showing the different findings on ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyousuke Takeuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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Kiyoshi K, Kondoh M, Hirunagi K, Korf H. Confocal laser scanning and electron-microscopic analyses of the relationship between VIP-like and GnRH-like-immunoreactive neurons in the lateral septal-preoptic area of the pigeon. Cell Tissue Res 1998; 293:39-46. [PMID: 9634596 DOI: 10.1007/s004410051096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lateral septum and the preoptic area of birds comprise neurons immunoreactive (ir) for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). By use of immunohistochemical single- and double-labeling techniques, we have investigated the distribution and the connections of these two types of peptidergic neurons in the lateral septal-preoptic area of the pigeon at both the light- and electron-microscopic levels. An accumulation of VIP-like-ir neurons, some of which are cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons, is found in the area adjacent to the ventromedial walls of the lateral ventricles in the lateral septum corresponding to the medial part of the lateral septal organ. VIP-like-ir terminals are scattered throughout the lateral septal-preoptic area, which also contains GnRH-like-ir cell bodies. The number of GnRH-like-ir cell bodies in the lateral septum is smaller than that of the VIP-like-ir neurons. GnRH-like-ir cells have a simple bipolar or multipolar shape and a beaded axon that emerges from the soma or one of the proximal dendrites. Confocal laser scanning microscopy has shown VIP-like-ir terminals in close apposition to GnRH-like-ir cell bodies in the lateral septal-preoptic area. Furthermore, the electron-microscopic double-immunolabeling has revealed synaptic contacts between VIP-like-ir axon terminals and GnRH-like-ir cell bodies or dendrites. These contacts, however, do not show synaptic specializations. The present results suggest that functional interactions take place between VIP and GnRH neurons in the lateral septal-preoptic area of the pigeon and that these interactions are involved in mediating photoperiodic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kiyoshi
- Department of Animal Morphology and Function, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Hirunagi K, Kiyoshi K, Adachi A, Hasegawa M, Ebihara S, Korf HW. Electron-microscopic investigations of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactive terminal formations in the lateral septum of the pigeon. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 278:415-8. [PMID: 8001092 DOI: 10.1007/bf00414184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactive terminal fields were examined in the lateral septum of the pigeon by means of immunocytochemistry. According to light-microscopic observations, these projections originated from VIP-like immunoreactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons, which are located in the ependymal layer of the lateral septum and form a part of the lateral septal organ. The processes of these cells gave rise to dense terminal-like structures in the lateral septum. Pre-embedding immuno-electron microscopy revealed that VIP-like immunoreactive axon terminals had synaptoid contacts with perikarya of small VIP-immunonegative neurons of the lateral septum, which were characterized by an invaginated nucleus, numerous mitochondria, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and a small number of dense-core vesicles (about 100 nm in diameter). VIP-like immunoreactive axons were also seen in contact with immunonegative dendrites in the lateral septum. In both axosomatic and axodendritic connections, VIP-like immunoreactive presynaptic terminals contained large dense-core vesicles, clusters of small vesicles and mitochondria. These findings suggest that VIP-immunoreactive neurons of the lateral septal organ project to small, presumably peptidergic nerve cells of the lateral septum and that the VIP-like neuropeptide serves as a neuromodulator (-transmitter) in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hirunagi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan
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