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Hess KC, Liu J, Manfredi G, Mühlschlegel FA, Buck J, Levin LR, Barrientos A. A mitochondrial CO2-adenylyl cyclase-cAMP signalosome controls yeast normoxic cytochrome c oxidase activity. FASEB J 2014; 28:4369-80. [PMID: 25002117 PMCID: PMC4202101 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-252890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria, the major source of cellular energy in the form of ATP, respond to changes in substrate availability and bioenergetic demands by employing rapid, short-term, metabolic adaptation mechanisms, such as phosphorylation-dependent protein regulation. In mammalian cells, an intramitochondrial CO2-adenylyl cyclase (AC)-cyclic AMP (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway regulates aerobic energy production. One target of this pathway involves phosphorylation of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit 4-isoform 1 (COX4i1), which modulates COX allosteric regulation by ATP. However, the role of the CO2-sAC-cAMP-PKA signalosome in regulating COX activity and mitochondrial metabolism and its evolutionary conservation remain to be fully established. We show that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, normoxic COX activity measured in the presence of ATP is 55% lower than in the presence of ADP. Moreover, the adenylyl cyclase Cyr1 activity is present in mitochondria, and it contributes to the ATP-mediated regulation of COX through the normoxic subunit Cox5a, homologue of human COX4i1, in a bicarbonate-sensitive manner. Furthermore, we have identified 2 phosphorylation targets in Cox5a (T65 and S43) that modulate its allosteric regulation by ATP. These residues are not conserved in the Cox5b-containing hypoxic enzyme, which is not regulated by ATP. We conclude that across evolution, a CO2-sAC-cAMP-PKA axis regulates normoxic COX activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; and
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Zippin JH, Chen Y, Straub SG, Hess KC, Diaz A, Lee D, Tso P, Holz GG, Sharp GW, Levin LR, Buck J. CO2/HCO3−- and calcium-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase as a physiological ATP sensor. J Biol Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a113.510073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zippin JH, Chen Y, Straub SG, Hess KC, Diaz A, Lee D, Tso P, Holz GG, Sharp GWG, Levin LR, Buck J. CO2/HCO3(-)- and calcium-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase as a physiological ATP sensor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33283-91. [PMID: 24100033 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.510073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The second messenger molecule cAMP is integral for many physiological processes. In mammalian cells, cAMP can be generated from hormone- and G protein-regulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclases or via the widely expressed and structurally and biochemically distinct enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). sAC activity is uniquely stimulated by bicarbonate ions, and in cells, sAC functions as a physiological carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, and pH sensor. sAC activity is also stimulated by calcium, and its affinity for its substrate ATP suggests that it may be sensitive to physiologically relevant fluctuations in intracellular ATP. We demonstrate here that sAC can function as a cellular ATP sensor. In cells, sAC-generated cAMP reflects alterations in intracellular ATP that do not affect transmembrane AC-generated cAMP. In β cells of the pancreas, glucose metabolism generates ATP, which corresponds to an increase in cAMP, and we show here that sAC is responsible for an ATP-dependent cAMP increase. Glucose metabolism also elicits insulin secretion, and we further show that sAC is necessary for normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo.
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Ramos-Espiritu LS, Hess KC, Buck J, Levin LR. The soluble guanylyl cyclase activator YC-1 increases intracellular cGMP and cAMP via independent mechanisms in INS-1E cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:925-31. [PMID: 21665942 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.184135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to increasing cGMP, the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activator 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole (YC-1) can elevate intracellular cAMP levels. This response was assumed to be as a result of cGMP-dependent inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterases; however, in this study, we show that YC-1-induced cAMP production in the rat pancreatic beta cell line INS-1E occurs independent of its function as a sGC activator and independent of its ability to inhibit phosphodiesterases. This YC-1-induced cAMP increase is dependent upon soluble adenylyl cyclase and not on transmembrane adenylyl cyclase activity. We previously showed that soluble adenylyl cyclase-generated cAMP can lead to extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and that YC-1-stimulated cAMP production also stimulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Although YC-1 has been used as a tool for investigating sGC and cGMP-mediated pathways, this study reveals cGMP-independent pharmacological actions of this compound.
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Townsend PD, Holliday PM, Fenyk S, Hess KC, Gray MA, Hodgson DRW, Cann MJ. Stimulation of mammalian G-protein-responsive adenylyl cyclases by carbon dioxide. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:784-91. [PMID: 19008230 PMCID: PMC2613629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807239200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is fundamental to the physiology of all organisms. There is
considerable interest in the precise molecular mechanisms that organisms use
to directly sense CO2. Here we demonstrate that a mammalian
recombinant G-protein-activated adenylyl cyclase and the related Rv1625c
adenylyl cyclase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are specifically
stimulated by CO2. Stimulation occurred at physiological
concentrations of CO2 through increased kcat.
CO2 increased the affinity of enzyme for metal co-factor, but
contact with metal was not necessary as CO2 interacted directly
with apoenzyme. CO2 stimulated the activity of both
G-protein-regulated adenylyl cyclases and Rv1625c in vivo. Activation
of G-protein regulated adenylyl cyclases by CO2 gave a
corresponding increase in cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)
phosphorylation. Comparison of the responses of the G-protein regulated
adenylyl cyclases and the molecularly, and biochemically distinct mammalian
soluble adenylyl cyclase revealed that whereas G-protein-regulated enzymes are
responsive to CO2, the soluble adenylyl cyclase is responsive to
both CO2 and bicarbonate ion. We have, thus, identified a signaling
enzyme by which eukaryotes can directly detect and respond to fluctuating
CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Townsend
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Stessin AM, Zippin JH, Kamenetsky M, Hess KC, Buck J, Levin LR. Soluble adenylyl cyclase mediates nerve growth factor-induced activation of Rap1. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:17253-17258. [PMID: 16627466 PMCID: PMC3092367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and the ubiquitous second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) are both implicated in neuronal differentiation. Multiple studies indicate that NGF signals to at least a subset of its targets via cAMP, but the link between NGF and cAMP has remained elusive. Here, we have described the use of small molecule inhibitors to differentiate between the two known sources of cAMP in mammalian cells, bicarbonate- and calcium-responsive soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) and G protein-regulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclases. These inhibitors, along with sAC-specific small interfering RNA, reveal that sAC is uniquely responsible for the NGF-elicited rise in cAMP and is essential for the NGF-induced activation of the small G protein Rap1 in PC12 cells. In contrast and as expected, transmembrane adenylyl cyclase-generated cAMP is responsible for Rap1 activation by the G protein-coupled receptor ligand PACAP (pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide). These results identify sAC as a mediator of NGF signaling and reveal the existence of distinct pathways leading to cAMP-dependent signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Stessin
- Department of Pharmacology, New York, New York 10021; Tri-institutional M.D./Ph.D. Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Pharmacology, New York, New York 10021; Tri-institutional M.D./Ph.D. Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | | | | | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, New York, New York 10021.
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, New York, New York 10021
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Hess KC, Jones BH, Marquez B, Chen Y, Ord TS, Kamenetsky M, Miyamoto C, Zippin JH, Kopf GS, Suarez SS, Levin LR, Williams CJ, Buck J, Moss SB. The "soluble" adenylyl cyclase in sperm mediates multiple signaling events required for fertilization. Dev Cell 2005; 9:249-59. [PMID: 16054031 PMCID: PMC3082461 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian fertilization is dependent upon a series of bicarbonate-induced, cAMP-dependent processes sperm undergo as they "capacitate," i.e., acquire the ability to fertilize eggs. Male mice lacking the bicarbonate- and calcium-responsive soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), the predominant source of cAMP in male germ cells, are infertile, as the sperm are immotile. Membrane-permeable cAMP analogs are reported to rescue the motility defect, but we now show that these "rescued" null sperm were not hyperactive, displayed flagellar angulation, and remained unable to fertilize eggs in vitro. These deficits uncover a requirement for sAC during spermatogenesis and/or epididymal maturation and reveal limitations inherent in studying sAC function using knockout mice. To circumvent this restriction, we identified a specific sAC inhibitor that allowed temporal control over sAC activity. This inhibitor revealed that capacitation is defined by separable events: induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and motility are sAC dependent while acrosomal exocytosis is not dependent on sAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C. Hess
- Department of Pharmacology Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, New York 10021
| | - Brian H. Jones
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health University of Pennsylvania Medical Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Becky Marquez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yanqiu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, New York 10021
| | - Teri S. Ord
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health University of Pennsylvania Medical Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Margarita Kamenetsky
- Department of Pharmacology Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, New York 10021
| | - Catarina Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, New York 10021
| | - Jonathan H. Zippin
- Department of Pharmacology Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, New York 10021
| | - Gregory S. Kopf
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health University of Pennsylvania Medical Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Susan S. Suarez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, New York 10021
- Correspondence: (L.R.L.), (S.B.M.)
| | - Carmen J. Williams
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health University of Pennsylvania Medical Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, New York 10021
| | - Stuart B. Moss
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women’s Health University of Pennsylvania Medical Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Correspondence: (L.R.L.), (S.B.M.)
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Steegborn C, Litvin TN, Hess KC, CapperM AB, Taussig R, Buck J, Levin LR, Wu H. A novel mechanism for adenylyl cyclase inhibition from the crystal structure of its complex with catechol estrogen. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:31754-9. [PMID: 16002394 PMCID: PMC3650720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507144200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechol estrogens are steroid metabolites that elicit physiological responses through binding to a variety of cellular targets. We show here that catechol estrogens directly inhibit soluble adenylyl cyclases and the abundant trans-membrane adenylyl cyclases. Catechol estrogen inhibition is non-competitive with respect to the substrate ATP, and we solved the crystal structure of a catechol estrogen bound to a soluble adenylyl cyclase from Spirulina platensis in complex with a substrate analog. The catechol estrogen is bound to a newly identified, conserved hydrophobic patch near the active center but distinct from the ATP-binding cleft. Inhibitor binding leads to a chelating interaction between the catechol estrogen hydroxyl groups and the catalytic magnesium ion, distorting the active site and trapping the enzyme substrate complex in a non-productive conformation. This novel inhibition mechanism likely applies to other adenylyl cyclase inhibitors, and the identified ligand-binding site has important implications for the development of specific adenylyl cyclase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Steegborn
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Tatiana N. Litvin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Kenneth C. Hess
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Austin B. CapperM
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Ronald Taussig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Hao Wu
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
- A Pew Scholar of Biomedical Sciences, a Rita Allen Scholar, and to whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry, W206, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10021. Tel.: 212-746-6451; Fax: 212-746-4843;
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Zippin JH, Farrell J, Huron D, Kamenetsky M, Hess KC, Fischman DA, Levin LR, Buck J. Bicarbonate-responsive "soluble" adenylyl cyclase defines a nuclear cAMP microdomain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 164:527-34. [PMID: 14769862 PMCID: PMC2172001 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200311119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bicarbonate-responsive “soluble” adenylyl cyclase resides, in part, inside the mammalian cell nucleus where it stimulates the activity of nuclear protein kinase A to phosphorylate the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). The existence of this complete and functional, nuclear-localized cAMP pathway establishes that cAMP signals in intracellular microdomains and identifies an alternate pathway leading to CREB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
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