A hybrid thyroid tumor type classification system using feature fusion, multilayer perceptron and bonobo optimization

BACKGROUND

Thyroid tumor is considered to be a very rare form of cancer. But recent researches and surveys highlight the fact that it is becoming prevalent these days because of various factors.

OBJECTIVES

This paper proposes a novel hybrid classification system that is able to identify and classify the above said four different types of thyroid tumors using high end artificial intelligence techniques. The input data set is obtained from Digital Database of Thyroid Ultrasound Images through Kaggle repository and augmented for achieving a better classification performance using data warping mechanisms like flipping, rotation, cropping, scaling, and shifting.

METHODS

The input data after augmentation goes through preprocessing with the help of bilateral filter and is contrast enhanced using dynamic histogram equalization. The ultrasound images are then segmented using SegNet algorithm of convolutional neural network. The features needed for thyroid tumor classification are obtained from two different algorithms called CapsuleNet and EfficientNetB2 and both the features are fused together. This process of feature fusion is carried out to heighten the accuracy of classification.

RESULTS

A Multilayer Perceptron Classifier is used for classification and Bonobo optimizer is employed for optimizing the results produced. The classification performance of the proposed model is weighted using metrics like accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, and Matthew's correlation coefficient.

CONCLUSION

It can be observed from the results that the proposed multilayer perceptron based thyroid tumor type classification system works in an efficient manner than the existing classifiers like CANFES, Spatial Fuzzy C means, Deep Belief Networks, Thynet and Generative adversarial network and Long Short-Term memory.

Novel study on enhancing the ignition pattern of waste and inedible feedstock in a modified diesel engine-enhancing its effectiveness as renewable alternative

The objective of the present investigation is to enhance the performance of diesel engine using Capparis spinoza fatty acid distillate biodiesel (CFAB100) at various compression ratios. The experiments were carried out at compression ratios of 16.5:1, 17.5:1, 18.5:1, and 19.5:1. It was noted that an increase in compression ratio from 16.5 to 18.5 resulted in better engine characteristics for CFAB100 and reduced at compression ratio 19.5. Brake-specific fuel consumption of CFAB100 decreased from 0.42 to 0.33 kg/kWh with an increase in compression ratio. The brake thermal efficiency of CFAB100 at a compression ratio of 16.5 is 29.64% lower than diesel, whereas it is 11.32% low at a compression ratio of 18.5. The brake thermal efficiency of CFAB100 is 26.03% higher at a compression ratio of 18.5 compared to 16.5. Due to shorter ignition delay and reduced premixed combustion, the net heat release rate of CFAB100 is lower than diesel at all compression ratios. The peak cylinder pressure for diesel is 56.21 bar, and CFAB100 at compression ratios 16.5, 17.5, 18.5, and 19.5 were 52.36, 55.12, 61.02 and 58.25 bar at full load condition. CFAB100, at a compression ratio of 18.5, had the highest nitrogen oxide emissions (2400 ppm). Carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon, and smoke showed an average reduction of 46.58%, 40.68%, and 54.89%, respectively, when the compression ratio varied between 16.5 and 19.5. At an optimum compression ratio of 18.5, the CFAB100 resulted in improved performance and emission characteristics that can replace diesel to a possible extent.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of novel organic L-Glutaminium Benzenesulfonate single crystal - DFT and experimental approach

An organic nonlinear optical crystal of l-Glutaminium Benzenesulfonate (LGBS) crystal was grown by slow evaporation method. Crystallization parameters and structural analysis of LGBS crystal were notified by Single crystal XRD technique and the theoretical structural parameters were also identified and compared using DFT. The grown LGBS crystal crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with the non-centrosymmetric space group P2₁. The presence of chemical bonding and functional groups were examined using FTIR and FT Raman spectra and their theoretical assignments were calculated. The lower cutoff wavelength was determined for grown LGBS crystal by UV-visible spectroscopy and it confirms that grown LGBS crystal has wide transmittance in the visible region. The emission region for the grown LGBS crystal was analysed by fluorescence spectrum. The global reactive descriptors and the intermolecular charge transfer interactions were also interpreted. The liberation of organic molecule and melting temperature of LGBS crystal were elucidated by thermo gravimetric analysis (TG) and DSC. The Kurtz and Perry powder technique confirms the formed LGBS crystal exhibits the second harmonic generation (SHG) and its outputs were compared with standard KDP.

A Comparative Study on Predictive Validity of Modified Shock Index, Shock Index, and Age Shock Index in Predicting the Need for Mechanical Ventilation among Sepsis Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction

The shock index (SI), modified shock index (MSI), and age multiplied by SI (ASI) are used to assess the severity of shock. They are also used to predict the mortality of trauma patients, but their validity for sepsis patients is controversial. The aim of this study is to assess the predictive value of the SI, MSI, and ASI in predicting the need for mechanical ventilation after 24 h of admission among sepsis patients.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients with sepsis (235) diagnosed based on systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and quick sequential organ failure assessment were included in the study. The need for mechanical ventilation after 24 h is the outcome variables MSI, SI, and ASI were considered as predictor variables. The utility of MSI, SI, and ASI in predicting mechanical ventilation was assessed by receiver operative curve analysis. Data were analyzed using coGuide.

Results

Among the study population, the mean age was 56.12 ± 17.28 years. MSI value at the time of disposition from the emergency room had good predictive validity in predicting mechanical ventilation after 24 h, as indicated by the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 (P < 0.001), SI and ASI had fair predictive validity for mechanical ventilation as indicated by AUC (0.78, P < 0.001) and (0.802, P < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusion

SI had better sensitivity (78.57%) and specificity (77.07%) compared to ASI and MSI in predicting the need for mechanical ventilation after 24 h in sepsis patients admitted to intensive care units.

The impact of alcohol intoxication on early Glasgow Coma Scale-Pupil reactivity score in patients with traumatic brain injury: A prospective observational study

Background:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Difficulties Faced by Special Education Teachers during COVID-19 Pandemic

The purpose of this research is to find out what difficulties special education instructors’ face when it comes to educating children with special needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants in this research were 30 special education instructors who were chosen through a purposive sampling procedure to serve as respondents. In order to identify the difficulties and challenges faced by special education instructors, both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used. In an attempt to comprehend the data, a descriptive analysis was performed. During the COVID-19 pandemic, special education instructors who worked with students who had learning impairments did not get any technology assistance in order to educate the students. According to the findings of the research, the instructional method for special learners has a suboptimal learning environment as a result of the absence of web-based instructional teaching. The survey's major findings identified 15 difficulties, with the most significant of these being 'insufficient e-learning resources', 'lack of training for online teaching', 'giving feedback to students', and 'making the students to attend online classes', as per survey respondents. According to the results, practitioners and curriculum designers may use the information to build and improve the special education system, teaching techniques, and technologically imbibed instructional learning among special education instructors.

Modified Shock Index as an Indicator for Prognosis Among Sepsis Patients With and Without Comorbidities Presenting to the Emergency Department

OBJECTIVES

Modified shock index (MSI) is a simple bedside tool used in the emergency department. There are a few studies suggesting MSI as a good prognostic indicator than shock index in sepsis patients. However, there is not enough research emphasizing the role of MSI in patients with comorbidities. Hence, this study aims to assess the predictive validity of MSI in predicting the prognosis of sepsis patients with and without co-morbidities.

METHODS

From January to December 2020, a prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients with sepsis diagnosed based on systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) were included. The need for mechanical ventilation and step down from the intensive care unit were outcome variables, MSI was considered as a predictor variable, and co-morbidities as an explanatory variable.

RESULTS

Among people with co-morbidities, the MSI value on arrival to the emergency department had fair predictive validity in predicting the need for mechanical ventilation after 24 hours, as indicated by the area under the curve of 0.749 (95% CI: 0.600-0.897; p-value = 0.002) and a sensitivity of 68.75% in predicting mechanical ventilation after 24 hours (MSI ≥ 1.59). Among people without co-morbidities, the MSI value on arrival to the emergency department had fair predictive validity in predicting the need for mechanical ventilation after 24 hours, as indicated by the area under the curve of 0.879 (95% CI: 0.770-0.988; p-value <0.001) and a sensitivity of 83.33% in predicting the need for mechanical ventilation after 24 hours (MSI ≥ 1.67).

CONCLUSION

MSI can be used as an indicator in predicting the prognosis of sepsis patients in the emergency department. A simple bedside calculation of the MSI can indicate the need for mechanical ventilation and step down from the intensive care unit after 24 hours in patients with co-morbidities and without co-morbidities.

Covishield India: demystifying myths through an early multicenter study

OBJECTIVES

Nationwide COVID-19 vaccination was initiated in India on January 16, 2021, in a phased manner with vaccines including Covishield. This vaccine was indigenously prepared by Serum Institute of India in line with the Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 vaccine developed at the University of Oxford. This is the first multicenter study to assess the safety of the indigenously prepared Covishield vaccine in India.

STUDY DESIGN

Multicenter observational descriptive study.

METHODS

This was a multicenter study carried out in northern and eastern India. Individuals who received the first dose of the Covishield vaccine were followed up for 7 days to check for any adverse effects or systemic effects post vaccination. The data were collected by the authors with a participant-administered questionnaire. The primary end point was the incidence of adverse or systemic effects within 7 days post vaccination.

RESULTS

No serious adverse or systemic effects were noted in 7 days of follow-up. Nonserious systemic effects were seen in 42.0% of individuals post vaccination. Myalgia and/or fatigue was the most common effect of vaccination in 25.7%, followed by fever in 22.0% of individuals. In most individuals, the systemic effects started 6 to 12 hours post vaccination. There were no reports of fresh onset of systemic effects of any kind beyond 48 hours of vaccination. Women and older adults tolerated the vaccination better.

CONCLUSIONS

The absence of serious adverse effects in our study will help allay fears around vaccine acceptance and give a boost to the vaccination campaign worldwide.

Role of Nrf2 in MALAT1/ HIF-1α loop on the regulation of angiogenesis in diabetic foot ulcer

Diabetic non healing wounds often result in significant morbidity and mortality. The number of effective targets to detect these wounds are meagre. Slow lymphangiogenesis is one of the complex processes involved in impaired healing of wounds. Long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been importantly recognized for their role in pathological conditions. Multiple studies highlighting the role of lncRNAs in the regulation of several biological processes and complex diseases. Herein, we investigated the role of lncRNA Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) in the progression of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). We report a significant reduction in the expression of lncRNA MALAT1 in the infected DFU subjects which was positively correlated with the expression of angiogenic factors such as Nrf2, HIF-1α and VEGF. Further, expression of pro-inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-6 were found to be increased while, the expression of anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 was decreased in infected DFU tissues. Involvement of lncRNA MALAT1 in angiogenesis in EA.hy926 cells was demonstrated by silencing the expression of Nrf2, HIF-1α, and VEGF through interference mediated by MALAT1. In addition, its inflammatory role was demonstrated by decreased expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and not affecting the expression of IL-10. Further, CRISPR-Cas9 knock out of Nrf2 decreased the expression of lncRNA MALAT1, HIF-1α and VEGF which revealed the association of Nrf2 in regulating MALAT1/HIF-1α loop through positive feedback mechanism. Collectively, our results suggested the role of Nrf2 on MALAT1/HIF-1α loop in the regulation of angiogenesis, which could act as a novel target in the treatment of diabetic wounds.

Tissue-specific role of Nrf2 in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers during hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is proven to be very successful for diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) treatment due to its antimicrobial effect, increased angiogenesis and enhanced collagen synthesis. The molecular mechanism underlying HBO therapy particularly the involvement of Nrf2 in the wound healing process was investigated in the present study. In addition, we have studied the levels of angiogenic markers in ulcer tissues and their correlation with Nrf2 during HBO therapy compared with standard therapy (Non-HBO) for DFU. A total of 32 Patients were recruited and randomized to standard wound care procedure alone (n = 17) or HBO therapy in combination with standard wound care procedure (n = 15) for 20 days. Our results showed that the tissue levels of Nrf2 along with its downstream targets were significantly increased in patients who underwent HBO therapy when compared to Non-HBO therapy. Further, HBO therapy induced angiogenesis as assessed by increased levels of angiogenesis markers such as EGF, VEGF, PDGF, FGF-2 and CXCL10 in the tissue samples. The expressions of eNOS and nitrite concentrations were also significantly increased in HBO therapy when compared to Non-HBO therapy subjects. Moreover, HBO therapy sensitises the macrophages to release FGF-2 and EGF thereby promotes angiogenesis. Further, it increased the levels of neutrophil attractant CXCL-8 thereby promotes the release of chemokine CCL2, a well-known mediator of neovascularization. The Pearson correlation showed that Nrf2 has a positive correlation with EGF, VEGF and PDGF. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that HBO therapy promotes wound healing by increasing oxygen supply and distribution to damaged tissues, stimulating angiogenesis, decreasing inflammation, and increasing the nitrite levels. Increased levels of Nrf2 transiently regulate the expression of angiogenic genes in wound biopsies, which may result in accelerated healing of chronic wounds.

Circulatory levels of B-cell activating factor of the TNF family in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: Association with disease progression

Enhanced and prolonged expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine is evidenced during the chronic wound healing process of infected diabetic foot ulcer (IDFU). B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is the member of TNF-α family, which implicit in B-cell dysfunction. This study was aimed to evaluate the role of BAFF in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) patients and to correlate its association with other family of inflammatory cytokines. Circulating levels of BAFF and other cytokines were measured in IDFU (n = 44) and non-IDFU patients (n = 40) using multiplexed bead-based cytokine immunoassay. A stepwise significant increase was observed in both circulatory BAFF and C-reactive protein (CRP) during the disease progression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC_ROC ) for BAFF was found to be high (0.89; [95% CI: 0.73-1.0]), when compared to CRP (0.68; [95% CI: 0.61-0.76]). Optimum diagnostic cutoff level for BAFF was found to be ≥2.35 pg/mL with 62.0% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity. Further, BAFF levels showed a significant positive correlation with CRP among IDFU patients. With respect to other family cytokines, BAFF levels were positively correlated with TNF-α, interferon family cytokines such as IFN-α2, IL-28A/IFN-λ2, IFN-γ, and IL-10 family cytokines such as IL-19, IL-22, and IL-26 and negatively correlated with IL-6 receptor family such as gp130/sIL-6Rβ. Hence, our data suggest that devising therapeutic strategies to reduce the levels of BAFF may contribute in amelioration of IDFU.

Comparison of continuous thoracic epidural analgesia with bilateral erector spinae plane block for perioperative pain management in cardiac surgery

Objective:

Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is compared with erector spinae plane (ESP) block for the perioperative pain management in patients undergoing cardiac surgery for the quality of analgesia, incentive spirometry, ventilator duration, and intensive care unit (ICU) duration.

Methodology:

A prospective, randomized comparative clinical study was conducted. A total of 50 patients were enrolled, who were randomized to either Group A: TEA (n = 25) or Group B: ESP block (n = 25). Visual analog scale (VAS) was recorded in both the groups during rest and cough at the various time intervals postextubation. Both the groups were also compared for incentive spirometry, ventilator, and ICU duration. Statistical analysis was performed using the independent Student's t-test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Comparable VAS scores were revealed at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h (P > 0.05) at rest and during cough in both the groups. Group A had a statistically significant VAS score than Group B (P ≤ 0.05) at 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h but mean VAS in either of the Group was ≤4 both at rest and during cough. Incentive spirometry, ventilator, and ICU duration were comparable between the groups.

Conclusion:

ESP block is easy to perform and can serve as a promising alternative to TEA in optimal perioperative pain management in cardiac surgery.

Identification of rice landraces with promising yield and the associated genomic regions under low nitrogen

With the priority of the low input sustainable rice cultivation for environment friendly agriculture, NUE of rice becomes the need of the hour. A set of 472 rice genotypes comprising landraces and breeding lines were evaluated for two seasons under field conditions with low and recommended nitrogen and >100 landraces were identified with relative higher yield under low nitrogen. Donors were identified for higher N uptake, N translocation into grains and grain yield under low N. Grains on secondary branches, N content in grain and yield appears to be the selection criterion under low N. Through association mapping, using minimum marker set of 50 rice SSR markers, 12 genomic regions were identified for yield and yield associated traits under low nitrogen. Four associated genomic regions on chromosomes 5, 7 and 10 were fine mapped and QTL for yield under low N were identified from the marker delimited regions. Three candidate genes viz., 2-oxoglutarate /malate translocator (Os05g0208000), alanine aminotransferase (Os07g0617800) and pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase (Os10g0189600) from QTL regions showed enhanced expression in the genotypes with promising yield under low N. Marker assisted selection using SSR markers associated with three candidate genes identified two stable breeding lines confirmed through multi-location evaluation.

2,5-Dimethylanilinium 4-hydroxybenzoate–2,5-dimethylaniline–4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1/1/1)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C8H12N+·C7H5O3 −·C8H11N·C7H6O3, contains a 2,5-dimethylanilinium cation, 4-hydroxybenzoate anion and neutral 2,5-dimethylaniline and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid molecules. The components are connected by N—H...O, O—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds, which generate R 2 2(8), R 4 4(20) and R 4 4(24) loops, as part of a three-dimensional network. The crystal structure also features weak C—H...π interactions.

Effects of Prestorage Leukoreduction on the Rate of Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions to Red Blood Cells in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background:

Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs) are relatively common complications associated with allogenic transfusion. White blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes) are considered to be an important cause of FNHTRs; the rate of WBC derived pro-inflammatory cytokines increase with storage due to active synthesis of cytokines by these cells. The removal of the WBCs before storage will prevent the accumulation of cytokines during storage that leads to a reduction in the number of FNHTRs.

Aim:

We have conducted a retrospective analysis comparing the rate of FNHTRs in prestorage leukoreduced (PrSLR) and non leukoreduced RBCs transfusion.

Subjects and Methods:

A retrospective review of all the transfusion reactions (TRs) reported to the department over a period of 2 years from July 2012 to June 2014 was done. Patients were stratified by the date of reaction and by component received and then divided into two groups: (1) Patients who received allogeneic PrSLR RBCs and (2) nonleukoreduced RBCs. For the PrSLR RBC units, leukoreduction was performed by using buffy coat method of component preparation by quadruple bags and integral bags containing Sepacell^® Pure RC filters (Fenwal™ France).

Results:

37,232 RBCs units were transfused and out of which 14149 (38% i.e. is 14149/37232) were prestorage leukoreduced (PrSLR) and 23083 (62%) were non leukoreduced. A total of 142 (0.38%) TRs were reported during that time period, of which 62 (0.17%) were classified as FNHTRs. In the nonleukoreduced group 124 TRs were reported, of which 55 were classified as FNHTRs to RBCs and the overall rate of FNHTR to RBCs was 0.24%. In pre storage leukoreduced group, 18 TRs were reported, of which 7 were classified as FNHTRs to RBCs and the overall rate of FNHTR to RBCs was 0.05% (P ≤ 0.001). This represents a significant reduction in the rate of FNHTR after institution of prestorage leukoreduction.

Conclusion:

The rate of FNHTRs to allogenic RBC units after the implementation of prestorage leukoreduction has decreased significantly. Cytokines and chemokines accumulating during storage of cellular blood products are responsible for residual FNHTRs.

Decentralization and Interventions in the Health Sector

The democratic decentralization process was launched in Kerala with the Peoples Planning Campaign in 1996 followed by the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution of India and the passing of the Kerala Panchayat Raj Nagara Palika Act. One of the major objectives of the decentralization process in Kerala was to strengthen the public health care network and improve the quality of public health service delivery. This article attempts to analyze the transition in the health care sector during the last two decades linking it to the interventions of Local Self Governments (LSGs). It was found that decentralization improved infrastructure facilities and equipment in primary and secondary health care institutions and widened health care delivery. It succeeded in providing safe drinking water and sanitation facilities to the local people. The accountability of the public health care system was also enhanced. However, it could not address the issues of nutritional imbalance, old age care, lifestyle diseases and the changing morbidity pattern in the state. This article calls for a comprehensive health policy to ensure functional autonomy for LSGs to address the emerging health care needs in Kerala.

Simple, fast and efficient synthesis of β-keto esters from the esters of heteroaryl compounds, its antimicrobial study and cytotoxicity towards various cancer cell lines

A series of β-keto esters were synthesized from heteroaryl esters and ethyl acetate using LiHMDS as base at -50 to -30 °C. The increase in yields of cross condensed product were observed and the percentage of self condensed product was reduced drastically by applying the suitable base (LiHMDS), solvent and the minimum amount of ethyl acetate. All these β-keto esters were characterized using (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectral data. A plausible mechanism is also depicted to prove the formation of trans-esterified products. All the synthesized compounds were subjected to test for their cytotoxicity towards various cancer cell lines and also tested for their antimicrobial activity towards various bacterial and fungal strains and some of them were found to have promising activity.

Ultrasound-promoted synthesis of novel bipodal and tripodalpiperidin-4-ones and silica chloride mediated conversion to its piperidin-4-ols: synthesis and structural confinements

The ultrasound-promoted synthesis of novel bipodal and tripodalpiperidin-4-ones was carried out by the reaction of 4-piperidone hydrochloride monohydrate with different alkylating and acylating agents. It was preferably reduced to respective piperidin-4-ols by ultrasonic irradiation using silica chloride, which maintains higher yields by acting as an effective supporting polymer. The sterically hindered phthaloyl derivative of piperidin-4-one was synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation which was difficult by conventional methods.

9-(4-Hy-droxy-phen-yl)-3,3,6,6-tetra-methyl-4,5,6,9-tetra-hydro-3H-xanthene-1,8(2H,7H)-dione

In the title compound, C(23)H(26)O(4), the two cyclo-hexene rings adopt envelope conformations whereas the pyran ring adopts a boat conformation. In the crystal, pairs of inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into inversion dimers.

Enhanced optical and nonlinear optical responses in a polyelectrolyte templated Langmuir-Blodgett film

Optical and nonlinear optical properties like fluorescence and second harmonic generation (SHG) of molecular materials can be strongly influenced by the mode of assembly of the molecules. The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique is an elegant route to the controlled assembly of molecules in ultrathin films, and complexation of ionic amphiphiles in the Langmuir film by polyions introduced in the aqueous subphase provides a simple and efficient access to further control, stabilization, and optimization. The monolayer LB film of the hemicyanine-based amphiphile, N-n-octadecyl-4-[2-(4-(N,N-ethyloctadecylamino)phenyl)ethenyl]pyridinium possessing a "tail-head-tail" structure, shows fluorescence as well as SHG response. The concomitant enhancement of both of these linear and nonlinear optical attributes is achieved through templating with the polyanion of carboxymethylcellulose. Brewster angle and atomic force microscopy reveal the influence of polyelectrolyte templating on the morphology of the Langmuir and LB films. Polarized absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy provide insight into the impact of complexation with the polyelectrolyte on the orientation and deaggregation of the hemicyanine headgroup leading to fluorescence and SHG enhancement in the LB film.

Synthesis, characterization and bioactive evaluation of copper(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-2-(2,6-bis(4-methylpiperazine-1-yl-methyl)-4-iminomethyl phenol)phenyl] porphyrin: a picket-fence porphyrin

We are interested in constructing deeper small cavities by adding more bulky substituents at the ortho-phenyl positions of tetrakis(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin. The synthesis of picket-fence porphyrin is initiated by the preparation of the tetrakis(o-nitrophenyl)porphyrin followed by the nitro to amino reduction and subsequent condensation with Schiff base ligand to form imine linkages of porphyrin complexes. The synthesis and characterization of a new series of picket-fence porphyrins and their copper complexes are described. 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis[alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-2-(2,6-bis(4-methyl piperazine-1-yl-methyl)-4-iminomethyl phenol)phenyl] porphyrin can be synthesized from 2,6-bis[4-methylpiperazin-1-yl-methyl]-4-formylphenol (L) and 5,10,15,20-tetra[alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-o-nitropheny1]-porphyrin. 5,10,15,20-Tetra[alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-o-aminopheny1]-porphyrin was obtained by the reduction of 5,10,15,20-tetra[alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-o-nitropheny1]-porphyrin. The spectral, electrochemical, antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxicity properties of all the picket-fence porphyrin complexes were characterized and studied.