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Alhoufie ST, Ibrahim NA, Alsharif NH, Alfarouk KO, Makhdoom HM, Aljabri KR, Saeed SH, Khoumaeys AA, Almutawif YA, Najim MA, Ali HM, Aljifri AA, Kheyami AM, Alhazmi AA. Seroprevalence of community-acquired atypical bacterial pneumonia among adult COVID-19 patients from a single center in Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cohort study. Saudi Med J 2022; 43:1000-1006. [PMID: 36104051 PMCID: PMC9987659 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.9.20220379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the seroprevalence of the community-acquired bacterial that causes atypical pneumonia among confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) patients. METHODS In this cohort study, we retrospectively investigated the seroprevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila among randomly selected 189 confirmed COVID-19 patients at their time of hospital presentation via commercial immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against these bacteria. We also carried out quantitative measurements of procalcitonin in patients' serum. RESULTS The seropositivity for L. pneumophila was 12.6%, with significant distribution among patientsolder than 50 years (χ2 test, p=0.009), while those of M. pneumoniae was 6.3% and C. pneumoniae was 2.1%, indicating an overall co-infection rate of 21% among COVID-19 patients. No significant difference (χ2 test, p=0.628) in the distribution of bacterial co-infections existed between male and female patients. Procalcitonin positivity was confirmed amongst 5% of co-infected patients. CONCLUSION Our study documented the seroprevalence of community-acquired bacteria co-infection among COVID-19 patients. In this study, procalcitonin was an inconclusive biomarker for non-severe bacterial co-infections among COVID-19 patients. Consideration and proper detection of community-acquired bacterial co-infection may minimize misdiagnosis during the current pandemic and positively reflect disease management and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari T Alhoufie
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nadir A Ibrahim
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Naif H Alsharif
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Khalid O Alfarouk
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hatim M Makhdoom
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Khaled R Aljabri
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sayed H Saeed
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Adnan A Khoumaeys
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yahya A Almutawif
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mustafa A Najim
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hamza M Ali
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Alanoud A Aljifri
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ali M Kheyami
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Areej A Alhazmi
- From the Medical Laboratories Technology Department (Alhoufie, Ibrahim, Makhdoom, Almutawif, Najim, Ali, Alhazmi), College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University; from the Department of Medical laboratory,(Alsharif, Saeed, Aljabri, khoumaeys) king Salman Medical City, Al Madinah General hospital, from Al-Madinah Health Cluster(Aljifri and Kheyami, Ministry of Health Madinah Al Munwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Institute of Endemic Diseases (Alfarouk), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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