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Zuber R, Shaik KS, Meyer F, Ho HN, Speidel A, Gehring N, Bartoszewski S, Schwarz H, Moussian B. The putative C-type lectin Schlaff ensures epidermal barrier compactness in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5374. [PMID: 30926832 PMCID: PMC6440989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The stability of extracellular matrices is in general ensured by cross-linking of its components. Previously, we had shown that the integrity of the layered Drosophila cuticle relies on the presence of a covalent cuticular dityrosine network. Production and composition of this structure remained unstudied. In this work, we present our analyses of the schlaff (slf) gene coding for a putative C-type lectin that is needed for the adhesion between the horizontal cuticle layers. The Slf protein mainly localizes between the two layers called epicuticle and procuticle that separate from each other when the function of Slf is reduced or eliminated paralleling the phenotype of a cuticle with reduced extracellular dityrosine. Localisation of the dityrosinylated protein Resilin to the epicuticle-procuticle interface suggests that the dityrosine network mediates the adhesion of the epicuticle to the procuticle. Ultimately, compromised Slf function is associated with massive water loss. In summary, we propose that Slf is implied in the stabilisation of a dityrosine layer especially between the epicuticle and the procuticle that in turn constitutes an outward barrier against uncontrolled water flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Zuber
- Applied Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany.,University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Khaleelulla Saheb Shaik
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Meyer
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hsin-Nin Ho
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Speidel
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Gehring
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Slawomir Bartoszewski
- Rzeszow University, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, ul. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Heinz Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Microscopy Unit, Spemannstr. 35, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernard Moussian
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice CEDEX 2, France.
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Shaik KS, Wang Y, Aravind L, Moussian B. The Knickkopf DOMON domain is essential for cuticle differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2014; 86:100-106. [PMID: 24723222 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine monoxygenase N-terminal (DOMON) domain is found in extracellular proteins across several eukaryotic and prokaryotic taxa. It has been proposed that this domain binds to heme or sugar moieties. Here, we have analyzed the role of four highly conserved amino acids in the DOMON domain of the Drosophila melanogaster Knickkopf protein that is inserted into the apical plasma membrane and assists extracellular chitin organization. In principal, we generated Knickkopf versions with exchanged residues tryptophan(299), methionine(333), arginine(401), or histidine(437), and scored for the ability of the respective engineered protein to normalize the knickkopf mutant phenotype. Our results confirm the absolute necessity of tryptophan(299), methionine(333), and histidine(437) for Knickkopf function and stability, the latter two being predicted to be critical for heme binding. In contrast, arginine(401) is required for full efficiency of Knickkopf activity. Taken together, our genetic data support the prediction of these residues to mediate the function of Knickkopf during cuticle differentiation in insects. Hence, the DOMON domain is apparently an essential factor contributing to the construction of polysaccharide-based extracellular matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleelulla Saheb Shaik
- Genetik der Tiere, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Shaik KS, Meyer F, Vázquez AV, Flötenmeyer M, Cerdán ME, Moussian B. δ-Aminolevulinate synthase is required for apical transcellular barrier formation in the skin of the Drosophila larva. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:204-15. [PMID: 22293958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals construct a layered skin to prevent dehydration and pathogen entrance. The barrier function of the skin relies on the extensive cross-linking of specialised components. In insects, for instance, epidermal cells produce an apical extracellular cuticle that consists of a network of proteins, chitin and lipids. We have identified mutations in the Drosophila gene coding for the δ-aminolevulinate synthase (Alas) that cause massive water loss. The cuticle of alas mutant larvae detaches from the epidermis and its basal region is frayed suggesting that an Alas dependent pathway is needed to organise the contact between the cuticle and the epidermis and anchor the cuticle to the apical surface of epidermal cells. Concomitantly, reduction of Alas function results in weakening of the extracellular dityrosines network in the cuticle, whereas glutamyl-lysine isopeptide bonds are not affected. The lateral septate junctions of epidermal cells that serve as a paracellular plug are intact, as well. Taken together, we hypothesise that Alas activity, which initiates heme biosynthesis in the mitochondrion, is needed for the formation of a dityrosine-based barrier that confers resistance to the internal hydrostatic pressure protecting both the cuticle from transcellular infiltration of body fluid and the animal from dehydration. We conclude that at least two modules--an apical protein-chitin lattice and the lateral septate junctions, act in parallel to ensure Drosophila skin impermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleelulla Saheb Shaik
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Section Animal Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Shaik KS, Pabst M, Schwarz H, Altmann F, Moussian B. The Alg5 ortholog Wollknäuel is essential for correct epidermal differentiation during Drosophila late embryogenesis. Glycobiology 2011; 21:743-56. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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