Exploring cardiac impact of oral nicotine exposure in a transplantable Neoplasm Mice Model: Insights from biochemical analysis, morphometry, and molecular docking: Chlorella vulgaris green algae support

Nicotine-induced cardiac tissue damage is a concern for cancer patients, but the exact pathogenesis from nicotine oral exposure is unclear. This study was designed to investigate the impact of nicotine and Chlorella vulgaris (Ch. V) on cardiac glutathione homeostasis, inflammatory response, cardiac damage markers, apoptotic proteins and histopathological findings in an experimentally transplantable neoplasm mouse model (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma; EAC). In the in-vivo experiment, the female Swiss mice were divided into four groups: control, Ch.V (100 mg/kg), Nicotine (100 µg/ml/kg), and a combination group ( Nocotine+ Ch.V) for 40 days. Furthermore, in this study,the effects of C. vulgaris components on caspase-3, TNF-α, and IL-1β activity were explored using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) docking software to ensure its ability to counteract the toxic effects of nicotine. The results indicated that nicotine has induced significant (P < 0.001) cardiopathic alterations in EAC-bearing mice with changes in cardiac tissue enzymes. C. Vulgaris attenuated the nicotine-induced cardiac glutathione inhibition, suppressed the inflammatory response, exerted antiapoptotic effects, mitigated myocardial injury biomarkers, and repaired cellular and tissue damage. Moreover, the molecular docking results revealed the ability of C. vulgaris to bind with interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1 A (TNFRSF1A) in the mice tissues, ameliorating apoptosis and inflammatory processes associated with nicotine-induced cardiotoxicity. This study provides a model for understanding nicotine-induced myocardial injury during experimentally transplantable neoplasm. It highlights C. vulgaris as a beneficial food supplement for cancer patients exposed to nicotine orally.

Scrutinizing pathways of Nicotine effect on renal Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing Mice: role of Chlorella vulgaris

Nicotine is one of several physiologically stable and active chemicals found in tobacco. The mechanism through which nicotine causes kidney damage is still obscure. As a result, the goal of this research was to investigate how oral nicotine intake can lead to kidney damage. Naturaly occurring superfood green algae are immense supplements help us using extra chemicals during cancer prevalence if the patient is exposed to nicotine. Hence, the mitigating role of Chlorella vulgaris extract (CVE) against nicotine-nephrotoxic impact in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice was studied. For this purpose, four groups of Swiss female mice were assigned, nicotine group (NIC) (100 µg/ml/kg), CVE group (100 mg/kg), CVE+Nicotine, and a control group. Renal dysfunction was evaluated by estimating serum biomarkers ofrenal damage. The expression pattern of Nf-_KB, MAPK, P53, and α7-nAchR, lipid peroxidation biomarker, and antioxidant enzyme activities were evaluated in kidney tissue. Also, micro-morphometric examination and apoptosis immunohistochemical reactivity of kidney tissue were applied. The obtained results indicated up-regulation of all estimated genes and oxidative stress. Moreover, a significant (P<0.05) increment in the apoptotic marker Caspase-3 and declined BCL-2 proteins were recorded. In serum, a significant (P<0.05) elevation of urea, creatinine, TNF-α, IL-1β, and Kim-1 were evident. Histological investigation reinforced the aforementioned data, revealing structural changes involving the tubules, glomeruli, and interstitium of mice kidneys. CVE may be a strong contender for protecting renal tissue damage since it reduces renal tissue injury and oxidative stress. Cancer patients who regularly use nicotine through direct smoking or second-hand exposure can benefit from CVE usage as a dietary supplement.

Iprodione and/or chlorpyrifos exposure induced testicular toxicity in adult rats by suppression of steroidogenic genes and SIRT1/TERT/PGC-1α pathway

There is cumulative evidence that iprodione (IPR) fungicide and chlorpyrifos (CPF) insecticide are endocrine disruptors that can evoke reproductive toxicity. Yet, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Besides, the outcomes of their co-exposure to male sexual behavior and male fertility are still unknown. The effects of IPR (200 mg/kg b.wt) and CPF (7.45 mg/kg b.wt) single or mutual exposure for 65 days on sexual behavior, sex hormones, testicular enzymes, testis, and accessory sex gland histomorphometric measurements, apoptosis, and oxidative stress biomarkers were investigated. In addition, expression of nuclear receptor subfamily group A (NR5A1), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B3), silent information regulator type-1 (SIRT1), telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) genes has been assessed. Our results revealed that the individual or concurrent IPR and CPF exposure significantly disturb the sexual behavior, semen characteristics, testicular enzymes, and male hormones level. Oxidative stress caused by IPR and CPF activates apoptosis by inducing Caspase-3 and reducing Bcl-2. Downregulation of HSD17B3, NR5A1, and SIRT1/TERT/PGC-1α pathway was evident. Of note, most of these disturbances were exaggerated in rats co-exposed to IPR and CPF compared to IPR or CPF alone. Conclusively, our findings verified that IPR and CPF possibly damage the male reproductive system, and concurrent exposure should be avoided.

Iprodione and chlorpyrifos induce testicular damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis and suppression of steroidogenic- and spermatogenic-related genes in immature male albino rats

The fungicide iprodione (IPR) and the insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) are concurrently applied for early disease control in fruits and other crops. However, there are no available data about the impacts of their co-exposure. Additionally, IPR and CPF are known as endocrine disruptors that can cause reproductive toxicity. The outcomes of their co-exposure on the development of male reproductive organs are still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the risk of exposure to these pesticides, particularly on the postnatal development of the male albino rat reproductive system from postnatal days 23-60. The results revealed that a single IPR or CPF exposure has harmful consequences on the reproductive development and function manifested by reduced testicular weight, serious changes in sperm characteristics, reproductive hormone level imbalance, testicular enzymes, oxidative stress and apoptosis-related enzymes, which correlated with transcription levels of steroidogenic- and spermatogenic-related genes. Histopathologically, both compounds caused severe damage in the testis and accessory glands architecture. Notably, co-exposure to IPR and CPF in rats caused more serious damage, indicative of an additive effect than individual exposure, so concurrent exposure should be avoided as it is more hazardous, especially on male fertility.

Morphological, biochemical, and histopathological postmortem ocular indices following subchronic exposure to cadmium and/or lead in a rabbit model

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. There is a dearth of information on the mutual interaction between the antemortem metal intoxication and the postmortem changes of the eye. Thus, this study aimed to follow the morphological, biochemical, histopathological ocular perturbations and the retinal DNA damage up to 8 h postmortem (PM) in Cd and/or Pb intoxicated rabbits. The animals orally received 5 mg Cd Cl₂/kg bw and/or 12.5 mg lead acetate/kg bw for 30 consecutive days. At time of death, eye pupil of different groups had a normal diameter except Pb-intoxicated group had marked myosis. After 8 h of death, different rabbit's eye corneas appeared wrinkled and covered with thin white cloud while the pupils were in the mydriatic stage. Up to 8 h PM, the individual exposure to Cd or Pb resulted in a significant elevation in GGT, urea, K, DNA damage and obvious retinal lesions. However, their co-exposure evoked an antagonistic outcome. The eye of Cd and/or Pb intoxicated rabbit showed mildly degenerated tissue of cornea and sclera and the presence of irregular eosinophilic droplets of variably size in the lens with a gradual degeneration and vacuolization in the different cell layers of retina especially ganglion up to 8 h PM. Also, by increasing post mortem interval (PMI), retinal DNA damage in Cd and/or Pb intoxicated group significantly decreased. It is concluded that Cd and/or Pb intoxication induced ocular alterations which retain the same trend in correlation with PMI as natural deaths except for the retinal DNA damage. Also, the simultaneous exposure to Cd and Pb evoked an antagonistic outcome in the eye. The findings of the current study should be taken into consideration when estimating PMI in areas with high Cd and/or Pb contamination.