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Tsoi KY, Chan RCM, Zhang C, Tam WH, Ma RCW. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of an early postnatal lifestyle modification program on diet, adiposity and metabolic outcome in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024. [PMID: 38651286 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-month early postnatal lifestyle intervention program in women with gestational diabetes in a recent pregnancy. METHODS This study was a prospective randomized intervention study conducted at a diabetes center in Hong Kong. Chinese women aged 18-45 years, who developed gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in their most recent pregnancy, were invited. Eligible women were randomized in 1:1 ratio at baseline (6-12 weeks postpartum), to standard care or lifestyle intervention (diet and physical activity) groups for 12 months. A standardized biochemistry assessment including oral glucose tolerance test, blood lipids, complete blood count, renal and liver functions, were measured at baseline and at 12-month. Anthropometry assessment and lifestyle questionnaire were performed at various timepoints. RESULTS A total of 103 women were randomized at baseline and a total of 79 women (standard care, n = 39, intervention, n = 40) completed the assessment. After the 12-month study period, women in the intervention group had significantly lower energy intake (intervention, -497.6 ± 488.3 kcal; standard, -222.0 ± 390.0 kcal, P < 0.01) compared to the standard care group, and a trend towards greater weight reduction (intervention, -0.93 ± 4.68 kg; standard, -0.01 ± 3.12 kg, P = 0.36). CONCLUSION The lifestyle intervention implemented within 3 months postpartum appeared to promote postpartum weight loss. The early postnatal lifestyle intervention program may provide an opportunity to reduce the long-term risk of diabetes in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Ying Tsoi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruth C M Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Global Center for Asian Women's Health & Bia-Echo Asia Center for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wing Hung Tam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang X, Wu H, Lau ES, Fan B, Tsoi KY, Tam CH, Yang A, Shi M, Chow E, Kong AP, Chan JC, Tam WH, Luk AO, Ma RC. Health impacts of new-onset diabetes in women post-gestational diabetes mellitus: Insights from Hong Kong's territory-wide data. J Diabetes Investig 2024. [PMID: 38456720 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To determine the population health burden attributable to the development of diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of women with a history of GDM attending the Hong Kong Hospital Authority between 2000 and 2019. The time-varying population attributable fraction was calculated. RESULTS A total of 76,181 women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus were included, 6,606 of them developed diabetes during a median follow-up of 8.6 years. The respective hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) among women with GDM who developed diabetes vs those with GDM only were 2.8 (2.2, 3.7) for cardiovascular disease (CVD), 4.8 (3.0, 7.7) for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), 2.2 (1.9, 2.6) for infection-related hospitalization, and 1.8 (1.3, 2.4) for all-cause mortality. The development of diabetes was associated with 1.3 (0.8, 1.7), 0.6 (0.3, 0.8), 3.2 (2.4, 4.0), and 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) additional incident cases per 1,000 person-years, accounting for 24.0% (13.2%, 35.9%), 42.0% (22.5%, 58.8%), 10.8% (7.1%, 14.9%), and 6.0% (-3.1%, 16.1%) of absolute number of CVD, ESKD, infection-related hospitalization, and all-cause mortality over 20 years after GDM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes is a significant contributor to the population health burden of some clinical outcomes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus, but other risk factors need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinge Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hongjiang Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric Sh Lau
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Baoqi Fan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kit Ying Tsoi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Claudia Ht Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Aimin Yang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Mai Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Elaine Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Alice Ps Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Juliana Cn Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing Hung Tam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Andrea Oy Luk
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ronald Cw Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Adam S, McIntyre HD, Tsoi KY, Kapur A, Ma RC, Dias S, Okong P, Hod M, Poon LC, Smith GN, Bergman L, Algurjia E, O'Brien P, Medina VP, Maxwell CV, Regan L, Rosser ML, Jacobsson B, Hanson MA, O'Reilly SL, McAuliffe FM. Pregnancy as an opportunity to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus: FIGO Best Practice Advice. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 160 Suppl 1:56-67. [PMID: 36635082 PMCID: PMC10107137 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes (GDM) impacts approximately 17 million pregnancies worldwide. Women with a history of GDM have an 8-10-fold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and a 2-fold higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with women without prior GDM. Although it is possible to prevent and/or delay progression of GDM to type 2 diabetes, this is not widely undertaken. Considering the increasing global rates of type 2 diabetes and CVD in women, it is essential to utilize pregnancy as an opportunity to identify women at risk and initiate preventive intervention. This article reviews existing clinical guidelines for postpartum identification and management of women with previous GDM and identifies key recommendations for the prevention and/or delayed progression to type 2 diabetes for global clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Harold David McIntyre
- Mater Health, University of Queensland, Mater Health Campus, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kit Ying Tsoi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Ronald C Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie Dias
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pius Okong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Francis Hospital Nsambya, Kampala City, Uganda
| | - Moshe Hod
- Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liona C Poon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Graeme N Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lina Bergman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Esraa Algurjia
- The World Association of Trainees in Obstetrics and Gynecology (WATOG), Paris, France.,Elwya Maternity Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Patrick O'Brien
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Virna P Medina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Clínica Imbanaco Quirón Salud, Universidad Libre, Cali, Colombia
| | - Cynthia V Maxwell
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Sinai Health and Women's College Hospital University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mary L Rosser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mark A Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sharleen L O'Reilly
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Tsoi KY, Zhu Y, Wu J, Sun Q, Hinkle SN, Li LJ, Chen Z, Weir NL, Tsai MY, Ma RC, Zhang C. Plasma Phospholipid Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Longitudinal Study in the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons Cohort. Diabetes 2022; 71:2707-2715. [PMID: 36095049 PMCID: PMC9750941 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) have been implicated in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the role of monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) remains understudied. We investigated the associations of plasma phospholipid MUFAs in early to mid-pregnancy with cardiometabolic biomarkers and GDM risk. From the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons cohort (2009-2013), we identified 107 women with GDM according to Carpenter and Coustan criteria and 214 control participants without GDM matched (2:1) on age, race/ethnicity, and gestational week (GW) of blood collection. MUFAs were measured at 10-14, 15-26, 23-31, and 33-39 GWs by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. We found that the concentration of total 18:1 MUFAs was significantly lower among women with GDM than those without GDM at 15-26 GWs. Each SD increment in the level of total 18:1 MUFAs was associated with a 40% lower risk of GDM at 15-26 GWs. Moreover, each SD increment in vaccenic acid (18:1n-7) levels at 10-14 and 15-26 GWs were associated with a 36% and 45% lower risk of GDM, respectively. Our extensive assessments of MUFAs advance our understanding of the unique associations of FA composition with GDM risk, suggesting the potentially beneficial role of MUFAs in GDM pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Ying Tsoi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yeyi Zhu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jing Wu
- Glotech, Inc., Rockville, MD
| | - Qi Sun
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stefanie N. Hinkle
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ling-Jun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Global Center for Asian Women’s Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
| | - Natalie L. Weir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ronald C.W. Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity and Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Global Center for Asian Women’s Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
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Tsoi KY, Chan RSM, Tam CHT, Li LS, Tam WH, Ma RCW. Dietary patterns of Chinese pregnant women in Hong Kong. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2022; 31:378-393. [PMID: 36173210 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.202209_31(3).0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Maternal nutrition is important for healthy pregnancy, but it has not been well studied among pregnant women in Hong Kong. This study aims to examine the dietary pattern and nutritional intake of women in early pregnancy, and the associations between dietary patterns, dietary quality, and other health parameters. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN This is a prospective cohort study of healthy Chinese pregnant women, recruited at their first antenatal appointment. Dietary intakes were assessed by a locally validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and dietary patterns were derived by principal component analysis. RESULTS Of 160 women recruited, the mean age was 32.7±3.9 years and body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy was 22.6±3.8 kg/m2. The dietary analyses were restricted to 156 women who had completed the FFQ. 99% of women had excessive sodium intake and only 2.6% of women met the recommended fibre intake. Three dietary patterns identified were 'sweet and fast-food pattern', 'prudent pattern' and 'meat pattern', which altogether accounted for 23.5% of the total variation. The 'prudent pattern' was positively associated with dietary quality indices [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score, ρ=0.323, p<0.01; Dietary Quality Index-International, ρ=0.400, p<0.01; Mediterranean Diet Score, ρ=0.243, p=0.02]; and was inversely associated systolic (B=-3.71, 95% CI -7.06, -0.36) and diastolic blood pressure (B=-2.69, 95% CI -5.12, -0.26), suggesting this pattern represented a relatively healthier dietary option. CONCLUSIONS Suboptimal dietary intake is a common issue among pregnant women in Hong Kong. Early dietary assessment and attention are warranted in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Ying Tsoi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruth Suk Mei Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Nutritional Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Claudia Ha Ting Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liz Sin Li
- Centre for Nutritional Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Hung Tam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ronald Ching Wan Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Tsoi KY, Chan RSM, Li LS, McAuliffe FM, Hanson MA, Tam WH, Ma RCW. Evaluation of dietary pattern in early pregnancy using the FIGO Nutrition Checklist compared to a food frequency questionnaire. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2020; 151 Suppl 1:37-44. [PMID: 32894588 PMCID: PMC7590099 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the reliability and utility of the FIGO Nutrition Checklist to identify dietary and nutritional inadequacy in early pregnancy by comparing it against nutritional indicators and dietary quality indices (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH] score, Mediterranean Diet Score [MDS], and Dietary Quality Index‐International [DQI‐I]), derived by a locally validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Methods A prospective cohort study of healthy Chinese pregnant women randomly recruited between September 2017 and April 2018 at their first antenatal appointment. Women completed the FIGO Nutrition Checklist (translated into Chinese) and the FFQ. Spearman correlation was performed to examine association between the Checklist and dietary quality indices or food and nutrient intakes, calculated based on dietary data from the FFQ. Results Of 160 participants, 156 (97.5%) completed both the FIGO Nutrition Checklist and FFQ and were included. There were 148 (95%) women who reported at least one suboptimal dietary behavior using the Checklist. Checklist score was significantly associated with dietary quality indices (DASH ρ=0.344, P<0.001; DQI‐I ρ=0.304, P<0.001; MDS ρ=0.164, P=0.041). The Checklist question on fruit/vegetables was significantly associated with fiber, vitamin C, and fruit and vegetable intake as calculated from the FFQ (0.325 ≤ ρ ≤0.441, P<0.001). The question on dairy intake was significantly associated with intake of calcium, milk and dairy products captured via FFQ (0.576 ≤ ρ ≤0.655, P<0.001). Conclusion This study supports the use of the FIGO Nutrition Checklist to identify women with suboptimal dietary quality in early pregnancy. The FIGO Nutrition Checklist was significantly associated with dietary quality indices derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire. The Checklist can help identify nutritional issues in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Ying Tsoi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruth S M Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Centre for Nutritional Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liz Sin Li
- Centre for Nutritional Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, National Maternity Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Wing Hung Tam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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